Iceland, a small island nation known for its stunning landscapes and unique geology, harbors a rather intriguing economic paradox; despite being a land of glaciers and ice, most ice cubes are imported from countries like Norway and the UK. This might seem counterintuitive at first glance, especially considering that 11% of Iceland's area is covered by glaciers and its temperatures plunge well below freezing during the coldest months. So, why does a country so abundantly endowed with ice end up importing it? The answer lies in the complex interplay of energy economics, labor costs, and geographical factors. Freezing water to produce ice is an energy-intensive process. Iceland, however, is not short on energy resources. The country has a highly effective electricity industry thanks to its abundant geothermal activity. It's so efficient, in fact, that Iceland rivals and often surpasses exponentially larger nations like Brazil and the United States in aluminum production, another process that demands a high energy input. Yet, the puzzle remains: Iceland still imports its ice. In an interesting twist, there are people in Norway and the UK whose jobs revolve around selling ice to Iceland. The reason for this isn't a lack of energy or infrastructure for local ice production; it's more about the economics of ice production and import. Cost plays a significant role here. Imported ice is reportedly 40% cheaper than ice produced locally in Iceland. This price difference can be attributed to several factors, with labor costs being a primary one. Iceland has expensive labor, with an average wage income of around USD$79,473. In contrast, the average incomes in the UK and Norway are significantly lower, sitting at $53,985 and $53,756, respectively. This disparity in labor costs makes it more economical for Iceland to import ice rather than produce it domestically. Geography and the nature of Iceland's economy also contribute to this surprising situation. As an export-driven economy situated on a relatively isolated island, Iceland has a constant flow of cargo ships moving products in and out of the country. These ships, already making their journeys, can afford to carry additional cargo like ice at minimal extra cost. Thus, the availability of cheap shipping options, coupled with expensive local labor, tilts the balance in favor of importing ice. So, what we have is a scenario where, despite having the natural resources and energy capacity to produce ice, it still makes more economic sense for Iceland to import it. Therefore, the decision to import ice isn't a reflection of any deficiency on Iceland's part. Instead, it's a testament to the country's ability to make pragmatic economic choices. The ice trade between Iceland and countries like Norway and the UK is a small but telling example of how global trade dynamics can lead to seemingly paradoxical situations. In summary, the reasons behind Iceland's decision to import ice, despite its glacial abundance, are multifaceted. High local labor costs, efficient energy production capabilities, and the practicalities of existing shipping routes all play a role in this economic equation. It's a fascinating case study of how countries make strategic economic decisions based on a combination of factors, sometimes leading to unexpected but perfectly rational outcomes. Editing by Myles Adoh-Phillips Written by Lucas L

In this small town in Texas, mysterious, glowing orbs of all colors are observed darting through the desert sky, and no one has been able to explain them. Sightings have been recorded every single year since 1883, and it has left the globe puzzled. The world's most talented scientists came together on a number of occasions to try and get to the bottom of the mystery, but their results were left inconclusive several times. People have theorized that the lights are the result of a number of paranormal presences such as ghosts and UFOs, and technically no evidence exists to disprove them. These are the Marfa Lights, and this is how they became the biggest puzzle never to be solved. Editor & Writer: Myles Andoh-Phillips

The biggest star of the 1950s died from an apparent drug overdose that was officially claimed as a suicide. However, due to a plethora of holes in witnesses stories and rumors of affairs with the president of the united states, conspiracy theories about her death abound. What do you believe? Edited by Myles Adoh-Phillips Written by Trevor English

The state of the economy is often a central issue in presidential elections, with candidates promising to boost growth, create jobs, and ensure prosperity for all. Once in office, the president is frequently held accountable for economic successes or failures. But how much control does the president actually have over the economy? While the president can influence economic conditions through policy decisions and leadership, the reality is that many factors shaping the economy are beyond the president's direct control. Editing by Myles Andoh-Phillips Written by Trevor English

Dolphins, with their intelligence, agility, and keen sense of sonar, are not just beloved creatures of the ocean; they are also vital members of the U.S. Navy’s Marine Mammal Program. For decades, these highly trained marine mammals have played a crucial role in safeguarding naval vessels and personnel by detecting and neutralizing underwater mines. This unique collaboration between humans and dolphins highlights the remarkable capabilities of these animals and their importance in military operations. Editing by Myles Andoh-Phillips Written by Trevor English Images: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Marine_Mammal_Program Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xWEkC-SMAcs Special thanks to the Naval Undersea Museum: https://navalunderseamuseum.org/marinemammals2/

Every time you try to break a piece of spaghetti in half, it shatters everywhere, usually into 3, 4 or even 5 pieces. This may seem like a fairly simple fact of life, but the reason this happens has actually puzzled scientists for decades. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Edited by Myles Adoh-Phillips Written by Trevor English

Astronauts are some of the most highly trained individuals this world has ever seen. NASA used virtually every simulation and training method available to them in the 1960s to ready the fateful individuals for their historic flight. Simulation played a key role in how the astronauts functioned on the moon, and everything down to how the flag was planted was rehearsed until ingrained in their muscle memory. Let’s take a look at exactly how simulation on the ground made reaching further than humans ever had before, possible. Edited by Gaurav Mishra Written by Trevor English

The U.S. national debt is a central issue in American politics and economics, totaling approximately $33 trillion as of 2024. But who exactly is responsible for spending this debt? To understand this, it's important to explore the structure of the national debt and the various entities involved in its allocation and spending. The U.S. national debt is divided into two main categories: **public debt** and **intragovernmental debt**. 1. Public Debt: This comprises about 75% of the total debt, or around $24.75 trillion. It includes Treasury securities held by private investors, foreign governments, and corporations. As of 2024, around 30% of the public debt is held by foreign entities, with Japan and China being the largest holders. 2. Intragovernmental Debt: This makes up the remaining 25% of the national debt, approximately $8.25 trillion. This debt is owed to various federal government trust funds, such as Social Security and Medicare, which use surplus funds to purchase Treasury securities. The national debt itself isn't directly "spent"; rather, it results from government spending that exceeds revenue. The actual allocation of borrowed funds involves various federal agencies and programs, broken down into specific spending categories: 1. Federal Government Agencies: In fiscal year 2023, the U.S. federal government spent approximately $6.4 trillion, of which a significant portion was funded through debt. Federal agencies like the Department of Defense and Health and Human Services (HHS) are major spenders. For example, defense spending accounted for about $877 billion, or 13.7% of total federal outlays. HHS, which administers programs like Medicare and Medicaid, spent approximately $1.6 trillion, representing around 25% of federal spending. 2. Social Programs: Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid are among the largest beneficiaries of government spending. Social Security alone accounts for approximately $1.2 trillion annually, or around 19% of federal spending. Medicare and Medicaid together represent about $1.3 trillion, equating to 20% of total spending. These programs are essential for providing financial support and healthcare to millions of Americans, particularly the elderly and low-income families. 3. Interest Payments: A growing portion of the federal budget is dedicated to paying interest on the national debt. In 2023, interest payments amounted to approximately $661 billion, or around 10.3% of total federal spending. This figure is expected to rise as the national debt grows and interest rates increase, further straining the budget. 4. Infrastructure and Defense: Besides defense spending, which is already significant, infrastructure investments are another key area where debt is spent. The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, passed in 2021, allocated $1.2 trillion over several years, with $550 billion dedicated to new investments in transportation, broadband, and utilities. In 2023, infrastructure spending was about $250 billion, representing roughly 3.9% of total federal spending. 5. Research and Development: Federal funding for research and development (R&D) is critical for innovation and long-term economic growth. In 2023, the federal government allocated approximately $155 billion to R&D, accounting for 2.4% of total federal outlays. This spending supports advancements in healthcare, technology, and scientific research, contributing to America's competitive edge. Who Benefits from the Spending? The beneficiaries of national debt spending are diverse, ranging from individuals and businesses to entire communities: 1. Individuals: Nearly 70 million Americans receive Social Security benefits, while millions more rely on Medicare and Medicaid for healthcare. These programs are vital for the financial and physical well-being of retirees, low-income families, and individuals with disabilities. 2. Businesses: Government contracts provide substantial revenue for businesses, particularly those in the defense, construction, and technology sectors. For instance, the defense industry benefits from $877 billion in annual spending, which funds everything from military equipment to cybersecurity initiatives. 3. Communities: Federal spending on infrastructure and public services supports local communities by improving transportation, enhancing public safety, and providing essential services. Investments in infrastructure projects, such as roads, bridges, and public transit, improve the quality of life for millions of Americans and stimulate local economies.

Not too long ago, a scientist considering the idea of plant communication would have been ostracized. Research funds were almost certainly never going to be granted into the investigation of such a ludicrous idea—and yet today we know for a fact that plants have extensive networks of mycorrhizal fungi through which they not only communicate, but exchange vital nutrients. Peter Wohlleben begins his book, The Secret Life of Trees, with a fantastic story: he was working on a forest in western Germany when he found a 400-year-old tree stump. By all logic, that stump should have been dead; the stump had no green leaves, no way to gather energy for itself. Yet, Wohlleben concluded, the tree stump was alive. The only explanation for that was that the stump was getting help from its neighbors. It was only later that forest ecologist Suzane Simard changed the game forever. Simard had long suspected that plants had a means of communication, but she needed to objectively prove this somehow. She noticed that researchers had made trees transfer carbon between each other in a laboratory, and she wondered whether that would also be the case in the real world. Simard then nursed 80 saplings of Douglas fir, paper birch, and western cedars in a forest. When those plants became sufficiently large, she borrowed some dangerous equipment from her university—namely, a radioactive isotope of carbon and a Geiger counter. She then put plastic bags over her trees and injected the radioactive carbon-14 isotope into a bag containing a paper birch. She also injected the fir bag with a stable carbon-13 isotope. One hour later, she came back with the Geiger counter. She tested the birch’s leaves, which returned a “khhhhhh” noise, indicating radiation. As expected, the leaves had taken up the radioactive gas. Then she tested the fir: “khhhhhh.” The fir was also radioactive—somehow the birch had transferred carbon to the fir. Simard also found that the birch tree had taken the stable carbon-13 isotope. “Paper birch and Douglas fir were in a lively two-way conversation,” she recounted. Notably, she noticed the trees weren’t communicating with the cedar species. Today it is known that plants have a symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizal fungi. The plants allow the fungus to colonize their roots and even give it sugar, in exchange for help getting water, obtaining nutrients, and communicating with other plants. Some trees, for example, can warn their neighbors of impending insect attacks through these mycorrhizal networks, and the neighbors are known to put up their defenses in advance of these attacks. It is theorized that trees evolved this because it is in their individual and collective interest to keep neighboring trees alive, as this supports their local microclimate. As Peter Wohlleben said, “Each tree fights for each other so the whole forest will survive. Every tree is interested in keeping its neighbors alive because together they create a special climate, which is cool, humid, where every tree feels comfortable.” Little is known about these communication systems, and what motivates trees to help out some neighbors but not others. Much scientific controversy still exists as to whether this demonstrates some type of intelligence on the part of trees, and overly enthusiastic scientists are already comparing mycorrhizal networks to animals’ nervous systems. Plant communication offers great insight into the interconnectedness of nature. Edited by Myles Adoh-Phillips Written by Lucas L

Employed at the Institue for High Energy Physics in Protvino, Russia, Anatoli Petrovich Bugorski was doing his shift at the U-70 synchrotron particle accelerator when some of its equipment malfunctioned on July 13, 1978. The failure of multiple safety measures led to the absurd incident that ensued — Bugorski stuck his head into the operational particle accelerator, exposing his brain to a 76 gigaelectronvolt proton beam. The CDC asserts that exposure to 120 rads (unit of absorbed radiation) may lead to death in some individuals, though the dose generally agreed upon as the LD-50 (causing 50% of individuals to die) is 400 rads. There are only a handful of rare cases in which exposure to 1,000 rads or more has not been fatal. When Burgoski stuck his head into the particle accelerator, he exposed himself to more than 200,000 rads. He survived. In fact, there is no record of his death — leading many to believe that he is alive to this day. As of June 3, 2021, Bugorski is 78 years old. But he did not escape the incident intact. Being the only human alive known to have stuck his head into a running particle accelerator, Bugorski was studied extensively in the years that followed his incident. Bugorski, having some recollection of the accident, said he saw “a flash brighter than a thousand suns” but felt no pain. The beam burned through his skull and brain tissue, leaving vast damage to his occipital and temporal lobes. Though having little to no reported impact on Bugorski’s intellect — he did earn himself a Ph.D. following the incident — he has said he feels mentally fatigued more easily now. The incident paralyzed the left half of Bugorski’s face for two years and made him deaf in the left ear. Bugorski is now prone to seizures. Intriguingly, the left half of his face has shown little signs of aging after the incident. Notice the lack of wrinkles on the left half of Bugorski’s face What are the implications of this incident to aging research? It is a popular theory among biologists that part of the reason why people age is the damage our bodies absorb over decades from background radiation. With this in mind, what mechanism exactly was responsible for stopping the effects of aging on a man’s face after he received a dose of radiation hundreds of times that which is considered lethal? There is little information about the state of Bugorski nowadays. Is he alive? Is he doing alright? Bugorski may have been studied extensively — but at the end of the day, the tale of the man who stuck his head in a particle accelerator leaves us with more questions than answers. Editing by Myles Adoh-Phillips Written by Lucas L

This is a compilation of paradoxes, riddles, and optical illusions that will blow your mind. Why Paradox’s and Illusions fascinate us - 00:10 Olber’s Paradox - 07:40 Napkin Ring Paradox - 12:56 Motion is a Lie - 16:15 Barber Paradox - 19:43 The most insane optical illusions - 21:58

In psychology, behaviorism is an approach that assumes all behaviors are responses to certain environmental stimuli. It is based on the knowledge that reinforcing a behavior encourages it while punishing it diminishes it. From 1961 to 1963, psychologist Albert Bandura conducted a series of experiments now known as the Bobo Doll Experiments. These experiments challenged behaviorists, to an extent, in asserting that behaviors can be learned through imitation. More specifically, the central question was: Are aggression and violence learned behaviors? The experiment was simple: young boys and girls would be selected and then separated into control, aggressive, and non-aggressive groups. The children in the aggressive group would observe an adult model verbally and physically harass a bobo doll. In contrast, the children in the non-aggressive group would see the adult model playing with the doll. The children were then left seemingly alone and allowed to interact with the bobo doll themselves; their behavior was observed. Additionally, Bandura would test this experiment two years later, with the adults being rewarded or punished for their aggressive behavior toward the doll. Bandura made a series of predictions as to how the experiments would turn out: Children who observed aggressive adults would be more likely to be aggressive in their absence. From most to least aggressive groups, the aggressive, control, and non-aggressive models would be used. Children would be more likely to imitate adults of the same sex. Boys would turn out to be more aggressive than girls. The main experiment’s subjects were 36 boys and 36 girls selected from Stanford University Nursery School; their average age was four years and four months. Each group consisted of 24 children—12 boys and 12 girls. The groups were further separated, with six children of each sex exposed to a model of the same sex while the other six were exposed to a model of a different sex. After being individually tested, the children were exposed to the bobo doll and a combination of aggressive and non-aggressive toys. The results were as follows: Boys imitated same-sex models more often than girls. Girls with male models were more physically aggressive, while girls with female models were more verbally aggressive — though girls overall tended to be more aggressive verbally than physically. Children with a violent model were likely to imitate the exact behavior they observed. Boys who observed a different-sex model behave non-aggressively were more likely to exhibit violent behaviors than boys in the control group. Boys who observed male models act violently were more likely to exhibit violent behaviors than those who watched female models act violently. In line with Bandura’s prediction, boys were indeed confirmed to show more aggressive behaviors than girls. Overall, 270 instances of aggression were observed in boys compared to 128 in girls. In his follow-up study, Bandura concluded that children who saw the adult models being rewarded for their violence were more likely to show violent behaviors themselves. In contrast, those who observed the models being punished for aggression were less likely to show aggression. Although the experiments seem conclusive, there are some well-founded criticisms of them. Those include: Children were chosen from a narrow pool, being somewhat similar in their racial and socioeconomic backgrounds — selection bias. The results were collected immediately, making it difficult to analyze long-term effects. Non-human doll — acting violently with a toy is different from acting violently toward a human. What can be learned from this is that although behaviorist ideals certainly did affect the experiments (when children saw models being rewarded/punished for violence), it is still arguable that the children could pick up a behavior through observation alone. Buy a creepy bobo doll: https://www.windowgallery.org/shop/bobo-the-clown-zombie-doll/ Sources: Bandura and Bobo - Association For Psychological Science Behaviorism - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment On Social Learning - Simply Psychology Bobo Doll Experiment - Explorable Editing by Myles Adoh-Phillips Written by Lucas L

Riddles like this engage our cognitive functions on multiple levels. Our brains are hardwired to seek solutions, a skill animals and humans developed early on in their evolutionary timeline for survival. When faced with a riddle, we are immediately thrown into a problem-solving mode, activating areas of the brain associated with logic and reasoning. Often, riddles require us to think outside the box and come up with creative solutions. This engages the right hemisphere of the brain, known for handling creative and spatial tasks. Solving riddles often relies on our ability to remember details and recall them accurately. This strengthens our working memory and improves our ability to manage multiple pieces of information simultaneously. Solving puzzles engages multiple parts of our brain, both those of pleasure, but also of survival, giving us a dopamine hit when we eventually solve them… so do you know how to determine which switch to choose? Let’s solve the riddle. Pause if you still need a second. Solving the Riddle: Turn on the first switch and leave it on for a few minutes. Turn it off and immediately turn on the second switch. Enter the room with the bulbs: ● The bulb that is still warm corresponds to the first switch. ● The bulb that is on corresponds to the second switch. ● The bulb that is off and cold corresponds to the third switch. If you solved it - did you feel that dopamine hit when we confirmed the solution? That’s your brain trying to ensure you survive and positively reinforcing you. Consider the famous Checker Shadow Illusion. In this illusion, two squares labeled 'A' and 'B' appear to be different shades of gray, but they are actually the same color. The surrounding context tricks our brain into seeing them differently. Optical illusions like this fascinate us because they reveal the gaps in our perception - again, our brain is programmed to seek out ways that its wrong so it can improve its reasoning - or, at least most people's brains are… That said, our brains are designed to make sense of the world quickly and optimize pathways, often using shortcuts or "heuristics" to interpret visual information. When these shortcuts are tricked, it highlights several key points about our cognition: Our brains constantly look for patterns to make sense of what we see. Illusions exploit this tendency, leading us to see things that aren't there or misinterpret what we do see. The context in which we see something significantly impacts our perception. The Checker Shadow Illusion demonstrates how our brain relies on context to interpret shades and shadows, often leading to incorrect conclusions. Optical illusions remind us that our perception is not always accurate but is adaptable. Our brains can learn to interpret ambiguous information more accurately over time. Both riddles and optical illusions tap into our brain's reward system. When we solve a challenging riddle or understand an illusion, our brain releases dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward, like I mentioned. This release not only makes us feel good but also reinforces our desire to seek out more puzzles and illusions. Try this classic number puzzle: Arrange the numbers 1 through 9 in a 3x3 grid so that every row, column, and diagonal adds up to 15. Solving this puzzle provides a sense of accomplishment and satisfaction, highlighting the role of dopamine in our love for puzzles. Riddles and optical illusions are more than just entertaining diversions; they are windows into the complexities of our cognitive processes. They challenge our problem-solving abilities, engage our creativity, test our memory, and reveal the quirks of our perception. Most importantly, they activate our brain's reward system, making us eager to tackle the next challenge. So next time you find yourself captivated by a tricky riddle or a mind-bending illusion, remember that you're not just having fun—you're giving your brain a delightful workout. And who knows? You might just uncover something new about the fascinating world of human cognition. Edited by Gaurav Mishra Written by Trevor English

It is October 1932, two fierce opponents are about to face off in the field of battle. On one side were trailed military personnel carrying machine guns, on the other was a flock of birds. After the conclusion of the First World War, many veterans returning to Australia were given free land for farming. These new farmers were trying their hand at growing wheat, but wheat prices were falling — something further exacerbated by the Great Depression. Many farmers simply could not sustain this lifestyle, but the ones who tried to do it in Western Australia were faced with a brand new challenge: emus. Because of their migration patterns, as many as 20,000 emus arrived in Western Australia. These emus were greeted with many fields of wheat, and so they started violating fences, eating the wheat, and devastating the farmers' lifestyles. This, in turn, raised diplomatic tensions between the emus and the Australian government. However, they were not quite ready to take immediate action — the Great Depression had made things hard enough on them already. But as farmers became increasingly vocal, the pressure on the Australian government became higher by the day. This all ended when a band of former soldiers met up with the then Minister of Defence Sir George Pearce. Those soldiers, familiar with machine guns, implored the Australian military to use them in a war against the emus. Now the Australian government had been put in a tough spot — with little money to spend but the prospect of war looming over their heads. Pearce supported the declaration of war, and the government was increasingly keen on the idea. Western Australian farmers seemed to want this war, and Western Australia had a growing secessionist movement, so they conceded. The farmers were given conditions, they would finance the war and provide food and accommodation for the soldiers. They agreed. Australia mobilized three men for the war: Major G. P . W. Meredith, Sergeant S. McMurray, and Gunner J. O’ Halloran. Their war machine turned out two Lewis machine guns and 10,000 rounds of ammunition. There was no turning back now. And so, on November 2, 1932, two armies found themselves facing each other on the outskirts of Campion. On one side, the Australian Military, on the other 50 emus. Herded by farmers, the emus were rounded up and readied for an ambush. The Australians opened fire. Emus ran, scattering themselves into many smaller groups. Their tactics baffled the Australians, and so they managed to retreat effectively with minimal casualties. Later that day, a flock of emus came upon the Australians — but they deployed the same tactics. They retreated safely, suffering “about a dozen” losses. Result: tactical victory for the emus. Devastated by the loss, Meredith and his men changed their position to a nearby dam. The emus had received intel of the Australian offensive and were getting ready to retaliate. A battalion of over 1,000 emus was sent toward the Australian position. Meredith got word of the incoming assault, and despite the lowered morale from his previous defeat, managed to establish a defensive position at the dam. They would allow the emu offensive to get close to them. When the flock of birds was in close proximity to the Australians, they opened fire. The first five seconds of the battle looked promising for the Australian troops, with ample opportunity to devastate their enemies’ troops with their superior technological weaponry. And then the guns jammed. The birds, again, suffered very few casualties before going on another tactical retreat. The Australians, on the other hand, had to spend hours fixing their malfunctioned (perhaps sabotaged) equipment. Result: decisive emu victory. Meredith decided to head south, where the emus were reportedly tamer. The days that followed saw little conflict. Meredith attempted various strategies, including mounting a machine gun on a truck, but the rocky roads made it hard to aim. Meredith noticed the birds were becoming increasingly organized, staying in guarded groups and keeping watchers on the lookout for the Australians. Bird expert Dominic Serventy analyzed the situation: “The Emu command had evidently ordered guerrilla tactics, and its unwieldy army soon split up into innumerable small units that made use of the military equipment uneconomic. A crestfallen field force therefore withdrew from the combat area after about a month.” With negative press coverage, the Australian government became reluctant to continue military engagement. Even Meredith was adopting a pessimistic outlook, commenting: If we had a military division with the bullet-carrying capacity of these birds it would face any army in the world ... They can face machine guns with the invulnerability of tanks. Finally, the Australians implemented a ceasefire. It was estimated that a mere 300 emus had lost their lives — barely a dent to their strong 20,000. Edited by Myles Adoh-Phillips Written by Lucas L

When scientists start pondering the bizarre nature of infinity in nature, some perplexing things start happening. If the universe extends infinitely in any given direction, and there are infinite stars, then the night sky should be as bright as the sun. The concept of this paradox essentially breaks the sky into sections or points in order to account for stars at varying distances from Earth. Assuming an even distribution of stars throughout the sky, there would be 100 times the number of stars at a given point at 10 times the unit of distance. This slightly confusing mathematical proposition boils down to the conclusion that every point, regardless of the number of stars, should collectively be the same brightness. We can trace the origins of this paradox all the way back to Kepler in 1610, though it wasn’t popularized until the 19th century by Heinrich Olbers, a German Astronomer. In large part, the paradox demonstrates a proof that the universe is not static nor infinite. Since we do know that the night sky isn’t as bright as a star in every location, we’re left with many questions that aren’t as easy to answer as you might think. Explaining The Darkness of the Sky Astronomers and scientists have to explain Olbers’ paradox in 5 possible lines of thinking: 1. Dust is obscuring distant stars, causing dark spots. 2. There are in fact, not an infinite number of stars. 3. Stars aren’t evenly spaced across the universe. 4. The universe is expanding, so distant stars disappear thanks to redshift. 5. The universe is too young to see the most distant stars. Addressing these in order, we’re left to understand how cosmic dust might obstruct parts of the sky and create the illusion of “darkness” here on Earth. While the theory of dust blocking light makes sense here on Earth, in space, dust that would block or absorb the light energy from distant stars would itself start to glow or produce light. This is the reason why nebulae glow when they don’t have any internal energy source. Assuming then that the universe has a finite number of stars is a valid conclusion, but it doesn’t solve the paradox. It could theoretically be possible that the universe has a finite number of stars, but just the number of stars we can see in the observable universe is enough that the night sky should be fully illuminated. Astronomers currently estimate there are 100 thousand million stars in the Milky Way alone and roughly 10^24 stars in the entire universe. While that number isn’t infinite, it’s enough that it doesn’t explain the paradox. Next, we move on to ponder whether maybe the stars aren’t evenly spaced across the universe. Perhaps they group together and form clusters that look like singular stars in our night sky? This solution is the first that could be correct. There’s no definitive reason to think that stars would be evenly distributed and perhaps they do in fact clump together leaving large chunks of dark sky. However, just like that question you annoyingly got wrong on that high school science test, that answer isn’t the most correct. The Likely Solution In 1929, Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe is expanding, leading way to the understanding that the universe is likely finite in nature. Part of the way Hubble made this discovery was by realizing that we can measure the speed at which things are moving away by focusing on how the wavelength of their radiation has shifted. This is known as Redshift. We understand that galaxies that are further away from us are moving faster, so it’s possible – if not probable – that their light has been redshifted far down in the light spectrum no longer visible to the human eye. Coupled with this likely solution, it’s also probable that the universe as a whole is too young to see the most distant stars. Essentially, the universe is only an estimated 13.7 Billion years old, so we wouldn’t be able to see any objects further away than 13.7 Billion light years. This means that our observable universe is as far as we can see and the darkness comes from the absence of the light we can’t see. These two final propositions to explain the darkness, redshift and a “too young” universe present the most likely solutions to Olbers’ Paradox. Now, thanks to Olbers’ Paradox, the next time you look up at the night sky, you’ll wonder not about the beauty of the stars you can see, but about the beauty of those you can’t. Edited by Gaurav Mishra Written by Trevor English

These are 6 insane stories about nuclear weapons and their history. 00:05 - Norwegian Rocket Incident 03:15 - Lost Nuclear Weapons - 07:29 - Fighting a fire with Nuclear Weapons 12:32 - How do Nukes work? 19:07 - Nuke the Moon 23:02 - Nuking North Carolina

Since the 1950s, when the Cold War was starting and both sides were experimenting wildly with their nuclear weapons, some nuclear powers have managed to lose a few nukes. These losses usually happen as a result of an accident of some sort. Accidents involving nuclear weapons (accidental detonation, theft, misfiring, etc) are referred to as broken arrows. But let’s focus specifically on those nukes that are lost, unaccounted for, or missing. Some may think the number is small, perhaps a few nuclear warheads missing thanks to an accident here or there — probably a single digit. Well, in total, there are at least 40 nuclear warheads that are missing worldwide. And that’s just those that the global powers acknowledge are missing. One of the first instances of this happening was in March 1956 when a US Air Force B-47 bomber went missing during a routine mission from Florida to an overseas base. The plane carried two nuclear weapon cores, and it went missing somewhere over the Mediterranean Sea. The plane, and its nuclear weapons, were never heard of again. There was also the time in December 1965 when an A-4E Skyhawk light attack airplane “fell off” the aircraft carrier U.S.S. Ticonderoga. The plane carried a 1 megaton nuclear device that was never found. It took the US Navy 15 years to admit that this had taken place at all. It happened near a Japanese island chain and caused much controversy with the Japanese, who did not allow nuclear weapons in their territory. But perhaps the scariest and most controversial broken arrow was the sinking of the Soviet K-219 submarine. This submarine carried 32 nuclear warheads. It sank 680 miles off the coast of Bermuda due to an explosion and fire in a missile tube. Soviet authorities claimed this happened due to a collision with the USS Augusta submarine, though American authorities (and the surviving K- 219 Soviet commander) deny this. In total, this sinking caused the deaths of four crew members — including Sergei Preminin, who died shutting down the submarine’s nuclear reactor. He was awarded the Order of the Red Star for his bravery. Fortunately, most crew members were able to evacuate the sinking K- 219. Now what really sets this incident apart from the others is what happened after the remains of the submarine were found. A Soviet research ship managed to locate the remains of the K-219, which had been split in two by the water pressure. They took photographs of the wreckage. It turned out that the missile silo hatches were forced open (with tool marks visible), and all nuclear warheads were missing from the wreckage. Many believe that the K-219 did crash with the USS Augusta and that the United States got a hold of those nuclear warheads — but the US denies this. No country or organization has ever claimed responsibility for taking those 32 nuclear warheads. There are wild theories about what happened to them, but what makes this incident the most unnerving is that we’ll likely never know. This single accident accounts for a majority of known missing nuclear weapons, but the other accidents were also numerous. Many of the missing nukes are probably rusting away somewhere on the seafloor, many are probably no longer functional. But with so many incidents like this having happened, we can only wonder just how many were recovered — and by whom. Editing by Myles Adoh-Phillips Written by Lucas L

Satellites are an indispensable part of our daily lives, from enabling global communication to forecasting weather. Their story begins in the thick of the Cold War, with the space race acting as a catalyst for rapid technological advancements. It was during this period of intense competition between the United States and the Soviet Union that the first artificial satellite, Sputnik, was launched in 1957. This groundbreaking event not only marked the start of space exploration but also demonstrated the potential of satellites. Not long after, the United States launched its first satellite, Explorer 1, in 1958. In 1962, the UK proudly sent its first satellite, Ariel 1, into space, only for it to become damaged by a US space nuclear weapons test three months later. The journey of a satellite begins with a rocket launch. Once in space, it enters an orbit – a carefully calculated path that ensures the satellite remains in motion around the Earth. Satellites orbit Earth in different ways based on their mission. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) is close to Earth and suitable for detailed imaging and science missions. Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) is higher and is commonly used for GPS navigation systems. Geostationary Orbit (GEO) remains in a fixed position relative to Earth’s spin, ideal for communication and weather monitoring. Sun-synchronous orbits, a type of LEO, maintain a consistent position relative to the Sun, ensuring the satellite passes over the same area at the same local solar time each orbit, which is helpful for consistent lighting in images. Highly Elliptical Orbits (HEO) provide extended coverage over specific areas. Sometimes, satellites are positioned at Lagrange Points. These points are stable points in space where the gravitational forces of Earth and another body, like the Sun, exert the same force on the satellite, keeping it stationary relative to the two bodies. Lagrange Point satellites are advantageous for long-term observation; for example, those positioned between the Earth and the Sun allow us to forecast potential hazards such as intense solar storms. Most modern satellites use solar panels to harness energy from the Sun, which is then stored in batteries. A minority of satellites have relied on nuclear power. However, the practice has become increasingly rare. Satellite communication encompasses a diverse array of methods, including not just sophisticated ground stations and transmitters but also accessible options like regular TV antennas. This variety in technology facilitates a wide range of transmissions, from GPS navigation on your phone to live international broadcasts. Interestingly, even DIY enthusiasts can communicate with satellites, as demonstrated in projects like TheThoughtEmporium’s video, where he directly pulls images from orbiting satellites. Speaking of GPS, the Global Positioning System (GPS) operates via a constellation of over 30 satellites in Medium Earth Orbit. These satellites continuously emit signals. GPS receivers, like the ones in smartphones, determine their exact position by calculating how far away they are from at least four satellites. This calculation is done using trilateration. Trilateration finds a place by measuring its distance from three or more known spots. Think of three circles, each with a center at these known spots - the circles are as big as the distance to the unknown place. The unknown place, or the position of the GPS user, is precisely where the three circles meet. GPS is highly accurate, typically locating objects within a few centimeters. Innovation in satellite technology is advancing rapidly. Newer satellites are smaller, cheaper, and more efficient, opening up possibilities for more extensive and diverse applications. We’re also witnessing the emergence of mega-constellations – networks of hundreds or even thousands of satellites working together to provide global internet coverage or comprehensive Earth observations - like SpaceX’s Starlink. The flip side of this technological marvel is a dramatic increase in the volume of satellites cluttering Earth’s orbit. Sources: 1. "How Satellites Work” - HowStuffWorks 2. "Space Debris: Tackling the Problem” - Space Data Association 3. “How Does GPS Work?” - NASA 4. “Catalog of Earth Satellite Orbits” - NASA 5. “Types of Orbits” - Space Foundation 6. “The History of Nuclear Power in Space” - Department of Energy, USA 7. How to Pull Images from Satellites in Orbit (NOAA 15,18,19 and METEOR M2) - TheThoughtEmporoim, YouTube 8. An Early History of Satellites Timeline - NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Editing by Myles Adoh-Phillips Written by Lucas L

There have been a number of top-secret projects in Space to advance human civilization, but often, the interests of specific groups of individuals, like sending spies into space, nuking the moon, or even covering the earth in a giant ring of copper. Let’s take a look at 5 previously top-secret space projects and the impact they had on humanity. Copper Ring: https://youtu.be/xqPnvEeH_pw Nuke the Moon: https://youtu.be/8QxCkWWavJQ Spies in Space: https://youtu.be/gn5VtKpYapI Protecting Against Bears: https://youtu.be/BlsjhkAGnyY Grenades on the moon: https://youtu.be/1Ic8tMyM7HY

Trends show that people are scoring higher and higher on IQ tests as time passes — this is known as the Flynn Effect. What is this attributed to? Are we really getting smarter? IQ tests are not precisely the best way to measure intelligence — they are a good general indicator, yes, but not a flawless method. An IQ test is designed to measure an individual's intelligence regardless of education. In the words of author David Epstein, “This test was created so that you wouldn’t have to bring to it anything that you have learned in life. If Martians landed on Earth, this was supposed to be the test that could determine how clever they were.” IQ tests deal with abstractions; you answer questions about hard logic — such as filling in missing pieces of a numerical or geometric sequence. For example, you might find questions like these in an IQ test: Fill the missing number from the following sequence: 2, 7, 4, 9, 6, 11, ?, 13 This sequence alternates between adding five and subtracting three. The right answer would be eight. If all members of group A belong to group B and all members of group B belong to group C, are all members of group A also members of group C? This one is pure logic: If all A’s are B’s and all B’s are C’s, then logically, all A’s are also C’s. This may feel easy to you, perhaps far too easy. This is partially thanks to the Flynn Effect. The term is named after scholar James Flynn. Nearly a century ago, in the Soviet Union, a psychologist named Alexander Luria decided to put people’s abstract thinking skills by asking abstract questions to people of different backgrounds. He noticed that rural workers had some difficulty answering these questions. One of his sessions went like this: Luria: What do a chicken and a dog have in common? Farmer: They are not alike. A chicken has two legs; a dog has four. A chicken has wings but a dog doesn’t. A dog has big ears and a chicken’s are small. Luria: Is there one word you could use for them both? Farmer: No, of course not. Luria: Would the word “animal” fit? Farmer: Yes. The subjects were clearly able to think objectively, and they answered based on their knowledge of the question. I have never been to B. How can I know whether there are camels there? This may sound insulting to early 20th-century rural workers, but it isn’t. Showing objective thinking over abstract thinking is not a disadvantage; it’s simply a different mode of operation. Most people back then didn’t need to worry about the hypothetical, so they didn’t. They only worried about what directly concerned them, and this is how they were best adapted to their respective roles. Which orange circle is bigger? The one on the left or the one on the right? If you’ve seen this before, you might already know that they are the same size but still look different. You probably grew up in a time and place where abstract thinking was required. Unlike early 20th-century Soviet Farmers, you received years of education that trained you to understand hypotheticals without much effort. You may see the orange and black circles as a group, paying more attention to the whole than to the individual, which creates the illusion. As David Epstein notes, if you were to show this image to a person who lacks such abstract thinking, they are more likely to intuitively know that the orange circles are the same size. We live in a world where information is abundant in nearly every field. Even the farmers today are overwhelmed with information, whereas a century ago, it was a much simpler lifestyle. This is not a bad thing—more information has allowed us to work more efficiently on practically every front. However, to deal with this overflow of information, we need more people who are more thoroughly educated than we were a century ago. Working with more data requires more abstract thinkers. Education isn’t supposed to affect your IQ test score, but it does. Not because the questions relate to whatever you might have learned but because schools inherently train you to think abstractly. And unsurprisingly, as more people grew up receiving an education: Sources: 1. Human Intelligence - Encyclopedia Britannica 2. The Evolution of Cognition - William L. Benzon & David G. Hays 3. 100 years of intelligence tests: We can do better - APA Divisions 4. A. R. Luria: The Neuropsychology of Praxis - Three-Toed Sloth 5. The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis - National Library of Medicine 6. The Flynn Effect – Explaining Increasing IQ Scores - Simply Psychology Edited by Gaurav Mishra Written by Lucas L

We’ve all heard about the recent Boeing plane crashes, but this is a little-known story of the time that Boeing crashed one of their planes intentionally to make airlines safer. Known as the CID (Controlled Impact Demonstration), it was a venture undertaken by NASA and the FAA to obtain data from an intentionally crashed Boeing 720. One of the experiment’s main goals was testing the fire-suppressing fuel additive FM-9 (the picture above illustrates how well that went). When FM-9 is combined with jet fuel, it creates antimisting kerosene, which is known to deter ignition and flame spread. The experiment also used crash test dummies and full-scale anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs), which simulate human bodies (accurate to height, weight, and dimensions) during controlled traffic collisions. It took NASA and the FAA 4 years to prepare for the crash test. The aircraft went through 14 test flights, during which: Engine performance (running on antimisting kerosene) was tested. Remote piloting techniques were perfected. Throughout the 14 flights, the aircraft was controlled remotely by a pilot on the ground, though safety pilots were also onboard. The blend of antimisting kerosene was tested and enhanced. The crash site included eight cemented cutters (nicknamed Rhinos) to slice the wings open without harming the fuselage. The day of the test finally came about on December 1, 1984. The 720 took off from Edwards Air Force Base in California and headed for the crash site. Moments before the crash, the aircraft had steered slightly to the right of the desired path. The remote pilot tried correcting its course, but it was too late. Data acquisition systems were on; the aircraft was committed to the impact. The wings were meant to be level at impact, but the left wing was low, making the first contact with the ground. When the aircraft smashed into the ground, one of the Rhinos sliced through the right wing, cut through the fuselage, and into engine number 3. The engine kept running for 1/3 of a rotation, providing a heat source and igniting a massive fire. The fire completely undermined efforts to test the antimisting kerosene and took over an hour to put out. Despite the failure in testing FM-9, NASA considered the test a success due to the crash data that was collected. It has been estimated that 23–25% of the 720’s capacity of 113 people could have survived the crash. The test also made flying safer as the FAA changed two requirements based on the results. They implemented new flammability standards for seat cushions and required mechanic fastening for floor proximity lightning as the adhesive ones used in the test appeared to have been detached. Sources: Controlled Impact Demonstration - NASA Summary Report--FullScale Transport Controlled Impact Demonstration Program - FAA Controlled Impact Demonstration: In 1984, NASA Made Airliners Safer by Crashing a Boeing 720 - Vintage Everyday 1 December 1984 - This Day in Aviation Editing by Myles Adoh-Phillips Written by Lucas L

Are you broke? Then look no further than investing in meme stocks! This is the history of the GME run and an overview of meme stocks as a whole. Don't be dumb, invest in GME! (This is not investment advice)

In 1983, the Soviet Union was in full alarm. Their nuclear early-warning system had reported a nuclear strike incoming from the United States. The decision of whether or not to launch a retaliatory strike ultimately came upon Stanislav Petrov, who violated Soviet protocol when he reported it as a false alarm. In doing so, Petrov might have prevented an all-out nuclear war between the two superpowers. But this was not the only time the world had a close call with nuclear war. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in early 1995, American and Norwegian scientists wanted to study the northern lights over Svalbard. To achieve this, they launched a Black Brant XII rocket carrying research equipment from Northwestern Norway. The rocket flew over the same air corridor that a US missile would fly if launched from the Minuteman III nuclear missile silo in North Dakota toward Moscow. The scientists notified thirty countries (including Russia) of this experiment. Despite this, because Russian radar operators had not been notified, they saw this single missile as a potential high-altitude nuclear attack. This looked like the first stage in a surprise strike because such attacks generate EMPs that can blind Russian radar to other incoming missiles. The Black Brent XII reached an altitude of 1,453 kilometers (903 miles), similar to that of a US Trident missile. Russian nuclear forces were put on high alert. The situation escalated to such a degree that the Russian nuclear briefcase (the Cheget) was brought to President Boris Yeltsin — he had ten minutes to decide whether or not to launch a retaliatory strike against the US. Yeltsin activated his nuclear keys during this time — the only known time any nuclear weapons state has done so in history. After waiting out eight minutes, it was determined that the rocket was not headed toward Moscow, and a retaliatory strike was called off. After going through such a close call and understanding that it was notified of the experiment, Russia updated its notification and disclosure protocols to prevent such an event from happening again. This episode came to be called the Norwegian Rocket Incident. There have been a few well-known instances in which the world was on the brink of nuclear war, including the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Stanislav Petrov incident. However, this lesser-known Norwegian Rocket Incident stands out as the only one in which a nuclear state had its nuclear keys activated and was fully prepared to launch a nuclear strike. Sources: 1. The Norwegian Rocket Incident (The Black Brant Scare) - Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation 2. The Soviet False Alarm Incident and Able Archer 83 - Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation 3. A Close Call: the Norwegian Rocket Incident - PBS 4. Stanislav Petrov: The man who may have saved the world - BBC Editing by Myles Adoh-Phillips Written by Lucas L

The dodo was a fat, flightless bird native to Mauritius, a small island east of Madagascar. The Dutch first recorded it in 1598 and last saw it in 1662 before it went extinct. This is one extinction of many caused by humans, but it is remarkably famous and with good reason. The dodo evolved mostly free of predators, which meant it had the evolutionary luxury of giving up flight in exchange for extra fat stores. It did not need to lay eggs on trees or otherwise hidden from local wildlife, and so it didn’t. This meant that the dodo was not even slightly scared of humans when they first showed up. A meaty, flightless bird that was not in the slightest frightened by humans — it’s not hard to see where this is going. It was easy meat for sailors, who were disgusted by the taste but ate it anyway. The hunting was extreme and constant; if the sailors weren’t hungry, they would keep killing dodos to salt the meat and preserve it for later. But hunting was not the most devastating thing humans cast upon the dodos. The sailors brought with them various other animals, including dogs, cats, pigs, and crab-eating macaques. The new invasive animals would compete with dodos for local resources, and to some, the dodos were one of the local resources — particularly to the pigs and macaques. The pigs and macaques would eat the dodos, and there is some evidence that the macaques would eat the unprotected dodo eggs. Thanks to all these factors, the dodo became increasingly rare until its last confirmed sighting in 1662. There are other alleged sightings after that, and it remains likely that the dodo was not yet extinct, but most sources agree that by 1700, it was extinct. More than 300 years after its extinction, scientists wonder whether they could return the dodo - one company, Colossal Biosciences, even claims its efforts to do so are well underway. De-extinction may sound like a far-fetched concept, reserved for movies like Jurrasic Park, but it is possible. It is far more feasible to recover DNA from a bird that went extinct three centuries ago than from dinosaurs that went extinct 65 million years ago. The idea, in theory, is simple: find a relatively conserved cell of the extinct species you want to clone and swap its nucleus with that of an egg of a close relative. For the dodo, that close relative is the Nicobar pigeon. This has already been done for one extinct species: the Pyrenean ibex. In all, 285 Pyrenean ibex embryos were made, 54 of which were transferred to goats, which would serve as surrogate mothers. One clone was born alive in 2003 (three years after the DNA was taken from the last living ibex), but it died after minutes due to lung problems — likely as a result of DNA damage caused by the transfer of the cell nucleus to the egg. This raises a few issues, not only practical — if we couldn’t clone an animal after three years of its extinction, it will likely be much harder to clone a 300-year extinct one — but ethical. As technology progresses, it is likely, but not guaranteed, that we will gain the ability to bring back the dodo. But is it ethical to go ahead with the procedure knowing that most clones are likely to die and that those that don’t will be brought to an Earth utterly different from the one their ancestors inhabited? Only time will tell. Sources: 1. Scientists are trying to resurrect the dodo – centuries after the bird famously went extinct - Colossal Biosciences 2. A ‘De-extinction’ Company Wants to Bring Back the Dodo - Scientific American 3. Why scientists want to bring extinct animals back from the dead - The Week 4. Scientists Say They Can Bring Back the Dodo. Should They? - Singularity Hub 5. How did the Dodo evolve? - University of Oxford 6. First Extinct-Animal Clone Created - National Geographic Editing by Myles Adoh-Phillips Written by Lucas L

The term "unemployment rate" might sound like something you often hear in the news and during political discussions, but it's not just a dry statistic. Let's take a closer look at what this rate represents, why it exists, what its consequences are, and why there's such a big fuss about it. At its core, the unemployment rate is all about the percentage of the labor force that's currently jobless and actively searching for work. To be officially classified as unemployed, a person must be without a job, available and ready to work, and actively seeking employment. This definition is really important because it doesn't include people who can't work - like children and retirees - or have chosen not to work, like me. When a lot of people are out of work, it often means the economy is facing a recession. This is because people without jobs earn less money, leading to less spending on goods and services - or vice versa. This can start a problematic cycle that makes economic problems worse. It's debated whether unemployment causes people to spend less or if spending less causes more unemployment, but external factors - such as policy and supply chain dynamics - play a role in both. Conversely, very low unemployment might sound ideal, but it can also be problematic. When unemployment is very low, businesses often struggle to find enough skilled workers, which can slow down their growth. It can also result in hiring less qualified workers, which might lower the overall quality of work. During periods of economic transition, such as the shift from industrial to service-oriented economies, the unemployment rate may temporarily spike. This is not necessarily indicative of economic decline but instead reflects the changing nature of work and the skills gap that often accompanies it. Additionally, the unemployment rate doesn't account for underemployment – those working fewer hours than they would like or in jobs that don't fully utilize their skills. This aspect of the labor market is crucial for understanding the complete picture of economic well-being, as underemployment also affects consumer spending and overall economic health. As such, the context behind an unemployment figure is crucial in determining what it means for any given economy. Exploring the root causes of unemployment reveals a myriad of contributing factors. Economic downturns, causing periods when economies slow down or contract, often lead to job losses as businesses cut costs. Automation, especially in sectors like manufacturing, customer service, and data analysis, can displace traditional jobs as machines and algorithms assume tasks previously handled by humans. Additionally, changes in what consumers want and buy can shift job markets, leading to a decline in specific industries and a rise in others. In this mix, some business strategies also play a part. Some business markets may intentionally maintain a higher level of unemployment, creating a surplus of potential workers. This strategy not only makes existing employees feel easily replaceable, encouraging them to accept lower wages and not challenge working conditions, but it also instills fear among these employees about the challenges they might face in finding new employment. Solutions to unemployment range from monetary and fiscal policies aimed at stimulating economic growth to education and training programs that equip workers with skills relevant to the evolving job market. Additionally, unemployment insurance and social welfare programs provide a safety net for those between jobs, helping to maintain consumer spending and stabilize the economy during downturns. In conclusion, the unemployment rate is more than a number; it reflects economic health, social stability, and the complex interplay of market forces and policy decisions. Its implications extend beyond the unemployed individuals, affecting the entire economic ecosystem. While dealing with unemployment is a complex challenge, it is essential for the overall health of society. And, in the ongoing debate about the role of government in securing employment opportunities, the idea of a job as a right remains a powerful and evolving concept. Sources: “How the Government Measures Unemployment” - Bureau of Labor Statistics, USA Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1944 State of the Union Address (Second Bill of Rights) “What does the unemployment rate measure?” - Brookings Institution “The Reserve Army of Labor in the Postwar U. S. Economy” - Deepankar Basu “The impact of education on unemployment incidence and re-employment success: Evidence from the U.S. labour market” - W. Craig Riddell, Xueda Song “Understanding: What Does the Unemployment Rate Represent?” - Investment Insight “Effects of Low Unemployment Rates on Businesses” - Western Governors University Edited by Gaurav Mishra Written by Lucas L

In this compilation video, we'll take a look at ten things that might blow your mind, help you win a trivia night, and otherwise make you a little smarter.

The morning of September 29, 1982, was difficult for twelve-year-old Mary Kellerman of Chicago, who was struggling with symptoms of the common cold. She was given an extra-strength Tylenol capsule to relieve her pain. She died shortly after. Also, on that day, 27-year-old Adam Janus passed away after taking Tylenol. Janus’s brother, Stanley, and sister-in-law, Theresa, took Tylenol from the same bottle. Stanley died later that same day. Nurse Helen Jensen was the first one to link the Tylenol to the deaths. Upon arriving at the Janus residence, she recalls, “I counted up the pills and saw six capsules missing, and there were three people dead. I said then and there: It’s the Tylenol.” Nobody believed her initially. “They all poo-pooed me at the time,” Jensen said. “They didn’t think that a nurse, a woman, would (make the connection).” Later, investigator Nicholas Pishos realized that the control number on the Tylenol bottles was the same: MC2880. He entertained Jensen’s theory and informed Deputy Medical Examiner Edmund Donoghue over the phone. Pishos was told to smell the Tylenol bottles. Pishos told Donoghue, “You know, the first one smells like the second one: almonds.” And at the same time, both said, “cyanide.” Potassium cyanide is a poison that kills by inhibiting cellular respiration. Being able to smell potassium cyanide is a genetic trait; only about 50% of people can do it, and those who can usually point out a similarity to the smell of almonds. At 1 AM that night, when Dr. Thomas Kim received the results from the Tylenol bottles’ lab analysis, the investigator’s hunch was confirmed: the pills had 100–1000 times the lethal amount of cyanide. These were murders. Two hours after this discovery, Mary McFarland was pronounced dead. Five hours later, Mary Reiner was also pronounced dead, both due to cyanide poisoning. The morning of September 30 had barely started, and all these murders were already linked. At 10 AM, a Johnson & Johnson (Tylenol’s parent company) attorney showed up at Donoghue’s offices. He knew there was no way this information could remain secret. Soon, all of Chicago was informed that cyanide had been found in Tylenol and that they should avoid taking the medication. Nurse Jensen pressed the police department to remove Tylenol from the shelves, but this was not immediately done. At 3 PM, Johnson & Johnson declared the recall of Tylenol lot MC2880. Theresa Janus was pronounced dead on the afternoon of October 1. The body of Paula Prince was found in her apartment later that day, having also died from cyanide poisoning. In the end, seven people tragically lost their lives to these poisonings. As the investigation dragged on, Johnson & Johnson recalled all Tylenol products in the United States, a whopping 31 million bottles with an estimated value of $100 million. As the days turned into weeks, thousands of leads rained upon the Tylenol task force — all fruitless. A New Yorker named James Lewis claimed responsibility for the murders and demanded $1 million from Johnson & Johnson for him to stop. Investigators found him but deemed there was no evidence to charge him with the killings. Lewis was still sentenced to 20 years behind bars for extortion. The task force was reduced; the investigation slowly died down. To this day, nobody has ever been charged or convicted of the Tylenol murders. James Lewis, the primary suspect and unlikely culprit, died in July 2023. The murderer walked free. There were copycat murderers, but none of them were as deadly as the original. Chicago Mayor Byrne forced the city council to pass a law requiring drugs to be sold in temper-resistant packaging. The tragedy also prompted the introduction of nationwide regulations aimed at preventing similar incidents, one of which mandates the use of safety seals on medication bottles. So, the next time you break one open, you'll know the purpose behind it. Sources: 1. “FBI Chicago History” - FBI 2. “How the Tylenol murders of 1982 changed the way we consume medication” - PBS News Hour 3. “James Lewis, Suspect in the 1982 Tylenol Killings, Submitted DNA, Print Samples” - ABC News 4. “Benzaldehyde, The smell of almonds and Maraschino cherries” - University of Bristol School of Chemistry 5. “James Lewis, suspect in the 1982 Tylenol murders, dies at 76” - PBS News Hour Editing by Myles Adoh-Phillips Written by Lucas L

When the Apollo astronauts first went to the moon, they did a lot of things. They drove their moon buggy around, planted a flag, took some steps for mankind, and when they were done with that, they launched some mortars. Media: Impact Prelude by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100617 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

The intriguing question of whether artificial intelligence (AI) can ever be conscious is not just a hot topic in technology circles but also a profound philosophical puzzle. As AI becomes more integrated into our daily lives, this question grows increasingly relevant and complex, inviting us to explore the nature of consciousness itself. At its core, the debate about AI consciousness revolves around two types of AI: 'strong AI' and 'weak AI.' Weak AI, which we encounter in everyday technologies like social media algorithms or voice assistants, is designed for specific tasks. It's smart but in a very limited way. Strong AI, on the other hand, is still theoretical. It's the idea of a machine that doesn't just act intelligently but has a mind like a human – capable of understanding, feeling, and self-awareness. A key concept in this discussion is the Chinese Room Argument by philosopher John Searle. Imagine you're in a room with a book of instructions for manipulating Chinese characters, but you don't know Chinese. People slide Chinese sentences under your door, you follow the instructions to respond, and to them, it looks like you understand Chinese. But in reality, you're just following a set of instructions without any comprehension of the language itself. This analogy often describes how modern AI operates, such as chatbots or drawing tools. They respond in ways that seem understanding, but they're really just processing data according to programmed rules. However, proponents of AI consciousness argue from a different perspective. They posit that human consciousness itself is an emergent property of the complex neural networks in our brains. A sufficiently advanced AI with a complex enough architecture might also give rise to consciousness if this argument holds water. The debate thus hinges on the nature of consciousness itself – is it a unique trait of biological entities, or can it emerge in any sufficiently complex system, biological or not? Suppose consciousness is indeed an emergent property of sufficiently complex systems; in that case, the Chinese Room, as a system, may turn out to be a conscious entity. However, today's AI, even the most advanced ones, are far from this point. They seem to mimic conversation and learning but don't actually think or understand as humans do. They're impressive in their ability to process information and predict outcomes, but this is different from having self-awareness or emotions. Nonetheless, it remains a formidable challenge to conclusively establish whether machines possess consciousness. This dilemma arises from the fundamental nature of machine learning. Rather than being explicitly programmed to yield specific responses, these AI systems undergo training. The individuals responsible for constructing these artificial neural networks lack a comprehensive understanding of every intricate connection and the exact mechanisms governing AI responses. The leap from AI's current capabilities to consciousness isn't just about building more advanced computers. It's a deep philosophical and ethical issue. What is consciousness, and is it unique to biological beings like us? If an AI were conscious, what would that mean for its rights or how we interact with it? The question of AI consciousness is complex and crosses the boundaries of technology, philosophy, and ethics. It's about more than how smart or sophisticated a machine can be. It's about understanding the very essence of awareness and existence. As AI technology advances, this conversation becomes more critical, challenging our views on intelligence, life, and the nature of being. The journey to answer whether AI can be conscious is an exploration that touches on our most profound understanding of ourselves and our place in the universe. Sources: 1. “Emergentism as an Option in the Philosophy of Religion: Between Materialist Atheism and Pantheism” - James Franklin, University of New South Wales 2. “Consciousness as an Emergent Phenomenon: A Tale of Different Levels of Description” - Guevara R, Mateos DM, Pérez Velázquez JL, Entropy (Basel) 3. “The Chinese Room Argument” - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4. “Can Machines Be Conscious?” - Philosophy Now 5. The Chinese room experiment - Open Universisty: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TryOC83PH1g Editing by Myles Adoh-Phillips Written by Lucas L

There are many things that could potentially end the world. Here's 4 things that are pretty likely.

This is the peculiar story of how one small US town asked the soviet union to build it a bridge – and how this action caused the US government to finally step up to the plate. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Editing by Myles Adoh-Phillips Written by Lucas L

Inventors are the backbone of technological development, but along the journey of invention, some inventors aren't so lucky and are taken out by their own creations.

In a world where everything feels presented to us at all hours of every day – on our phones, our laptops, on billboards, in stores – it’s rare to find a bit of the world that still escapes our gaze. All around us exists an unseen world of labyrinths, sprawling and complex networks carrying vital resources for modern society. For the most part, we don’t even notice it until something goes wrong. Read my article on water infrastructure: https://www.autodesk.com/blogs/water/2024/03/01/unseen-infrastructure-the-underground-networks-that-keep-the-world-turning/ Learn more about Autodesk water solutions: https://www.autodesk.com/industry/water Puddles the Leak Detection Dog: https://www.autodesk.com/solutions/handle-the-pressure-with-infowater-pro Wastewater Treatment Video: https://youtu.be/sDtUpkMqu6E Clean Water Treatment Video: https://youtu.be/0_ZcCqqpS2o Edited by Gaurav Mishra @autodeskwaterinfrastructure

This is the story of Trevor - one of the most interesting stories of waterfoul you'll ever hear.

In the 1950s, at the beginning of the Cold War - an era marked by intense rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union - the US Air Force had a naughty idea: if they detonated a nuclear weapon on the moon, it would not only be a victory in the space race but also in the nuclear arms race. It would be a display of American excellence that would intimidate the Soviets and potentially give the United States an upper hand in the ongoing Cold War. If the plan had proceeded, the flash from the detonation would have been visible from Earth, creating a spectacle for everyone gazing at the night sky. The plan was to detonate the nuclear device on the moon's twilight zone, the region on the lunar surface between the illuminated and dark sides, for maximum visibility. At the core of this plan, the US Military believed that a nuclear explosion on the moon would have been a highly successful show of force, considerably embarrassing the Soviets on the international stage and boosting confidence in the US-led world order. The Air Force had a team of scientists evaluating the theoretical outcomes of the nuclear explosion, including one Carl Sagan. Despite the theoretical feasibility, the project faced significant ethical and environmental concerns. Scientists questioned the wisdom of using the moon, a celestial body of great scientific interest and potential future exploration, as a testing ground for nuclear weapons. There were fears about contaminating the lunar environment and the unknown long-term effects of a nuclear explosion in space. But this was during a time when we had just developed nuclear weapons and were only beginning to understand them. Counterintuitively, blowing up a nuclear bomb on the moon posed no risk to humans (hear me out, NASA, I have a fun idea). The nuclear bomb intended for the moon would have been a small 1.7-kiloton device, several times smaller than the Hiroshima bomb. The explosion would have paled in comparison to other asteroid impacts the moon has endured, likely leaving behind a crater invisible from Earth. Radioactivity would not have been a concern, given that the moon is 238,900 miles away from Earth. Nevertheless, the plan never moved forward because the Air Force believed, at the time, that the potential dangers outweighed the benefits and determined that a lunar landing would have a more significant appeal to the American and global public. Project A119, as the plan was known, remained classified until the year 2000, after nearly 45 years of secrecy. The declassification only occurred after a formal freedom of information request was made about the project due to some leaked information. There is no hope that this experiment will be considered again in the near future. After nuclear superpowers recklessly experimented with their nuclear weapons in space in tests now referred to as High Altitude Nuclear Explosions (HANEs), the practice of detonating nuclear devices in space was banned by the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963) and the Outer Space Treaty (1967). Nonetheless, one can't help but harbor a clandestine longing for a moonlit nuclear spectacle, where the world watches in awe as a carefully orchestrated, entirely safe, and utterly audacious explosion lights up the lunar surface. Sources: 1. “U.S. Weighed A-Blast on Moon in 1950s” - Los Angeles Times 2. “Sagan breached security by revealing US work on a lunar bomb project” - Nature 3. “US planned one big nuclear blast for mankind” - The Guardian 4. “Inside Project A119, America’s Top-Secret Plot To Detonate A Nuclear Bomb On The Moon During The Cold War” - All That’s Interesting 5. “Why the Air Force Almost Blasted the Moon with an H-Bomb” - History Editing by Myles Adoh-Phillips Written by Lucas L

Due to a minor communication error, the Germans ended up fighting themselves and killing over 500 men. Oops.

The world's current food supply production relies heavily on one chemical element that's slated to run out in our lifetime... All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Editing by Myles Adoh-Phillips Written by Lucas L

This is the story of a team who banded together to face adversity and build the world's largest meatball ever created.

Cargo ships are starting to use sails for propulsion rather than traditional engines... but why? All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Editing by The Atwoods Written by Lucas L

These are some of the strangest crimes that people have been thrown in jail for.

Have you ever flicked a switch and stood in awe as the room lit up? Yeah, me neither. Honestly, the last time I marveled at something as every day as a lightbulb, I was probably also excited about getting an extra hour of TV time. But, let’s humor ourselves for a moment and dive into the world of lightbulbs – those unsung heroes of our late-night binges and the sworn enemies of moths everywhere. Editing by Khaqan Awan Written by Lucas L Images and videos from Creative Commons or used in accordance with fair use. For questions or concerns, please use the contact page on our channel.

This is the real time speed of U.S. Debt growth, visualized.

This is the story of the covert operation undertaken by the military in the 1960s as they worked to send military personnel into space – and how that covert operation was discovered many decades later...

While it is well known that animals can sense an earthquake minutes before it hits, the millennia-old belief that they can detect one a few hours to days in advance is an area of debate in academic circles. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Editing by Myles Adoh-Phillips Written by Lucas L

Read the article, here: https://www.autodesk.com/blogs/water/2024/01/10/will-the-world-run-out-of-water/ The world's water crisis is solvable. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Editor: Gaurav Mishra @autodeskwaterinfrastructure

Everyone loves those science projects we completed in grade school, like making a potato battery or even the classic erupting volcano. However, now that we are all grown up, let’s take a look at how exactly some of the most popular science projects work through the lenses of science. Thanks to everyone in the Creative Commons who provided visuals to this project. Sources below: Potato Battery: [1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PFy6uxJACQY [2] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gY1XZLSy-qA [3] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YfJKKXzbR8I Volcano: [1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nDDNBTiQjA [2] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0QAUhhgm25k [3] Starting at 00:26 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAuLwmuGeUU Non-Newtonian Fluid: [1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gd4hfmTtdz8 [2] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PyKA3obUqF4 [3] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oMpb7GYwP2I

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the United States grew increasingly scared that their means of radio communication would be taken out by a solar flare or perhaps by the Soviet Union. Fearing this day that never came, scientists set out on a mission to strengthen the earth's ionosphere, the region of the earth's atmosphere that heavily influences radio wave propagation across the planet. The solution devised by the US was absolutely absurd, more absurd however is that they actually set the plan in place. In the summer of 1963, the United States placed a gigantic ring of thin copper wire around the earth. As part of Project West Ford, these wires – referred to as needles – were an attempt to add a conductive layer around the earth that would allow for seamless radio wave transmission regardless of conditions in the ionosphere. In the 1950s, most communication was transferred through undersea cables or electromagnetic waves were bounced off of the earth's natural ionosphere layer. The ionosphere could be interrupted by solar flares or other possible human interventions, which made it not as reliable as the US government wanted. A pioneering electrical engineer named Walter E. Morrow at MIT's Lincoln Laboratory devised an ingenious plan, to place a belt of copper wire around the earth. These wires would serve as permanent radio reflectors which would circumvent the common problems with the ionosphere and protect communications from solar flares. 480 million thin copper needles were manufactured and prepared for launch. Each "needle" was 1.8 centimeters long and was less than the width of a human hair. The length of 1.8 centimeters corresponded to half the wavelength of 8 GHz microwaves, which would turn every needled into a dipole antenna. It was expected that the needles would orbit in a layer 3,500 kilometers above the earth. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Editor: Gaurav Mishra

This video will keep you entertained for approximately 5 minutes and 56 seconds. You're welcome.

Havana Syndrome, a phenomenon first reported in 2016 by staff at the U.S. Embassy in Havana, Cuba, remains an enigma shrouded in uncertainty. This cluster of unexplained symptoms has perplexed investigators, officials, and medical professionals alike. Despite extensive research and investigations, the definitive cause of Havana Syndrome remains elusive. Let’s explore the baffling history of Havana Syndrome, examine the investigative steps taken to identify its cause, and ultimately present the current state of understanding surrounding this intriguing mystery.

These are some of the strangest unsolved mysteries in existence. What do you think is behind them? This is a compilation video of many of the videos we publish. You can also watch each video individually. 00:05 - The Mystery of Havana Syndrome 06:17 - The Strange Bioduck Quack [Solved] 10:00 - The Mystery of the Mary Celeste 16:13 - The Mystery of Oak Island 20:26 - The Mystery of the Star that Shouldn’t Exist

Get ready, for some of the most mind-boggling stories that never should have happened. This is a compilation video. Find the time stamps and specific videos included below: 00:07 - The Deadliest Surgery in History 03:03 - The Deadliest Energy Drink in History 07:30 - The Ship that Climbed a Mountain 09:30 - The Time the US Nuked Itself 13:41 - Erfurt Latrine Disaster 18:05 - The Great Smog That Killed Thousands

This is the story of the deadliest energy drink in the world and ultimately what lead to the banning of Radium use for medical purposes in the United States. The tragic story of Ebenezer Byers. Read my article on this topic on Interesting Engineering: https://interestingengineering.com/science/the-deadliest-energy-drink-to-ever-exist

This is A LOT of facts. Some might say the most in the world. Note: this is a compilation video of many of our facts videos.

What’s the RICHEST country in the world? While wealth can be measured in various ways, encompassing factors such as GDP, per capita income, and overall economic stability, let’s explore the intricacies of this question and shed light on the country that currently claims the title of the wealthiest nation on Earth. At the end of the day, the answer to this question comes down to just how you measure it. Editor: Khaqan Awan

Is an ostrich faster than a Ferrari? How much does a teaspoon of a neutron star weigh? We get to the bottom of 50 bizarre and mind blowing facts. 50 facts that will blow your mind. From the most mysterious to the bizarre, you don't want to miss this.

The world’s tallest mountain is… growing? Nepal and China recently jointly announced that the iconic peak is actually taller than previously calculated. The new official height is now 8,848.86 meters or 29,032 feet, a growth of almost a full meter over the last measurement! But how did the mountain… grow?

December 5, 1872 - Approximately 400 miles east of the Azores, the British brig Dei Gratia stumbled upon an eerie sight that would ignite one of the most enduring mysteries in maritime history. The crew had found the Mary Celeste, floating, empty. There were no signs of distress, and no signs of where the crew had gone. What happened to the crew of the Mary Celeste?

A haunting quacking sound echoed through the water, baffling researchers and sparking countless theories for more than 5 decades. Once dubbed as the largest still unresolved mysteries of the Southern Ocean. For years, this auditory riddle remained unsolved, leaving the scientific community both intrigued and frustrated. It all began in the early 1960s when by a submarine crew who started hearing the sound ring out from the deep - called the Bio-Duck.

Oak Island has long captivated the imagination of treasure hunters, history enthusiasts, and conspiracy theorists alike. Located off the coast of Nova Scotia, Canada, this enigmatic island has been the center of numerous expeditions, each fueled by tales of buried riches and unsolved mysteries. While the actual history of Oak Island is fascinating, it is often overshadowed by the myths and legends that have grown around it. This is the story of Oak Island. This website does a great job at summarizing and details the mystery of Oak Island if you want to learn more: https://www.oakislandmystery.com/

Facts prescribed to keep you awake at night. Maybe. Probably. Just enjoy the video.

This was made using a combination of several language and image-based AIs, mixing their outputs together. The only human hand in this project was the editing, as well as the curation of image-based results. Inputs and imagery were all AI-generated.

In pop culture, the trope that robots are going to take over the world and turn the earth into a bleak dystopia is used on the daily. But, in engineering - product design, architecture, and more - the idea of robots taking over the world is actually a good thing. A huge shoutout to the Autodesk Fusion 360 team for all the footage of their generative design tools! Editor: Rameez Ibrahim

Money makes the world go round, but unfortunately, some people have made a career out of defrauding others of their hard-earned cash. In this video, we’ll be exploring the biggest financial scams in history, from Ponzi schemes to corporate fraud. Get ready to be shocked and appalled as we take a deep dive into the world of financial deception. Editor: Khaqan Awan

The Electoral College was established by the United States Constitution in 1787 and has been used in every presidential election since. At the time, the founding fathers were concerned about giving too much power to the people, who might be swayed by demagogues, and also wanted to ensure that the president had both popular support and support from the states. This is how it works. Editor: Khaqan Awan

The United States, often called the "land of the free," is actually quite the opposite. Let's take an objective look at data measuring just how free the U.S. actually is Sources: World Freedom Index: https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/freedom-index-by-country Incarceration rates in the US: https://www.prisonpolicy.org/profiles/US.html Income inequality: https://www.oecd.org/unitedstates/Tackling-high-inequalities.pdf Jim Crow Law Timeline: https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/timeline/jimcrow.htm War on Drugs: https://time.com/6090016/us-war-on-drugs-origins/ Educational Inequality: https://hechingerreport.org/opinion-inequality-is-still-at-the-heart-of-student-naep-score-performance/ Health inequalities: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanam/article/PIIS2667-193X(22)00049-7/fulltext Women's wage gap: https://nwlc.org/issue/equal-pay-and-the-wage-gap/ Maternal leave: https://www.npr.org/2016/10/06/495839588/countries-around-the-world-beat-the-u-s-on-paid-parental-leave Reproductive rights: https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/16/opinion/letters/abortion-reproductive-rights.html All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Editor: Khaqan Awan

Nuclear bombs are one of the most powerful and devastating weapons ever created. In seconds, they can wipe out entire cities and cause catastrophic destruction. This is how they work.

You don't want to watch this video. You will regret it.

In this video, we'll give you the masterclass on market crashes and all of the factors you need to know to understand current and future market turmoil.

This star shouldn’t exist. A star that defies all known laws of astronomy and physics. This is the story of Przybylski's Star. Media: [1] The Anunnaki Return [2] Landing

This is one of the most famous and peculiar shipwrecks in history. The Princess May, which was sailing off the coast of Skagway Alaska on August 5th, 1910. Aboard were 68 crew, and 80 passengers, carrying a giant load of gold from the Alaskan gold mines.

This is the concept of fractional reserve banking, how it works, and why it might crash the global economy.

This is a collection of some of the most troubling events in history that we've covered. This Lake Killed 1700 People (Lake Nyos Disaster): https://youtu.be/c0SaDCaWSeM The Story of the Radioactive Boy Scout: https://youtu.be/odnRk9gScV8 The Worms Living Inside People in the Southern US: https://youtu.be/9BToQ46ilfQ The Time 60 Nobles Drowned in a Giant Pit of Poo: https://youtu.be/wxtGW4yfaQk Why are there Mysterious Hums Occurring All Over the World?: https://youtu.be/J066U1QiXZE Acidic Fog Killed 12,000 People in London in 1952: https://youtu.be/ZaQvikK0gsM

The Great depression sent millions into poverty, resulted in bread lines, bank runs, and otherwise the collapse of the global economy. It’s not almost been 100 years since this catastrophic event - so what caused it? Well, economists can’t really agree - and it could happen again.

These are the most unsettling facts that you’ll ever hear. Prepare to be a little concerned.

On the night of August 21, 1986, in the peaceful village around Lake Nyos, everyone was sleeping. That next morning, none of them would wake up. This is the story of the Lake Nyos Disaster.

From the time a submarine shot itself with its own torpedo to when a nuclear bomb was used to put out a fire, these are some of the strangest military accidents and experiments in history. The Submarine that Sank Itself: https://youtu.be/yuivmjz_-aQ The Time the US Accidentally Nuked North Carolina: https://youtu.be/hTQCkbPxHfo How the Sun Caused the Sea to Explode during the Vietnam War: https://youtu.be/NMBk_Xn0SEc The Fighter Jet that Shot Itself Down: https://youtu.be/bD2bVqWHpKY The Cold War EMP Test Facility for US Military Aircraft | ATLAS-I: https://youtu.be/wqXmyz3dbrU The Time Soviet Engineers Used a Nuclear Bomb to Put out a Fire: https://youtu.be/BV-jGP5v--A

In 1997, this sound was heard from an unknown location in the Pacific Ocean over thousands of miles…. This is an unidentified sound known as the whistle.

Humans share 50% of their DNA with bananas - but what does that really mean?

Every Russian cosmonaut that flew between 1986 to 2006 carried a gun with them to protect against bears. This is why.

Called the Vicuña, one shirt made out of its wool could run you north of $5000! Here's why.

In this video we'll walk through pollutants like TRAP, VOCs, Ozone, Noxious Gasses, and Particulate Matter. Watch our full video on air pollution here: https://youtu.be/c0G4EH1r01k

3 men went missing from the Flannan Isle Lighthouse in December of 1900, never to be seen again. They disappeared without a trace, marking one of the most infamous maritime disappearances in history.

There might be worms living inside of you, feeding off of your blood. This is the story of the hookworm pandemic in the southern United States.

Let's take a look at the Bloop, Upsweep, Julia, Slow Down, Whistle, Train from the Unexplained Sounds List on Wikipedia.

Why in the world do we drop giant balls every new years eve? That's pretty weird... but there's actually a good reason why. Happy New Years!

Prepare to be concerned. This video is a compilation of our Concerning Mysteries Series. Watch the original videos here: Flannan Isle: https://youtu.be/RFmWEPmhEP0 The Oakville Blob: https://youtu.be/Y8lKChI98Xw UVB-76: https://youtu.be/lipQlY8SfPo Slow Down: https://youtu.be/ZmaxQgAaKns Tuskunga Event: https://youtu.be/r1qk30qrDqU Upsweep: https://youtu.be/up4BhgfjA2A Julia: https://youtu.be/JptsjLQeycI The Bloop: https://youtu.be/JtEfHnbMWIg

Mostly just 5 things. 5 is so many. 00:04 - Crypto 02:59 - Wastewater Treatment 06:00 - Stocks 08:50 - Insurance 11:52 - Inflation Watch the individual videos that made up this compilation at the links below: Insurance: https://youtu.be/j3Ix2FpDgZY Crypto: https://youtu.be/_fyp5BA6upc Stocks: https://youtu.be/C1oyQkIxn5s Wastewater: https://youtu.be/cUFKay8VPqo Inflation: https://youtu.be/N3nQcudj3QY

THIS IS WAY TOO MANY FACTS IN ONE VIDEO. TOO MANY. Watch the original videos that make up this compilation here: Brain Facts: https://youtu.be/yKdanj6v99k Animal Facts: https://youtu.be/zHIzyKayN1A USA Facts: https://youtu.be/xH0Jz7VAEZI

August 7th, 1994,It had begun to rain. Except, it wasn’t raining. It was gelatinous goo filled with blood cells. This is the story of Oakville Washington. Population 665. Watch the full Unsolved Mysteries doc on the Oakville incident here: https://youtu.be/NQCNnghasp0

Are you curious about how recessions start? This short video will take you through the basics.

There’s a mysterious radio signal that’s been broadcasting since the 1970s that sounds like repeating buzzing with occasional russian voices. It’s long been thought to be a Russian KGB spy channel, or a dead hand signal that if silenced could trigger the start of WWIII. But it gets weirder. Earlier this year it started broadcasting popular music like Gangam Style, or sounds that when analyzed under spectrograph look like memes. So who… or what… is behind this mysterious station? Watch the UVB-76 Live Stream here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUgzv-8_EMc Images of supposed UVB-76 Location: https://imgur.com/gallery/B4pbv#yJD3mMv

There are two types of Bankruptcy though, chapter 7 and chapter 13, which drastically change what a bankruptcy means for a financial entity. Both types help individuals or companies eliminate debt, halt foreclosures, and stop wage garnishments among other things, but the actual mechanisms that they relieve this debt by vary. Let’s take a look at the types of bankruptcies.

You’re not going to believe what we’re about to tell you...

Struggling to remember things? This short video will take you through 3 different studies observing the best way for the brain to remember things to help you in your daily life.

On the morning of June 30th, 1908, the sky lit up with fire. An explosion 1000 times larger than Hiroshima took place in the sky above the Tunguska River in northern Siberia. A shockwave was sent across asia and Europe, with windows shattering hundreds of miles away. Millions of trees were felled, stripped of their bark and burned to a crisp. This would become known as the Tunguska Incedent… But… what happened? This is that story.

Are you confused about what Blockchain technology is? How Blockchain works? This short and to the point video will take you through the basics of understanding the far-reaching implications of blockchain beyond just cryptocurrencies.

Why in the world do geese fly in Vs? Well, two reasons.

I got in touch with the dark web for answers. Confused? Watch the original video here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OSq1yzGxFQg @Chubbyemu can you get to the bottom of this!?

Let's take an introductory look into what liquidity is and how the concept plays out in the stock market.

Ever wondered what types of ETFs you can buy? This quick video will walk you through the basics of exchange traded fund buying.

This video is longer than 3 seconds.

Do you want to know how to invest like the Pros? Maybe you just want to be able to afford a house one day or retire early? Everyone has to get started somewhere - so in this Investing 101 course, we’re going to take you through everything that you need to know about investing. We’ll start with some basics about different markets and how they work, then we’ll talk about the different types of assets you can invest in. After these basic concepts are out of the way, we’ll talk about some of the worst-case investing scenarios in history, like the biggest crashes, and even consider what the future of investing looks like. Finally, we’ll close out the course by reflecting on whether you should invest, and whether you’re ready. 00:00 - Introduction to the Course Section 1: Understanding the Markets 00:50 - How the Stock Market Works 09:02 - Liquidity 11:50 - Stock Splits 15:39 - Inflation 19:10 - Deflation 21:43 - Bear Markets Section 2: Types of Assets 26:55 - Bonds 36:40 - Stocks 44:03 - Meme Stocks 48:40 - STONKS 49:14 - Penny Stocks 58:38 - Cryptocurrencies Section 3: Investing Worst-Case Scenarios 1:02:17 - 2008 Financial Crisis 1:06:11 - Biggest Financial Crashes in History 1:11:24 - What is the Federal Reserve 1:14:27 - National Debt Explained Section 4: Should you Invest? 1:17:46 - Should you Invest? 1:21:16 - 401Ks 1:31:20 - What is My Net Worth? Conclusion 1:34:00 - Conclusion

For the past 50 or so years, towns across the world have been starting to hear mysterious and persistent annoying hums that they can’t explain. This is that story.

Your social security number has a secret code - here’s how it works. If you live in and or were born in the U.S., chances are you have a social security number. These numbers were created in the 1930s to specifically track how much citizens earned so the Social Security program could accurately pay out benefits when people reached retirement ages. However, today, the system has expanded to any number of personal identification needs throughout the government and private sector. In essence, your social security number is the barcode that identifies you in the US.

What would you do if you heard this sound while swimming in the ocean? Heard in March of 1997, researchers have dubbed this sound “The Train” due to it’s steady repeating frequency that sounds like a train horn. What do you think made the noise?

Viewer Discretion is Advised. This is the legend of Jack O'Lanterns. Prepare yourself.

These crazy animal facts are insane.

Wut. #shorts

Snails have how many teeth!? #shorts

Are you trying to figure out how insurance companies make money? This video breaks down the very basics of insurance, how these companies turn a profit, and why it's actually a pretty good idea to have insurance on your things. Watch the full video, memes and all, here: https://youtu.be/3ctoSEQsY54

In May of 1997, this sound was heard deep in the Pacific Ocean over thousands of miles… What do you think made the "Slow Down" sound?

Let's take a quick walk through the typical phases we see in bear market or recessionary cycles in the market.

There’s a sound coming from the pacific that hasn’t stopped since 1991, and it sounds like this. What would you do if you poked your head underwater and heard that?

These are 49 facts about animals that are probably going to blow your mind.

Here's how Credit Default Swaps work and how they played a part in the 2008 financial crisis. Want to learn more about tranches, MBS, and CDOs? Watch the full video here: https://youtu.be/feDw649zekw

YouTube will not allow this short to be shorter, therefore this is the shortest YouTube short in the world, beating the previous record for the shortest youtube short by 1 full second.

Watch the full video here: https://youtu.be/xmZx2Fgfc4Q

What do you think?

This is more than a little creepy. #shorts

If Inflation is the end of the world, wouldn’t deflation be good? Well, actually, no - in fact, deflation can be even worse for an economy than inflation! Here’s how it works. Media: Darkest Child by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100783 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Impact Prelude by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100617 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

It's something called fractional reserve banking. Watch our full video on the topic here: https://youtu.be/hPsRe6zILQU

What if I told you that the entire modern financial system functioned on an infinite money glitch where billions, no trillions of dollars were created out of thin air day after day and at any point the whole system could collapse? This is how that system works.

This is not a spiral. Rather it is a series of concentric circles. This trick fools the retina into processing the image wrong. #Shorts

The two shapes are exactly the same size. Opinions conflict as to why this illusion works. #Shorts

The Yellow Bars are the exact same size. This illusion distorts our brains perception of perspective. #shorts

Stare at the + sign. The pink discs are dissapearing in succession. There is no green disc. This effect demonstrates the phi phenomenon and the afterimage effect. #Shorts

The cubes are not moving or rotating.The arrows and lights prove how suggestible our brain is to detect motion. #shorts

These illusions will blow your mind. 00:10 - The Ponzo Illusion 00:25 - Lilac Chaser 00:40 - Checker Shadow Illusion 00:55 - Zöllner Illusion 01:10 - Herman Grid Illusion 01:25 - Jastrow illusion 01:40 - Titchener circles 01:55 - Kanizsa Triangle Illusion 02:10 - Muller-Lyer Illusion 02:25 - Fraser Spiral 02:40 - Rotating Squares 02:55 - Hering Illusion

Take a look at the loneliest place on earth, home to hundreds of tons of space junk and mysterious sounds like the Bloop. Media: Darkest Child by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100783 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ The Awakening Strange Stuff

This is "The Bloop" sound played at both 16X and Normal Speed (1X). Watch the full explanation video here: https://youtu.be/JtEfHnbMWIg 00:06 - 16X Speed 00:14 - 1X Speed (Normal Speed)

The Greek philosopher Zeno famously wrote a book of paradoxes 2,500 years ago that still continues to baffle scientists and philosophers today. One of his paradoxes, titled Achilles and the Tortoise, examines the idea of infinity in great philosophical complexity. Figuring out the answer to the paradox and understanding why it is flawed demands an interesting lesson in the mathematical principles of convergence and divergence. Zeno's famous paradox of Achilles and the Tortoise focuses in on the hero of the Trojan War, Achilles. This famous warrior is engaged in a race with a slow-footed tortoise who is granted a 100-meter head start. Initially, Achilles thinks that he will make easy work of the tortoise, but a problem arises as he tries. Let's take a look at just what's going on. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly.

It's probably not what you think.

In March of 1999, NOAA, the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration heard this in the Pacific...

Hint: it isn't a cheetah.

The world's top minds think that the advancement of artificial intelligence could mean doom for the future of humanity. Elon Musk says AI is the "biggest risk we face as a civilization..." and he isn't the only one. As computer technology continues to advance, we are forced to examine what our future might look like. Will we lose our jobs to automation? How will the economies of the future work? Will we survive? The future sounds bleak, but will it actually be as bad as everyone thinks? Let's take a look.

This is the story of the Poison Squad and how it lead to the creation of the modern FDA.

Logical paradoxes are some of the most infuriating and frustrating problems that we can try to solve. As humans, we always want to find an answer and we naturally assume that an answer must exist. In the case of Bertrand Russell's Barber Paradox, a solution does exist, but it becomes even less obvious than other statements like it. Proposed by Bertrand Russell in the early 1900s, the barber paradox introduces a town where every single resident must be clean-shaven. There exists a barber in this town who only shaves residents who do not shave themselves. These statements may seem simple at first, but a paradoxical proposition arises: who shaves the barber? Let's take a look and see just what's going on in this puzzling paradox... All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly.

This video was made entirely by artificial intelligence. The views, images, speech, and human form represented in this video were not altered by humans before publishing. An AI wrote, narrated, collected footage, edited, and even created a fake humanoid narrator for this video. Prompt for the AI: Make a video explaining to humans how AI works.

Hint: It's incredibly gross.

I bet you never knew THIS about green beans.

How many licks does it take to get to the center of a tootsie pop? This age-old question dates back to 1931, but it’s time we finally got down to the facts. Getting to the center of a tootsie pop has long been a pondering in tootsie lore. Engineering students from Purdue University ran a series of tests and determined that the center can be reached in an average of 252 licks. However, researchers from Harvard ran a similar study but with a series of licking machines and determined that it takes a staggering 2255 licks to reach the center. Diverging from collegiate research, students at Swarthmore Junior High School found that it only takes 144 licks to reach the center. It seems that the exact number depends on a variety of factors like tongue moistness, lick duration, tongue texture, tootsie pop diameter, among others. So, it takes somewhere between 144 to 2255 licks to reach the center of a tootsie pop. A disappointingly vague answer to one of the world’s most famous questions. However, the real question, is how many licks does it take YOU to reach the center of a tootsie pop? All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our page. Media: Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Are woodpeckers the strongest animal in the world? Let us know your thoughts in the comments.

This is Greg. He's a little idea I tossed around about 4 years ago at this point. I made three videos on Greg that can be found at the link below, but ultimately dropped the project to focus more heavily on the Concerning Reality main channel. The idea was to have short one to two-sentence videos of Greg providing random obscure animal facts. This format would likely be better suited for the shorts format, but that didn't exist back in the day! Let me know if Greg should return.... Greg the Giraffe: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGUGkl4I1fHNmcTbLKvfGLg

Let’s explain crypto in under 3 minutes. Media: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Most of my videos require stock footage to make. This often means that I'm exposed to some weird content. This is some of the weirdest stock footage I've collected over the years. Enjoy.

A bear market is when a market undergoes significant and prolonged price declines, typically over 20% in a given period. Bear markets are also characterized by overly negative market sentiment and pessimism. In general, bear markets occur in stock markets about every 3-4 year and generally last about 289 days. That’s to say, bear markets aren’t uncommon, rather they’re a facet of regular market cycles – generally. There are occasions where bear markets are triggered by significant external factors that cause markets to plunge. Media: Infados by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100449 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ Strange Stuff

In February of 1940, the German Navy and German Navy had a miscommunication. The result of that miscommunication was the sinking of two destroyers and the death of 560 sailors during a planned battle with the British. This is how that happened. Media: Devastation and Revenge by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100694 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Life insurance is essentially a contract between the insured and the insurance company that pays out if the policyholder, the insured, dies. The life insurance money generally goes to a family member or beneficiary. But, how can this even be profitable for the insurance company? Everyone dies, after all. Well, this all has to do with how the contracts are set up. Media: Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Disclaimer: All of the sounds you are about to hear are unexplained and have recorded deep in the ocean on hydrophones. Viewer discretion is advised. 00:07 - Upsweep 00:44 - Train 01:14 - Julia 02:05 - Bloop 02:31 - Slowdown Learn more about the Bloop: https://youtu.be/JtEfHnbMWIg

It all ties back to a web of lies strung by investment banks around investment products known as Mortgage-Backed Securities. Media: Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

2022 might bright a crash in the real estate market bigger than 2008! Well, at least according to a new theory that has some serious chops. I wonder if Michael Burry has caught on… Watch Andre Jikh's longer video on the topic: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MPZolk4aDsY Read the full theory here: https://www.reddit.com/r/Superstonk/c... Media: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Artist: http://audionautix.com/

Let's talk about the crash of 1929. #Shorts

Elon is buying twitter, but why? Watch the full video here: https://youtu.be/C5g0Qltu8xw

Let’s take a look at the biggest crashes in the US stock market in HISTORY. And make sure you watch until the end to learn about the time when the stock market crashed nearly 90%! Get a free stock with WeBull: https://bit.ly/2tBxZYv Get a free stock with Robinhood: https://bit.ly/3pLu9Gr Have cryptocurrency taxes to file? Get free access to Ledgible Crypto Tax: https://bit.ly/3qG4c9b We'll both get 100 tickets to win up to $10,000,000 when you download Yotta Savings! Just sign up with code WXA78JF3 or tap this link: https://withyotta.page.link/bu1VaWQiy... Get $20 of stock by signing up for Stash! https://get.stash.com/trevor_9g011q4 Media: [1] Glacier [2] Devastation and Revenge by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100694 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ [3] Darkest Child by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100783 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ [4] Epic Unease by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100406 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Elon Musk is buying Twitter for approximately 44 billion dollars - but what does this actually mean? This is what actually happens when you take a company private. When Elon Musk offered to buy twitter, the Board of Directors was legally obligated to consider the offer. Elon offered to buy the company at a premium over the share price on the day of his offer, a value of about $44 Billion dollars. Now that the board has accepted the offer, every single shareholder will eventually have the option to be paid $54.20 for each of their shares, the per-share buyout price, which was premium to the existing stock price. Media: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Insurance! It’s normally a pretty mundane subject, filled with discussions about the exciting world of deductibles, actual value, terms, quotes, underwriting… well, this video is about the interesting part of insurance - all of the strange things people have insured in the past! Watch the video on how insurance works here: youtu.be/3ctoSEQsY54 Media: [1] Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ [2] Darkest Child by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100783 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ [3] Strange Stuff [4] Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ [5] Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

You likely often hear mentions of celebrities being worth 10 million dollars or like Elon Musk being worth a reported 274 Billion. But how is that calculated? And how much are you worth? Media: Deliberate Thought by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/?keywords=deliberate+thought Artist: http://incompetech.com/

If you clicked on this video, you’re probably wondering if your money is safe. Worried about whether you’re going to have a job soon? If the Federal Reserve raising rates and inflation skyrocketing is going to cause the economy to crash? Well, is the economy going to crash?

New to investing? Understand how the stock market works in under 3 minutes. Media: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Watch more here: https://youtu.be/3ctoSEQsY54

#Shorts

This is how quickly the US national debt is rising in real-time, over 1 minute. Currently, it totals over $30 trillion. $1.5 MILLION every minute, $25,000 per second.

How do Molotov Cocktails work?

What influences gas prices?

Gas Prices. When they’re good, who do we thank? When they’re bad, who do we blame? While it would be nice if the world was this simple, the actuality of what influences gas prices in the US and the world is a little more complicated than just one person making decisions. In large part, gas prices are determined by the laws of supply and demand. Roughly 50% of the price of retail gasoline is influenced by the price of crude oil, but refining costs, marketing costs, taxes, and distribution costs also contribute. With that many slices of the pie affecting gas prices, there usually isn’t one root cause - even though politically, we sure like to think there is. Media: Impact Prelude by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100617 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Strange Stuff - Music

How do Molotov cocktails work and why are they such effective weapons? In its simplest form, these devices are simply bottles filled with a flammable or combustible liquid, like gasoline or alcohol, along with a rag that stops up the bottle top, resting in the fuel inside. The rag in the top essentially acts as a fuse or like a wick in a candle. When lit and the molotov cocktail is thrown, the bottle then shatters, spraying flammable fuel everywhere, which is then caught on fire by the lit rag or cloth. Media: [1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MG-uiyFXSLE [2] Zoinks Scoob - Music

The world is a little concerning right now, so I wanted to do something a little different this week. Enjoy. We'll be back making educational content about engineering, science, economics, and interesting history next week.

Sanctions. They’re thrown around as punishment from world powers when countries are acting up. President Biden just imposed them on Putin and Russia for his invasion of Ukraine. The US also has also historically imposed sanctions on Iran. But what does all of this mean? Are sanctions any more than shaking your finger in the face of an angry dictator - or can they have an actual impact on stopping world war three? Music: Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031

or is it both?

This is it. Apologies about the thumbnail. My bad. #Shorts

This is who. #Shorts

I'm sorry to tell you...but...

What happens if you put buttered toast on the back of a cat?

What the Fed!? The federal reserve, being the central bank, has broad power to act and ensure the financial stability of the US and is the key regulator of banks that are part of the Federal Reserve System. Essentially, the fed functions as a lender of last resort, ensuring that these banks never run out of money. The fed carries out 4 main duties: 1. Influencing and conducting national monetary and credit policy 2. Supervising banking institutions to ensure legal and secure actions 3. Ensuring the US Economy is stable and not at systemic risk of collapse 4. Providing financial services through payments and money printing

There are a lot of things to be worried about. Here are a few more.

Listen to a few BRAIN FACTS. #Shorts

Need help with crypto taxes? Get started with Ledgible Crypto Tax for free: https://bit.ly/3Gsa5Pj Tax Pro? Free access to Ledgible Crypto Tax Pro: https://bit.ly/3quS6Cc Need crypto enterprise accounting or audit? Ledgible accounting: https://bit.ly/3fuuxTK Regardless of whether you’re riding around in your bitcoin Lambo now or taking out a third mortgage to cover your losses, now comes the time to pay taxes.

It’s essentially a fusion reactor that harnesses its energy from removing electrons form Hydrogen atoms. When electrons are removed from the atoms, an ion plasma is created, and it’s the ultimate source of energy. #Shorts

If you've ever wondered how these things work, then this is the video for you. #Shorts

Lower inflation rates, but rates above 0, actually work to encourage business growth in the economy. Inflation becomes a problem when it runs out of control and devalues everyone’s money. But, how can you take high inflation rates, often thought to be a major downer, and turn them into a money-making opportunity? Media: Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

13 incredibly complex things explained as simple as possible. #Shorts

How do these explosive balls of fire work? #Shorts

Have you ever wondered the math and physics behind Santa? Watch the full video here: https://youtu.be/ZBctDzyaSvU

Join us as we take a journey through meme history, travel through the different distinct eras of memedom, and find our way back to modern meme times. The names and specific eras I gave meme history are, of course, up for debate. These eras were compiled through hours of research through common meme eras on the internet and I tried to combine everything into this high-level video. If you disagree or have other thoughts, let me know in the comments. 00:00 - Intro 00:32 - Brief meme history 01:00 - First memes 01:07 - The Beginning Period (1921-1999) 02:21 - The Experimental Period (2000-2004) 03:28 - The Evolutionary Period (2005-2011) 05:57 - The Transitionary Period (2012-2014) 07:08 - The Cultural Explosion Period (2015-Present) 07:37 - Modern Types of Memes (Normie/Dank/Deep Fried) 08:29 - The Cultural Explosion Continued 09:20 - Conclusion Media: A huge shoutout to all the memers who create content every day to make videos like this possible. All memes are used in the context of fair use, please reach out if you'd like a specific credit added to the video :) Special shoutout to Reddit user "Never Forget Papa Franku" who made an amazing timeline of meme history here: https://www.reddit.com/r/memes/comments/o7x2fx/the_history_of_memes_oc/ Another huge shoutout to Jianna Beasley for the meme timeline she made: https://jfkclarion.com/2018/04/04/memeology/ Music: [1] A Fool's Theme [2] Yonder Hill and Dale [3] Earth Appears [4] Epic Unease by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100406 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ [5] Sunrise Over Big Data Country [6] Magenta [7] Fresh Healthy Perspectives [8] Impact Prelude by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100617 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ [9] Strange Stuff

Have you ever wondered who has lost the most money in human history? #Shorts

These inventors were killed by inventions they spent their lives creating. #Shorts

We finally got to the bottom of it. #Shorts

Have you ever wondered how your waste gets turned back into water that you can drink? If you want the answer to that question and only have 3 minutes, this is the video for you. Watch our longer videos covering all of the complexities of these topics here: Wastewater Treatment: https://youtu.be/sDtUpkMqu6E Water Treatment: https://youtu.be/0_ZcCqqpS2o Sewer Systems: https://youtu.be/CoFuQZBPCKo Media: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Why is this feather worth $10,000? Watch the full video: https://youtu.be/KEVmFlGd0oE

Hint: It's made of Gold. #Shorts

Why is it worth so much?

If you had all of the money in the world, what would you buy? A fancy car? A giant house? A plane? All of the above? Well, if you had all of the money in the world, you could buy anything on this list. Here’s some of the most expensive things money can buy, let’s take a look. Media: Bellissimo Fancy No.1 A Minor Waltz Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

What are meme stocks? #Shorts

How do you know if a company is going to make a billion dollars or go bankrupt? If you got asked that question, how would you go about figuring that out? In business, that is primarily done by observing leading and lagging indicators. If you want to understand how companies work, and how to predict whether a company is going to fail or succeed, watch this video. Media: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Have you recently eaten SpaghettiOs? I have bad news... This short is part of our recent video on the dumbest reasons people have been thrown in jail. #Shorts

You know what this is. #Shorts

If you currently own soap, I have bad news for you... This is part of our latest video detailing the top 7 dumbest reasons people have been thrown in jail. #Shorts

Have you ever owned soap? Ate SpaghettiOs? Perhaps, even, done the unthinkable and watched Twilight? Well if you have done any of those things, you might also have been arrested. These are the top 7 dumbest reasons people have been thrown into jail. Media: Strange Stuff The Plan's Working Jesus, meine Zuversicht Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ Impertinence The New Order If I Had a Chicken Darkest Child by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100783 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Thanks to the development of complex algorithms, we now have a way to tell when the world is going to end. This video will break down exactly how that will work. #Shorts

This video is paid for and sponsored by our government overlords. (jk) Taxes pay for roads, schools, public infrastructure like our drinking water and sewage systems. Tax dollars go to fund universities, keep our streets well lit, pay for police and emergency services, ensure scientific research improves the health and wellness of populations… the list goes on. Media: If I had a chicken Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Artist: http://audionautix.com/ Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Ants make up 20 percent of the earth, practice slavery, and can operate as a super organism. #Shorts

Join us as we get to the bottom of this conspiracy theory. #Shorts

When the Apollo astronauts first went to the moon, they did a lot of things. They drove their moon buggy around, planted a flag, took some steps for mankind, and when they were done with that, they launched some mortars. Media: Impact Prelude by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100617 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

It's time we uncovered the ruling elite's dark secrets. #Shorts

If you’re looking to make some big returns in the stock market, penny stocks might be the way to go! But… they’re some of the riskiest investments you can make and you have just as much chance at losing all of your investment by purchasing them. Get a free stock with WeBull: https://bit.ly/2tBxZYv Get a free stock with Robinhood: https://bit.ly/34eEoH3 We'll both get 100 tickets to win up to $10,000,000 when you download Yotta Savings! Just sign up with code WXA78JF3 or tap this link: https://withyotta.page.link/bu1VaWQiy... Get $20 of stock by signing up for Stash! https://get.stash.com/trevor_9g011q4 Media: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

We finally get to the bottom of it. #Shorts

If you’ve been watching the news lately, you might’ve heard a little thing about the Pandora Papers. Roughly 12 million leaked documents that reveal corruption and unethical dealings between the wealthy and elite of the world. Politicians, world leaders, corporate executives, celebrities, and more have all been revealed to be hiding vast amount of wealth in offshore investments to either evade taxes or be used for nefarious purposes. As part of the papers, roughly 90 politicians around the world have been exposed as hiding wealth offshore and avoiding taxes. So what are the papers? Media: Strange Stuff

Now is the time to invest in STONKS! BUY BUY BUY! #Shorts

This is actually a very rare look at something called Whiffling, which is an aerial maneuver that allows certain types of birds to rapidly slow down and descend while maintaining control of their movement. #shorts

How many kittens are hidden throughout this video? Memory is a tricky thing. Why do we remember some things but not others? For example, some of you watching are going to do a great job remembering how many kittens have been hidden throughout this video, and others just won’t have any clue. But why is that? Media: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Artist: http://audionautix.com/ Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Explained simply, the debt ceiling is a legislative limit on the amount of national debt that can be incurred by the U.S. Treasury. It limits the amount of money the federal government may pay on the debt that they already borrowed. The raising the debt ceiling doesn’t actually mean committing to new spending, it is mostly needed to keep up on all of the interest payments for the debt we already hold. Basically, raising the debt ceiling ensures we can keep making payments on the bills we already owe, on money already spent. When the U.S. Government spends more money than it takes in through taxes, it has to take out debt to pay for that additional spending. The act of congress OKaying that debt is actually completely separate than raising the debt ceiling. Essentially, it’s like congress saying “you can take out a loan” when they vote for the budget, but needing to have a separate discussion to decided whether they’re going to pay for the loan they just took out, which is essentially what raising the debt ceiling does. But like… why should we care about this? Media: Strange Stuff Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Artist: http://audionautix.com/ Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

The US is in a lot of debt. Currently, the country owes $28.2 trillion dollars. But… who would even lend them that much money? Who does the US owe this massive sum!? Well, the answer to that is pretty simple. In large part it owes itself that much money… but there’s also quite a few other countries it owes too. Hate my video and just want the answer? Here's the breakdown: 33% US Investors 12% Federal Reserve 27% US Government 28% Foreign Investors & Governments Media: Strange Stuff Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Humans have pushed the limits of the human body since before the beginning of civilization. Wether it be running long distances or climbing large cliffs, seeing just how far the body can go is part of the human spirit. The human body allows us to go almost anywhere, even into one of the most unexplored abyss’s on planet earth, the ocean. When it comes to swimming, and in particular diving, there are a few constraints that we humans face when pushing the limit. Those constraints mainly being air and pressure. But humans always have barriers keeping us from achieving the unbelievable - so how deep can humans really dive? There’s a few answers to that question. Media: Expeditionary by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100436 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Strange Stuff Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Do not eat this pepper. Thanks. Media: Fear The Wind Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Thanks to the development of complex algorithms, we now have a way to tell when the world is going to end. This video will break down exactly how that will work. Media: Epic Unease by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100406 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Lost Frontier by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300039 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

In 2021 so far, SPACs have raised more than 83.4 billion dollars. That’s an insane amount of money for companies, so what do they even do? Get $20 of stock by signing up for Stash! https://get.stash.com/trevor_9g011q4 SPACs are blank check companies. They have no business plan for how to make money or sell products other than merge with another company down the line. When a SPAC is created, they typically list themselves on a stock exchange like the New York Stock Exchange and then they have 24 months to acquire another company. If they don’t succeed in doing this, then the SPAC has to dissolve and return all of the money to stockholders. Get a free stock with WeBull: https://bit.ly/2tBxZYv Get a free stock with Robinhood: https://bit.ly/34eEoH3 We'll both get 100 tickets to win up to $10,000,000 when you download Yotta Savings! Just sign up with code WXA78JF3 or tap this link: https://withyotta.page.link/bu1VaWQiy... Media: Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Darkest Child by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100783 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Have you heard about the time beloved british character Mr. Bean tried to kill the queen? That’s right, Mr. Bean once tried to kill the Queen of England! Media: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Artist: http://audionautix.com/ Darkest Child by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100783 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

When one company wants to merge or join forces with another, what exactly does that mean? And when mergers happen for publicly traded companies, what happens to their stocks? A lot happens when a merger or acquisition occurs, including some employees getting let go, certain divisions being made redundant, or even grander restructuring of business assets. Mergers of companies can be uncertain events, but generally they end up being beneficial for the resulting single company. So why would a merger happen? Media: Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

On August, 4th, 1972, the the calm wafters off the port of Haiphong during the height of the Vietnam war suddenly erupted. The sea was exploding. At the source of the explosions were a series of magnetic sea mines that were designed to go off when changing magnetic fields from passing ships set off their detectors. But, there were no ships passing by. The sea was clear. Media: [1] Devastation and Revenge by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100694 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ [2] Strange Stuff

What’s the most expensive thing you’ve ever bought on a credit card? A computer? A piece of furniture? A car? Chances are it doesn’t even come close to measuring up to the most expensive thing ever purchased on a credit card, probably by a factor of 30,000 or more. Buying things on credit cards can be good if you pay them off and don’t pay any interest. Most credit cards come with points or rewards, which means buying expensive things on a card can actually earn you a lot of money back after the purchase. Media: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Artist: http://audionautix.com/

It's time we got to the bottom of this... Media: https://youtu.be/g3W4sMkwQ6k

Should you start investing? The answer to that question is complex and unique for every situation, but if you’re looking to grow wealth, the answer is likely some form of yes. Media: Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Sears,Roebuck and Co. used to be one of the largest companies in the world. In 1969, it’s revenue accounted for 1% of the entire global GDP of the US and 2 out of 3 Americans shopped there regularly. Today, those statistics still stands true for one company, but it isn’t Sears – it’s Amazon. Sears was a massive conglomerate started in 1892 which over the course of history has truly sold everything. Today, of course, it is a dwindling skeleton embodying the death of traditional retail with only about 100 stores left operating. But some decades ago you could buy whatever your heart desired through their mail catalog. You could even buy.... A house. No, not a tiny doll house, but an actual house. And you could do it for anywhere from $360 to $2890. Today, that equates to a range $10,533.72 to $84,562.34. That still would’ve made these mail-order houses some of the cheapest on the market. Media: Dark Fog Darkest Child

If you’ve been paying attention to the news recently you might have heard a little word called inflation. Inflation is essentially the devaluing of a currency. While many people have a connotation that inflation is very bad, inflation on it’s own is actually a necessary part of a functioning economy. Inflation is the reason things seem to get more expensive over time, both because goods get more expensive and a dollar goes less far to purchase things. Generally inflation is expected as a percentage decline in value, and generally the Federal Reserve in the US targets inflation to be at roughly 2% per year, but a variety of factors cause inflation to swing up and down. Media: Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Artist: http://audionautix.com/

With the growing interest in the stock market by new investors, the frenzy has created a new type of stock: the meme stock. Meme stocks don’t mean that the internet’s favorite meme from that week is now trading on the stock market. Rather, stocks for companies themselves have gone viral online, causing investors to purchase them just for the meme. Meme stocks are getting more and more popular - and if you’re an early adopter you can stand to make some crazy returns, like with GameStop or AMC. But let’s take a closer look to figure out what exactly a meme stock is. Media: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Artist: http://audionautix.com/

Typically when medical procedures are performed we hope the mortality rate is 0, but that isn’t always the case. In fact, while you might imagine that a mortality rate can’t be over 100% for a procedure, one doctor actually managed to perform a surgery with a 300% mortality rate. That doctor’s name is robert Liston and this is that story. Media: Darkest Child by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100783 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Strange Stuff

Ants make up 20 percent of the earth, practice slavery, and can operate as a super organism. That is not a lie, there are so many ants on earth that their mass accounts for roughly 20 percent of all biomass on earth. But how could an animal so tiny add up to that significant of a portion of the earth’s living organism weight? There are roughly 1 million billion ants on earth, and some of them can get pretty big! Media: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

For many, tornadoes are one of the scariest extreme weather phenomena out there. Tornadoes can quickly form and wipe out entire cities, but how exactly do these extreme destructive weather events occur. It all has to do with air currents. The strongest tornadoes occur in storms called supercells, which are large thunderstorms that have high winds. Essentially, tornadoes form when warm humid air collides with colder drier air. Media: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

When you own stock in a company you own a portion of the company itself. When that company makes more money and the stock price goes up, you can make money from buying and selling the stock. But… what happens when the company decides to do a stock split? And why would a company even want to split their stock in the first place? Get a free stock with WeBull: https://bit.ly/2tBxZYv Get a free stock with Robinhood: https://bit.ly/3eCJhi8 Media: Infados by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100449 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Strange Stuff

As the hardest mineral in existence and one of the most valuable, diamonds are made through intense pressure and heat deep below the earth's surface. This animated infographic video will take you through the process. Media: Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Do you want to be a millionaire? Well, you could try working really hard until you get paid a ton of money, or you could use compounding interest to exponentially grow your money. But what even is it and how does it work? Get a free stock with WeBull: https://bit.ly/2tBxZYv Get a free stock with Robinhood: https://bit.ly/3eCJhi8 Media: Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Wastewater treatment is an essential part of modern infrastructure, and it's function is simpler than you might think. Take a closer look at how wastewater treatment plants work and how your waste gets turned back into clean water that you can drink. [UPDATED VIDEO] This video has been edited with new animations & better audio. Watch the original here: https://youtu.be/FvPakzqM3h8 CREDITS: A big thank you to the Kilgore Wastewater Treatment Plant for letting me come out and film. Another big thank you to Dr. Low and LeTourneau University's Civil Engineering Department for helping coordinate the capture of this video. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Artist: http://audionautix.com/ Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Dogfighting and militarized aviation have been around since the beginning of human flight, and over that time there have been many aviation accidents. While military planes of past were more accident-prone than the technological and mechanical powerhouses that are modern fighter jets, accidents do still happen. Accidents like fighter jets shooting themselves down. The most recent example of this occurring was from 2019 when a Royal Netherlands F016 was shot by bullets from its own gun. But the most significant incidence of a plane shooting itself was back in 1956. Media: [1] Devastation and Revenge by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100694 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ [2] Infados by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100449 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

This is a submission to @jacksfilms 48HR Film Festival. Some of this is a true story, mostly the fact about the Guinness Rep saying that's a spicy meat-a-ball-a. @Vsauce /Chipwich parody: 00:05 @Half as Interesting /@Wendover Productions parody: 00:15 @RealLifeLore parody: 00:25 Fire @jacksfilms burn: 00:39 That's a spicy meat-a-ball-a: 02:19 Media: Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ #JFF48 #jacksfilms #JFF

This is one of the many descriptions of the famous turboencabulator, a machine devised by Chrysler, General Electric, and Rockwell Automation, among others in the 1940s through 1960s. Many saw it as a technical marvel that could change babies diapers and revolutionize motor design. First publicized by the British Institution of Electrical Engineers Students’ Quarterly Journal in 1944, this machine struck a chord with many readers. [RE-UPLOAD WITH BETTER AUDIO] If you're still scratching your head trying to figure it out, the turboencabulator was an inside joke between engineers in the 1940s that used technobabble to confuse those not in on the foolery – and it was a completely made up machine. The gag slowly gained traction in the mid-1940s and in 1946, a US publishers started picking up on the fanfare of the amazing machine. Time magazine published an article in May of 1946 titled, "An adjunct to the turbo-encabulator, employed whenever a barescent skor motion is required," which only widened the scope of this massive technical joke. Media: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Toilets are one of the marvels of the world. While you might not think so, they allow most of humanity to never have to think about their waste. You might not think much about the toilet in your house, but you’d certainly think twice if you didn’t have a toilet there. But, how do these porcelain thrones actually work? Media: Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Can the government just print endless money with no consequences? Well… Maybe. Get a free stock with WeBull: https://bit.ly/2tBxZYv Get a free stock with Robinhood: https://bit.ly/3eCJhi8 The idea that money has to be backed in physical goods like gold or silver is a fading idealogy and our modern system of fiat currency ties the value of money to consumer confidence in the government that backs it. Even with that said, printing endless money sounds like a bad thing, no? Well, possibly. It could lead to massive economic collapse and the devaluing of everyone's money. However, some economists think that if done right, governments can just keep printing money with few repercussions. That theory is known as Modern Monetary Theory, or MMT. Media: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Strange Stuff Vishnu

On the 18th of June in 1178, five Canterbury Monks from Southern England reported seeing something strange. They saw the crescent moon… explode. What do you think happened? Media: Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Get the leading crypto tax platform, Ledgible, here: http://bit.ly/3qG4c9b Ledgible for Tax filers: http://bit.ly/3pEEQY3 Ledgible for Preparers: http://bit.ly/2ZyXvdk Whether you’ve been Hodling since the early days of bitcoin or recently heard your weird uncle tell you to invest in cryptocurrency, you might be wondering exactly how bitcoin works. While this new type of virtual currency has made headline after headline over the last decade, it’s underlying concepts and function is simpler than you might think. Let’s take a look at the basics. Media: [1] Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Artist: http://audionautix.com/ [2] Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

When the weather gets cold, pipes burst… but why? If you’ve ever had a pipe burst you know just how much of an inconvenience it is. Your house can flood, your electronics can get ruined, but did all of this happen just because it got a little too cold? Well, sort of. Media: Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

On the morning of December 5th, 1952, the people of London woke up to their typically foggy city. The weather that day though was unusually cold and there was practically no wind. Unbeknownst to the citizens at the time though, this wasn’t their normal fog, and it wouldn’t leave until Tuesday, December 9th, 4 days later. Sitting above the city was something called an anticyclone, which is a weather event that causes a particular area to be overly calm, caused by cyclical winds around that area. Londoners already being used to their foggy city first went about their days as normal, but when the fog didn’t go away, and started to feel more and more toxic, Londoners knew something was wrong. Media: Images licensed from Alamy. Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

A stock bubble IS NOT a giant floating bubble that holds stocks of companies inside of it - at least literally. Stock or asset bubbles are economic cycles that have rapid increases in value, far beyond their intrinsic value. Bubbles are usually only defined after the fact, once they pop and the value of a stock or group of stocks tanks. Pop. Get a free stock with WeBull: https://bit.ly/2tBxZYv Get a free stock with Robinhood: https://bit.ly/3eCJhi8 Get $20 of stock by signing up for Stash! https://get.stash.com/trevor_9g011q4 We'll both get 100 tickets to win up to $10,000,000 when you download Yotta Savings! Just sign up with code WXA78JF3 or tap this link: https://withyotta.page.link/bu1VaWQiyBuY2EsD6 Stock bubbles are figuratively a grouping of stocks that float higher and higher, seemingly for no reason, that eventually has nowhere to go but to simply pop and plummet back to reality. Media: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Artist: http://audionautix.com/

Now is the time to invest in STONKS! BUY BUY BUY! Get a free stock with WeBull: https://bit.ly/2tBxZYv Get a free stock with Robinhood: https://bit.ly/3eCJhi8 So you want to invest your money? Then you might want to think about investing in STONKS! Stonks are one of the hottest investments in the world right now. You’ve probably heard everyone talking about stonks, so how do you get in on the fun? Well, you just take your money spend it at a stonk exchange through a stonk broker. Easy! You’ll be a millionaire in no time. STONKS STONKS STONKS!

Selling things isn’t as simple as just setting up a store and hoping people come in and buy them. Believe it or not, retailers employ sneaker strategies to get their customers to buy more goods when they visit. One of those strategies is by using something called a loss leader, which a product or service that actually loses the company money on each transaction. So why would a company want to sell things for less than they actually cost to make? Largely because by selling something cheaper than everyone else, customers will always want to buy that good or service from that retailer. That ensures constant customer traffic to the store, with each customer being more likely to buy other goods that the retailer makes a ton of money on. Media: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Does anyone have any reptilian features? Perhaps they have a short neck, or maybe a tail… or color changing eyes? When you really stop and think about it… a lot of very prominent people in high places have those features. If someone you know has any of these symptoms: predominance of green or hazel eyes that change color like a chameleon, but also blue eyes piercing eyes true red or reddish hair a sense of not belonging to the human race low blood pressure keen sight or hearing physical abilities ESP unexplained scars on body UFO connections capability to disrupt electrical appliances love of space and science alien contacts Then they might be a lizard person. New educational videos every Monday.

Many trees lose their leaves in the fall when it starts getting cold. It’s a fact of life… but… do you actually know why trees lose their leaves? It’s one of those things that we hold as a foundational truth to how the world works, but many may struggle to accurately explain why this process occurs. Across the Northern Hemisphere trees lose their leaves during fall when the weather starts Turning cold. In tropical forests, trees lose their leaves when the dry season begins. But not all trees lose their leaves. The trees that do are called deciduous trees and the trees that don’t are known as evergreen. Media: Deliberate Thought by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/?keywords=deliberate+thought Artist: http://incompetech.com/

What’s the best way to save and grow your money? Is it to dump it all into Bitcoin and hope it hits 100k? Or maybe you should put it all into gold and silver. Or… you could do neither of those things and put it something called a certificate of deposit. Get a free stock with WeBull: https://bit.ly/2tBxZYv Get a free stock with Robinhood: https://bit.ly/3eCJhi8 Most people are familiar with savings accounts, or bank accounts where you can park your cash and get paid interest by a bank, usually about half a percent per year. That’s not much, but savings accounts do allow you to draw money out of them every month. However, if you’re looking for a higher rate of return, and don’t want to invest your cash in the stock market, a certificate of deposit or CD might be the right choice. Music: Deliberate Thought by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/?keywords=deliberate+thought Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Artist: http://audionautix.com/

Do you ever have an idea for a new product that would change the world? Like diet water for effortless weight loss or car seats with built in toilets so you can go on the go. No? Just me? Well, while there have been inventors that have made their inventions world-changing realities like Nikola Tesla or Alexander Graham Bell, some inventors weren’t so lucky. In fact, some inventors have been so unlucky that their inventions not only failed but also happened to kill them. Music: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

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What’s the most amount of money that you’ve ever lost? Maybe you lost $100 in a bet when your favorite team lost the game. Or maybe you lost $100,000 getting that now useless degree in animal communications. But, it can’t be that bad, at least you didn’t lose more than the entire GDP of Panama or Luxembourg in about 2 years. This is the story of the man who lost the most money in human history. Music: [1] Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ [2] Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Artist: http://audionautix.com/

There truly are 1000 ways to die. You could die by falling out of bed in the morning, you could get struck by lightning, you could forget to eat while binge watching concerning reality videos, or, you could drown after falling through several floors in a building into a giant pool of human excrement. The latter is exactly what happened to a group of nobles from across the Roman Empire in the year 1184. Music: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Gear ratios are foundational to mechanical machine design. This video will take you through the basics and get you well on your way to understanding all things about gears! Music: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Should you be worried about air pollution? The answer to that question isn't very straight forward, but in most cases, you need to be aware of the hidden dangers lurking in the air you breathe each and every day. This video will take a closer look at the types of air pollution in our world, what exactly the pollutants are, and how exposure to these pollutants affect our health over time. Read my article on this topic published in Interesting Engineering: https://interestingengineering.com/understanding-how-unseen-air-pollution-harms-you-just-by-breathing Music: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Artist: http://audionautix.com/

This depth charge was dropped by a Viking back in the 9th century, likely rather unassumingly. Now, this excretion of monstrous proportions sits in the city of York, England at the Jórvík Viking Centre. This piece of fossilized discharge does have a fancy scientific name too, called a coprolite. Believe it or not, this piece of poop also has a given name, called the Lloyd’s Bank Coprolite. Music: CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Have you ever wondered how to make money with stocks? This short video will give you the answer. Watch the full video here: https://youtu.be/4e_o4Xar5t0 Get a free stock with WeBull: https://bit.ly/2tBxZYv Get a free stock with Robinhood: https://bit.ly/3eCJhi8 We'll both get 100 tickets to win up to $10,000,000 when you download Yotta Savings! Just sign up with code WXA78JF3 or tap this link: https://withyotta.page.link/bu1VaWQiyBuY2EsD6

Have you ever wondered why and how stocks change value? This short video will give you the answer. Watch the full video here: https://youtu.be/A7fZp9dwELo Get a free stock with WeBull: https://bit.ly/2tBxZYv Get a free stock with Robinhood: https://bit.ly/3eCJhi8 We'll both get 100 tickets to win up to $10,000,000 when you download Yotta Savings! Just sign up with code WXA78JF3 or tap this link: https://withyotta.page.link/bu1VaWQiyBuY2EsD6

Have you ever how companies list their stocks? This short video will give you the answer. Watch the full video here: https://youtu.be/A7fZp9dwELo Get a free stock with WeBull: https://bit.ly/2tBxZYv Get a free stock with Robinhood: https://bit.ly/3eCJhi8 We'll both get 100 tickets to win up to $10,000,000 when you download Yotta Savings! Just sign up with code WXA78JF3 or tap this link: https://withyotta.page.link/bu1VaWQiyBuY2EsD6

Have you ever wondered why companies sell stocks? This short video will give you the answer. Watch the full video here: https://youtu.be/A7fZp9dwELo Get a free stock with WeBull: https://bit.ly/2tBxZYv Get a free stock with Robinhood: https://bit.ly/3eCJhi8 We'll both get 100 tickets to win up to $10,000,000 when you download Yotta Savings! Just sign up with code WXA78JF3 or tap this link: https://withyotta.page.link/bu1VaWQiyBuY2EsD6

Stock options are essentially contracts that allow an investor to buy or sell a stock at an agreed-upon price. There can be options for most securities, even indexes, and ETFs. While on basic definition options sound simple, buying and selling them and the price movement they have can be a little bit more confusing. Want to start investing? Get a free stock with WeBull: https://bit.ly/2tBxZYv Get a free stock with Robinhood: https://bit.ly/3eCJhi8 Want to start saving? We'll both get 100 tickets to win up to $10,000,000 when you download Yotta Savings! Just sign up with code WXA78JF3 or tap this link: https://withyotta.page.link/bu1VaWQiyBuY2EsD6 Music: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Artist: http://audionautix.com/ CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Interested in engineering or just want to refresh on some basic physics terms? This video will walk you some of the basic concepts that engineers deal with on a daily basis. Music: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Artist: http://audionautix.com/

Space, murder, mundaine tasks. The sci-fy murder mystery game Among us has taken the internet by storm. The game focuses in on the concept of there being imposters on a space station with ulterior motives. In the game’s case, to murder everyone else. But… have there ever been real imposters in space? The world has had quite the history in sending astronauts into space, from secret programs to the jointly operated international space station. The world has had astronauts in space continuously for the last twenty years aboard the ISS and roughly 220 people have cycled through the station during that time. Surely one of these astronauts, or cosmonauts was… an imposter? Let's see... Want to start investing? Get a free stock with WeBull: https://bit.ly/2tBxZYv Get a free stock with Robinhood: https://bit.ly/3cB9Xxa Want to start saving? We'll both get 100 tickets to win up to $10,000,000 when you download Yotta Savings! Just sign up with code WXA78JF3 or tap this link: https://withyotta.page.link/bu1VaWQiyBuY2EsD6

If you look back at the history of the world economy, recessions are fairly standard events. Economies are cyclical and things can’t keep growing up and up forever. At some point, economies have to downturn, but a casual drop in the stock market doesn’t automatically mean recession, recessions are bigger than that. Want to start investing? Get a free stock with WeBull: https://bit.ly/2tBxZYv Get a free stock with Robinhood: https://bit.ly/3eCJhi8 Want to start saving? We'll both get 100 tickets to win up to $10,000,000 when you download Yotta Savings! Just sign up with code WXA78JF3 or tap this link: https://withyotta.page.link/bu1VaWQiyBuY2EsD6 Music: CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

This step-by-step guide will teach you how to become the next billionaire... Not really. But, maybe it'll help... what do I know? Want to start investing? Get a free stock with WeBull: https://bit.ly/2tBxZYv Get a free stock with Robinhood: https://bit.ly/3eCJhi8 Want to start saving? We'll both get 100 tickets to win up to $10,000,000 when you download Yotta Savings! Just sign up with code WXA78JF3 or tap this link: https://withyotta.page.link/bu1VaWQiyBuY2EsD6 Music: [1] Splashing Around [2] Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

It’s a funny sound that’s commonly associated with a rotten stench. While many might not be a fan of these expulsions of gas, the alternative is that our insides explode as a result of pressure buildup, so farts are probably the better option there. But what makes these gaseous releases so smell? It’s largely due to the nearly 4 pounds or 2 kilograms of microorganisms that live in our colon. Bacteria in our colon produce a third of a liter of hydrogen per gram of carb they consume. Some bacteria take carbs and create hydrogen sulfide, which is a source of rotten egg smells. Other microbes make methane. Other microbes make ammonia. Essentially, farts stink because different microbes produce different smelly gases that our body then has to expunge. But what’s the actual breakdown? Music: Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

We'll both get 100 tickets to win up to $10,000,000 when you download Yotta Savings! Just sign up with code WXA78JF3 or tap this link: https://withyotta.page.link/bu1VaWQiyBuY2EsD6 When you buy a stock, you instantly own that stock for the price you paid. When you buy a future, you’re buying an agreement that states you will buy or sell assets at a certain price at a certain time in the future. The benefit to this is that the futures contract stands regardless of how the price of the underlying stock or asset fluctuates. It essentially guarantees you a rate to buy something down the line, regardless of market fluctuations. So what can you buy futures contracts on? Anything from physical commodities like oil or even financial instruments like stocks. Futures contracts are standardized to facilitate easy trading on something called a futures exchange, and there’s a variety of reasons investors might buy a future, like hedging their bets or speculating on markets. Get a free stock with WeBull: https://bit.ly/2tBxZYv Get a free stock with Robinhood: https://bit.ly/3eCJhi8 Music: CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

You might not often think about smokestacks, but they are finely tuned and highly-engineered structures, designed to keep air pollution away from population centers. In this video, we'll take a closer look at some of the engineering and math behind them. Read my article on the topic: https://interestingengineering.com/how-engineers-calculate-the-pollution-from-smoke-stacks Music: CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

Bankruptcy. It’s a term you’ve probably heard before. Either from playing a not-so-friendly game of monopoly or from watching the news. Chances are, some of the people watching this will also go through bankruptcy in their life. That said, bankruptcy is a little more complicated that Michael Scott makes it seem. You can’t just declare bankruptcy, rather it’s a legal process that is overseen by bankruptcy courts. The process is designed to help people and businesses eliminate part or all of their debt and repay what they owe where needed. Bankruptcy can get you relief from your debt, but it’s a pretty serious process and can have impacts on your ability to make and spend money for up to 10 years. Let’s go through the basics of bankruptcy in the United States to understand just what it means. Music: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

A poem. Potoooooooo was a mighty steed. He was famous for endurance and speed. Great was he, an 18th-century British racehorse A pure thoroughbred, who was undefeated throughout his 18-race course Sired by a racehorse name eclipse He won many championships His seed was the most valuable Siring 165 winning racehorses from his loins was something mighty admirable But why was Potoooooooo named just that? As it turns out, he was named after a vegetable Originally named potatoes, the error can be chalked up to the boy of the stable Not understanding how to spell the name of the hearty steed, pot with 8 o’s is the name he arrived at. His owner, Willoughby Berty, the 4th Earl of Abingdon Found the gaff quite comical He kept the name and Potoooooooo raced from 1776 to 1783, all races he won Racing mostly 4-mile races, his success as a racehorse was astronomical. Retiring in 1784 His job became impregnating mares behind a barn door. Having hundreds of children, his best was named waxy He carried on his dad’s winning lineage to the max….i Potoooooooo died in November of 1800 at the ripe old age of 27 Now, 200 years later, he races peacefully up in heaven. But also he was buried in a park and a tree blew over a few hundred years later, revealed his skeleton-like some kind of horse demon from the ground. Which is now on display in the Kings Yard galleries of the National Horseracing Museum in Newmarket. So, that’s the story, of Potoooooooo

All around you right now are pipes. No, not the old-timey ones that people smoke, that would be strange if you were in a room surrounded by tobacco pipes, but I guess I don’t know your life. But I digress. All around you are pipes that carry water and other liquids to and from where you are to where they need to go. Specifically, water and sewage pipes are unseen heroes that allow modern infrastructure to function easily. However, you might be surprised that the physics of pipes isn’t as straight forward as you might thing. In fact, people go to school to get entire engineering degrees related to how water flows through pipes (civil engineers). There’s actually some pretty interesting physics going on underneath the covers of pipes, so let’s take a look and learn a little bit more about how fluid flows through these round liquid highways. Discussing the physics of pipes is really a discussion of fluid dynamics, which is the study of how fluids behave while in motion. Fluid dynamics isn’t the least complicated thing in the world, so we’ll stick to the basics for this video. Music: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/ Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

You're probably concerned about something. Maybe it's a mole. Maybe it's that all your friends secretly hate you. But if you're concerned about your favorite YouTuber being unable to create more content, WORRY NO MORE! Channel memberships for Concerning Reality are here! Please do not join if you can't afford it, and feel absolutely no pressure to join. I'm incredibly thankful anyone even watches my videos. Thank you for the support, it means the world.

Negative interest rates mean you get paid to borrow money. Sound too good to be true? It is. Get a free stock with WeBull: https://bit.ly/2tBxZYv Get a free stock with Robinhood: https://bit.ly/3cB9Xxa In most countries around the world, there’s a central bank that has a number of tools at its disposal to influence the country’s economy. One thing that central bank has control over is the federal funds rate, which is essentially the interest rates banks charge other banks to lend money. This federal funds rate in turn affects the interest rate that consumers may get on their loans. If a federal funds rate is low, then a bank can borrow money at a pretty low rate, meaning it can lend money at lower rates and still turn a profit. If the federal funds rate is high, then it costs banks a lot of money to borrow money, meaning that then in turn, they have to charge higher interest on loans to turn a profit. That’s some simple background on the federal funds rate, but let's take a look at what the Federal reserve, or central bank, can actually do if they adjust it. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel Music: I Am Running Down the Long Hallway of Viewmont Elementary by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/honor/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Paradoxes are seemingly absurd notions that by some means end up being truth. The napkin ring paradox is just that. It uses simple geometry to prove that a ring made from an orange, or any size sphere for that matter, and one made from the earth have the exact same internal volume. Prepare to have your mind blown. When you core a sphere with a cylinder, you’re left with an object that looks just like a napkin ring of a certain height. No matter the size of the sphere, if you perform the procedure to create a napkin ring of a certain height, every ring with that height will have the same volume. Let’s bring this abstractness back to reality to demonstrate this further. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

Insurance, it’s the annoying necessity that we all pay for to make sure we don’t end up in massive amounts of debt if our house burns down, if we crash our car, or if something tragic happens. Get a free stock with WeBull: https://bit.ly/2tBxZYv Get a free stock with Robinhood: https://bit.ly/3cB9Xxa Insurance helps us maintain peace of mind, knowing that even if something bad does happen, someone else is going to pay for what it costs to fix it. Though, to an untrained eye, this can be a little perplexing. I mean, if you pay $200 a month for home insurance and after only 6 months your home burns down, the insurance company will buy you a new home, likely in the manner of hundreds of thousands of dollars. But, you would’ve only given them $1200. Why would they do that? That’s the power of insurance, baby. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Soda, pop, cola, it’s the fizzy sugary drink we all know and love. Back in the 1800s, the soda fountain was the place to socialize. Soda was the foundation of social life back then, and it also happened to be the fuel that powered trains. Well, kind of. Trains that ran on soda were called the soda locomotives, understandably. Though, while soda pop certainly was a hot commodity then and still is, and some trains in the 1800s did run on soda, the two sodas aren’t really the same. The train was essentially just a steam engine that utilize chemical reactions from soda to heat up the water into steam, rather than burning coal. These types of trains weren’t the most common, but they did exist as a way to run a fire-less steam engine. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

For many people in the world, they get their water supplied to them through pipes in their houses or apartment. However, for the rest of the world not hooked up to centralized water, they get their water through either private or public wells. ‘ Wells are some of the most essential components to developing a sustainable society. They provide a clean and reliable supply of water for drinking, bathing, and irrigation, even in locations where water on the surface is scarce. Wells are essentially just holes in the ground filled with water, but they have more complexities than meets the eye. Let’s take a closer look at how wells work. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel Music: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Get a free stock with WeBull: https://bit.ly/2tBxZYv Get a free stock with Robinhood: https://bit.ly/ Bonds are some of the most necessary and fundamental vehicles in the financial sector. They allow towns, governments, companies, and other groups to get funding. Bonds are essentially just I.O.Us to the person giving you money, the lender, that says you’re going to pay them back sometime in the future. They’re a fancy form of a loan that get’s companies and governments funding when they need it. What makes bonds different from loans is that they’re a form of security, in that you can buy a bond and start getting payments from the company that owes you. In essence, bonds are securitized loans. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel Music: I Am Running Down the Long Hallway of Viewmont Elementary by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/honor/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

As more and more places in the US implement mask mandates, it’s important we understand the science behind masks and the effectiveness of even a simple cloth mask. Here’s a decent number of sources, both studies and topical summaries from researchers, on the efficacy of mask wearing. Watch the video of me designing the thumbnail for this video: https://youtu.be/Zs12b9okm10 Sources: [1] Statistically significant declines in COVID growth rates when mask orders were put in place in D.C.: https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2020.00818?fbclid=IwAR0lTgn1kBClKuoSWb-zh3pQpts91OmCSkcRxB4YMwpllAzzZQGCw6lcX0s [2] Statistically significant decrease in respiratory droplet shedding seen in a randomized mask wearing trial study: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0843-2?fbclid=IwAR2Qp-l7ydeGgCNSq7h730rPDUuxcpleHt6xTpTo8xJH1-23jHR2sDihq4Y#Sec3 [3] A global analysis examining the correlation between per capita death rate and mandatory mask orders: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342198360_Association_of_country-wide_coronavirus_mortality_with_demographics_testing_lockdowns_and_public_wearing_of_masks_Update_June_15_2020?fbclid=IwAR34IE3Tm3GhYQPefOxAHmWRO3oO0yKRQXMpjktZK5uMEOGOQjlcmsvMR00 [4] Research driven predictions that 80% mask wearing in a population is more effective than a strict lockdown: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.13553.pdf [5] A study examining the effectiveness of various mask materials in comparison to an N95 baseline: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.17.20069567v2.full.pdf?fbclid=IwAR01ykA_cLAt7jNi6rWIjSVuoGngiJHsJuiG-IRTszo8xcu_IfJV1Tl4f6s [6] A study correlating the growth in COVID cases to an unrecognized importance of airborne virus transmission protocols: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/06/200612172200.htm?fbclid=IwAR3197bDQqGgxkatf6WdOYwzYl7uCqDh0Rc1PdpM-WPgGrIk4vTFHgqBB2Q [7] An article from Wired address and dealing with the double standard of mask research, responding to seemingly conflicting evidence and lack of statistical significance in mask wearing: https://www.wired.com/story/the-face-mask-debate-reveals-a-scientific-double-standard/?fbclid=IwAR2WLAA2Mx1EW5CuNKgNVN3tdapqZYuJ8gcKGP6kUKpTxvlibYBiKdCQijU [8] A recent study showing that masks don’t work: ( https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M20-1342?fbclid=IwAR0Z_ZLb80da3pE3hEQdIZvXI0DQchA83V-IzFzgyYT2iGDmv9OcfJQ3OAY ) And it’s subsequent retraction due to lack of scientific & virological standards in testing: https://retractionwatch.com/2020/06/01/top-journal-retracts-study-claiming-masks-ineffective-in-preventing-covid-19-spread/?fbclid=IwAR2dlkjekyugetP8z-G1HZKeHLvaZmC8Z3PhZdliwpHnJXN8kepV74CWAWI [9] A video explaining how masks work, and why they can stop particles that would otherwise fit through the openings of their fiber weaves: https://youtu.be/CpbJFk311Lw [10] A question & answer post from Stanford Medicine: http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2020/06/stanford-scientists-contribute-to-who-mask-guidelines.html?fbclid=IwAR0UJ7-fX_DuMSVAAmNSb5hYPV0QBpG1gRxPv1ilD5slkbKql3eEpLy2b_4 All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

Known now as the Goldsboro incident, in the middle of the night on the 23rd of January 1961, a B-52 Stratofortress was flying over the skies of the Atlantic. The plane developed a fuel leak and was directed to fly towards Goldsboro, North Carolina to land at nearby Seymour Johnson Air Force Base. However, as they had just crossed over to land from sea, the pilots lost control of the plane and had to bail out of the craft. Only 5 crewmembers successfully parachuted out, the rest died in the crash. This wasn't an ordinary flight for the B-52 and the crew though, nor would it be an ordinary crash. Onboard the plane were 2 3.8 megaton thermonuclear bombs. After the crew lost control of the plane and it began falling to the earth, it broke up and the two bombs separated from the attachments in their bays. They fell to the ground over North Carolina. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: DEVASTATION AND REVENGE by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100694 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ INFADOS by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100449 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ DARKEST CHILD by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100783 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Get a free stock with WeBull: https://bit.ly/2tBxZYv Get a free stock with Robinhood: https://bit.ly/ If you're just getting started in the stock market or have been around for a while, you might've heard the term ETF. ETFs function like stocks in that they are a security whose value fluctuates, but how they work behind the price is much different from standard stocks. Put simply, exchange-traded funds, or ETFs, are securities that are made up of a bunch of other securities, usually individual stocks. In short, ETFs track the fluctuations in prices of a bunch of different stocks, usually stocks in certain categories like technology, food & beverage, mining, etc. ETFs trade just like normal stocks on open markets but provide investors a greater level of security and less volatility as compared to singular stock purchases. ETFs are very similar to mutual funds, except that mutual funds aren't listed on exchanges and ETFs are. If you want to put your money away into a safe security and diversify your risk, ETFs are the way to go. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Make getting into college easier with the Checklist Program: https://bit.ly/2AYauMn As college continues to get more and more expensive each year, it can be harder and harder for potential students to determine whether attending is really worth it. On average, universities in the US raise tuition costs by about 3.2% each year, higher than the roughly 2.5% rate of inflation. On the other hand, average wages for US jobs increased between 2.9 and 3.1% this last year, a rate we can estimate is roughly the annual average. This means that college tuition prices are going up a little faster than wage growth. All this said, is going to college actually worth it? In other words, what is the return on investment of attending college? All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel Music: CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ Thumbnail image: Katemangostar https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/school-building-with-small-fence-around_3297805.htm#page=1&query=college%20campus&position=1

Have you ever wondered how to make money with stocks? This short video will give you the answer. Watch the full video here: https://youtu.be/4e_o4Xar5t0 Get $20 of stock by signing up for Stash! https://get.stash.com/trevor_9g011q4 Get a free stock with WeBull: https://bit.ly/2tBxZYv Get a free stock with Robinhood: https://bit.ly/34eEoH3 We'll both get 100 tickets to win up to $10,000,000 when you download Yotta Savings! Just sign up with code WXA78JF3 or tap this link: https://withyotta.page.link/bu1VaWQiyBuY2EsD6

For the past 50 or so years, towns across the world have been starting to hear mysterious and persistent annoying hums that they can’t explain. Take for example the residents of Windsor City, a Canadian town right on the US-Canada border. They have been experiencing a hum for about the last decade. It comes and goes lasting anywhere from a few hours to a few days at time. Only certain people can hear it and it sounds like someone with a subwoofer that’s just a little too loud. The hum causes nausea and headaches and keeps people from sleeping too. It shakes windows and causes pictures to fall off walls. The presence of this weird hum has caused many to develop theories of UFOs or covert military experiments. All of that mystery presented, researchers believe the hum is coming from industrial activity nearby. There’s an island nearby that has a steel plant on it with blast furnaces. Experts think the blast furnaces are making a droning 35 hertz sound that causes the city to get foggy as well. The hum the residents hear usually corresponds to flames on the plant’s stacks, but the company that operates the plant, US Steel, is mostly uncooperative with any investigation. For now, the residents of Windsor are left to bathe in a droning hum. This isn’t an isolated incident, however. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: You're free to use this song and monetize your video, but you must include the following in your video description: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

As we look back on human history, we can lose perspective on when things actually happened. When we actually examine the dates and times of important events, quite a few overlap that we never would've expected. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

Make getting into college easier with the Checklist Program: https://bit.ly/2AYauMn Engineering is a diverse profession that branches out into every industry that makes our world go round. For a high school student wanting to get into engineering, the choices can be rather daunting. While there is certainly the ability to change your mind later, picking the right degree from the get-go is always better. From electrical to civil engineering, every branch has subsets of technology that you can focus on. The key is finding which degree path you want so that when it comes time to find a job, you can find something that you want to do with your life. Let’s take a look at the various choices you have for engineering education. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Paddle shifters in some form or fashion are making their way into many newer car models. For a technology that began in F1, why is it now making its way into tiny Fiats? For the most part, manual transmissions are dead. Their death has been caused by highly efficient automatic transmissions and the implementation of paddle shifters. Ferrari introduced paddle shifters in 1990 in their F1 racecars, and every racing team soon followed. Paddle shifters allowed the racers to focus more on driving rather than spending time shifting. In the frame of racing, paddle shifting can shave off seconds to a car’s lap time when compared to manual. It was a no-brainer in the racing fields to make the shift. Now, most automobile manufacturers seem to be leaning this way as well. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Self-driving cars are going to reshape the modern transportation industry, but will having autonomous vehicles on the roads make them safer, or more dangerous? A car without a driver can never be as safe as one with a human decision maker calling the shots. After all, a machine could never have the experience that you have gained from years of driving. However, contrary to what you may think, humans are actually pretty terrible at not getting into accidents. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

With climate changing forcing the hand of the world’s top innovators, what poses to be the most promising renewable energy to supply the bulk of the US grid? Wind power, nuclear, geothermal, hydroelectric, solar – all of these industries are entrenched in a deep battle to meet the future needs of the global energy market. While some countries like Costa Rica and Finland have managed to run completely off of renewables, the US is a little more slow-growing in the industry. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

A noise was heard by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in 1997 and it bewildered researchers for years. The sound was heard in a very remote portion of the Pacific ocean near the southern tip of South America and was detected by several hydrophone arrays. Hydrophones are essentially underwater microphones and the NOAA had several series of them set up autonomously to capture mysterious sounds just like this. The first autonomous array was used in the cold war to detect Soviet submarines. Usually, researchers would use the sounds recorded to learn about seismic activity and marine animals, but the mysterious bloop was something different. The NOAA described the noise as rising rapidly in frequency over about one minute and was of sufficient amplitude to be heard at a range of over 5,000 kilometers or 3,000 miles from its origin. If it originated from the central united states, you would be able to hear it at the northern tip of Canada or all the way down in Columbia. This was a massive noise. NOAA's chief researcher, Dr. Christopher Fox, didn't believe that the origin of the Bloop was man-made, nor that it was a result of a volcano or an earthquake. Fox believed that the audio profile of the bloop resembles a large living creature. A creature that made a deafening bloop sound. Even with this assumption and the gathered data, Fox stated that the source would remain a mystery primarily because the amplitude of the noise far exceeded the capabilities of any known animal on Earth. Researchers began speculating that the noise may have been a result of ice calving in Antartica, but many still held onto the idea that it was made by some creature, including the NOAA's lead researcher, Dr. Fox. This lingering hypothesis led to years of speculation by the public and even led to the animal theory coming to a scientific consensus in 2002. Still, researchers continued to question the noise. As scientists continued analyzing the spectrogram of the Bloop, they started to match up key points with similar spectrograms of icequakes recorded elsewhere in the world. The idea that the bloop came from animal origin slowly crumbled as researchers matched up much of its spectrographic variability with observances in other ice calving events. Oceanographer Dr. Yunbo Xie noted that the waveforms of the sound's origin could have easily been influenced by "angular frequency dependent radiation patterns associated with antisymmetric mode motion of ice cover." In plain English, the bloop sound could be a result of the original noise being distorted as it propagated through ice cover. By 2012, the idea of an animal that would've created such a sound faded and the scientific community decided that the Bloop was made by ice calving near Antartica. This ultimate conclusion wasn't accepted by many around the world and continues to be the center of many pop culture conspiracy theories such as the existence of mermaids or top secret nuclear explosions. What do you think made the bloop? All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

The Boy Scouts usually teach you how to tie knots or maybe start a fire, but one scout decided to take his survival training just a little further. Nicknamed the Radioactive Boy Scout, David Hahn at the age of 17 attempted to create a homemade nuclear breeder reactor in his mom's backyard shed in Michigan. He was fascinated with chemistry from a young age and spent most of his early years conducting amateur chemistry experiments which would often lead to small explosions panicking neighbors. Throughout his childhood, he collected raw elements of the periodic table taking an often peculiar interest in those of radioactive nature. He amassed radioactive material like americium from smoke detectors, radium from clocks, tritium from gunsights, and thorium from camping lanterns. Using a block of lead as the casing, he bored out a large hole to hold the radioactive material and used lithium from batteries he purchased to purify thorium using a bunsen burner. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Advertising is all around us. In nearly every bit of media that we consume, there is usually an advertisement attached to it. For many, going outside for some nice fresh air can be a relaxing break from the world of advertising, but giant space billboards might change that. Imagine a floating billboard that orbited the Earth that was the same relative size as the moon advertising a new show on Netflix. Wherever you went, the billboard would be visible. This doesn't only sound absurd, it sounds flat-out impossible – but that hasn't stopped clever marketers from dreaming the idea up. In 1993, an American company named Space Marketing Inc. proposed a 1 square kilometer space billboard that would be launched into low earth orbit. The company planned to manufacture this massive sign from sheets of mylar which would, in turn, make it the same brightness as the moon. If you take a glance at the sky right now, you might notice that Space Marketing Inc. failed. Engineers estimated that the sign would be impacted by space debris around 10,000 times and ultimately the company couldn't find funding for the insane idea... I wonder why? Even though this is an example of extreme space advertising, space advertisements have long been a staple in the industry. No, there haven't been any orbiting billboards, but there have been rockets plastered with corporate logos, commercials shot in space, and even a Pizza Hut pizza delivered to the International Space Station. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

Make getting into college easier with the Checklist Program: https://bit.ly/3cJn5QT Friction may not seem that important, but with without it, our world would nearly come to a halt. We wouldn't be able to write – the lack of friction would keep any ink or graphite from coming off on the page. We wouldn't be able to use matches to start fires and we would barely be able to pick them up. Things get much much worse from here... We wouldn't be able to walk, but we would also be able to move for very long periods of time over long distances due to the lack of friction slowing us down. We owe our ability to walk almost entirely to the friction between the soles of our shoes and the ground, without it, we might just look like a video game character experiencing some lag. If we were able to find something to push off of, we could move almost indefinitely until we ran into something. That means you could stand on a highway, push off from your car and just keep moving as long as you'd like. ...but good luck stopping. Stopping yourself from moving would likely involve smashing into something – really hard. Not only would there be a lack of friction between surfaces, there would also be a lack of air resistance due to the loss of molecular friction. If you pushed off of something, with a small acceleration, you would continue accelerating until you... hit something. Stopping yourself would be easy compared to stopping other objects like cars. Engines in cars would work, but brakes wouldn't work. So if we wanted to drive anywhere, we would have to plan on getting in an accident every time we wanted to park. None of that matters, however, because you couldn't even drive. Say goodbye to any sort of traction between your tires and the ground. Your car's engine could theoretically still work and it would likely still turn your car's wheels, but that's about the extent of it. So, when friction stops working, you'll be stuck wherever you are unable to pick up anything or start your car, but you could move endlessly with a small push which means traveling across the world with almost no energy. That doesn't sound TOO bad. It gets much much worse... Let's take a look at just how bad it gets. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

In the 19th century, the country of India protected its eastern border with a giant hedge. No walls, no moats, not fancy guard towers, just a giant impenetrable hedge. It stretched over 1000 kilometers and ran from Punjab to Burhanpur. The great hedge of India was first placed in the 1840s by the British in an effort to strengthen trade routes so they could exploit an Indian resource: salt. There was a massive salt trade throughout India, but production was mostly restricted to the coastal areas of the region. Salt was one of the regions biggest and most profitable exports, which if you know anything about history, meant that the British wanted to have control of it. In the mid 18th century, the British East India Company had completely monopolized the salt trade in India. The salt harvesting locations were leased out from the company to workers and the salt was then sold at heavily inflated prices through a massive salt tax. Since the salt was in such high demand, consumers did pay it though. However, since salt was so expensive, there was a massive smuggling route that formed of illegal salt to avoid the East India Company tax. For perspective, the tax would've caused the average Indian to pay 2 months of their salary every year just on salt for their family. In order to stop the smuggling and maintain superior control over the salt trade the East India Company built a line of barriers, made of cut thorny bushes and houses, across major roads to collect tax on imported and smuggled salt. This line grew and grew, all to protect the profits of the East India Company. This line of houses and barriers became known as the Inland Customs Line. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

Let's take a look at Collateralized Debt Obligations, or CDOs, and also take a look at something called a Credit Default Swap. Watch the full video about mortgage-backed securities here: https://youtu.be/feDw649zekw CDOs are types of mortgage-backed securities. In the example we posed before, MBS are simple shares of a company where every share gets the same amount back. CDOs are still shares of that company, but they have different levels of how much you get back, called tranches. Let's say the Investment bank wanted to split Big Mortgage Corp into 3 tranches: Equity, Mezzanine, and Senior. These are the actual names used in the industry. Each tranche, or level, holds a handpicked number of shares from Big Mortgage Corp. Equity is the lowest level, highest risk but highest return. They hold the shares of the riskiest mortgages. If borrowers default, holders of equity level CDOs are the first to feel the pain. However, if borrowers do end up paying up, the Equity tranche gets back the most money. For example, rather than 5%, let's say they get back 7.5% on their investment. If you want to take the risk, it could pay off! The next level is Mezzanine. These are the middle of the road CDOs. Moderate risk and moderate risk of default. Let's say they get back 5% of their investment. The safest level is the Senior Tranche. They hold very little risk but get lower return. If a ton of borrowers default, Big Mortgage Corp is going to underpay Equity and Mezzanine tranches to make sure the Senior tranche get's their money. However, the Senior Tranche let's say only earns a 3.13% interest rate. Get a free stock with WeBull: https://bit.ly/2tBxZYv Get a free stock with Robinhood: http://bit.ly/2p4kQC2 All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel Music: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Make getting into college easier with the Checklist Program: https://bit.ly/2AYauMn If you've lived through the 2008 and 2009 financial crisis or if you've been paying attention to the news recently, you likely have heard the term "mortgage-backed security." You likely know that it is loosely related to mortgages, but also, isn't directly a mortgage. The rest, tends to get a little bit complicated in financial jargon. Mortgage-backed securities, or MBS, and the market that surrounds them are a major underpinning to the US economy, so it's important to understand them if you want to understand greater economic actions. Let's explain this market simply, in common terms so everyone can understand. Get a free stock with WeBull: https://bit.ly/2tBxZYv Get a free stock with Robinhood: http://bit.ly/2p4kQC2 All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel

As the world’s population continues to grow, we are faced with the need for faster development and rapid construction on a massive scale. Read my article here: https://bit.ly/2UIEnYx Purdue Video (CC): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q0MvUdZoejk BBC Video (CC): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CedF5JqA9T0 Music: CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Ever since the coronavirus has caused a global shutdown, much of the world's population has been wondering if the coronavirus is some kind of weapon used by governments to assert totalitarian control. Or, it might be a way for the government to force vaccines on all of the population. Maybe, just maybe, it's a hoax by the democrats to tank the U.S.'s economy and blame Trump? It's time we got to the bottom of these theories and found out for once what the truth really is. So, is SARS-CoV-2, or COVID-19, just a global pandemic like the others that have occurred throughout human history...? Music: Incoming Transition Turn On

Want to buy a Tesla? Use my referral code and support the channel! https://ts.la/trevor24779 In the age of 10-speed gearboxes, it can be a little hard to imagine a car with only one gear. As electric cars continue to grow in market share, the age of 1-speed gearboxes may just be getting started. Internal combustion engines have always had gearboxes with some number of gears to allow for better gearing at different speeds. This is all pretty standard when it comes to car ownership. However, whether you realize it or not, electric cars don't typically have gearboxes with more than one gear. So, how can an electric car function without a multi-speed gearbox when internal combustion engines need gearboxes? It all has to do with RPM and power. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

This is a slightly different video than usual. Take a look back at the origins of the Coronavirus and see the goodness that is arising from these dark times. The world stands together. As one. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Video sources: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WV66zigxIY8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=upK1PZpwQ3Y https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=33bTHGuxPzo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M35grVa8PkQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSFAWVp1G40 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xKPWngYf2Wk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0N0s9NPO8rc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7wOvkEh0TJg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90f2GCM7Hv4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vfdg86adA2U https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=adNmWFebkhE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUzooZtMwU4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NnNunRXR80 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RvUlCOMhR-M https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nb5Vt23W-3k https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NznbZcLWNj8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2UOkEKuyTNU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMloeIc0_DI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KM5uH6qnhd0 Music: Chords of Harmony Orison

Well, the world is currently in a global pandemic. The streets and stores are barren of toilet paper, countries are on lockdown, and pretty much everything has been canceled. All of this for a measely little virus that's no more deadly than the flu, right? Wrong. COVID-19 is no joke, and in order to understand how we should be approaching the current media pandemic, we need to understand just what it is, how it works, and how dangerous it can be. CDC Coronavirus site: https://bit.ly/2TRRohW WHO COVID-19 Tips: https://bit.ly/2Qh4hQD Red Cross Coronavirus site: https://rdcrss.org/2TSOgTk All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

Make getting into college easier with the Checklist Program: https://bit.ly/3cJn5QT When it comes to transforming rotary motion into linear actuation, there is likely no better mechanism than that of a cam and roller. Read the article here: https://bit.ly/3aGJJc5 Cam and roller mechanisms are often used in engines, repeating machinery and other manufacturing applications. A cam consists of a rotating shaft that usually has some oblong or non-regular shape used to induce the desired linear motion. There are radial cams, which translate motion along one axis, and even cylindrical cams that can translate motion along 2-axis. The roller, sometimes called a follower, is the piece that follows along with the cam’s motion, and it is typically restricted to a strictly linear field of motion. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Want another way to invest? Get a free stock by creating an account at the links below! Get a free stock with WeBull: https://bit.ly/2tBxZYv Get a free stock with Robinhood: https://bit.ly/3eCJhi8 We'll both get 100 tickets to win up to $10,000,000 when you download Yotta Savings! Just sign up with code WXA78JF3 or tap this link: https://withyotta.page.link/bu1VaWQiyBuY2EsD6 The term 401K has become fairly commonplace in the world of investing and employee benefits ever since the accounts were introduced in 1978. Most full-time employers nowadays offer 401(k) accounts as part of their overall benefits package, with many offering employer contributions to help you save more. Let's take a look at some 401k background, understand how they work, and help determine whether you should be taking advantage of your 401k options. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Get a free stock with WeBull: https://bit.ly/2tBxZYv Get a free stock with Robinhood: http://bit.ly/2p4kQC2 On average, you need 1.7 million dollars to retire. That may seem like a massive chunk of money, especially if you are just starting off, but it's easily achievable if you stay diligent. There's not just one way to get there, but there are tips and tricks you can keep in mind to improve your overall retirement nest egg. Let's take a look at some different factors you need to keep in mind to determine how much money you need to retire, as well as strategies for growing your wealth along the way. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Unless you've been living under a rock for... well... basically just the last 24 hours, NASA has announced that the earth is at a perfect tilt, demonstrating perfectly by the fact that brooms stand upright on their own. Despite the fact that NASA doesn't seem to have announced this anywhere unless it was through some secret avenue, and the fact that if the earth was at perfect tilt, why would the effects be most evident in ordinary kitchen brooms, people have been posting pictures and videos of the phenomenon all over social media. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/ #broomchallenge #NASA #PerfectTilt

Cruise ships just keep getting larger and larger, so how are they engineered to withstand everything they need to? Take a cursory look at the engineering and design principles behind cruise ships All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

The world around us is naturally radioactive in many ways, but there are certain areas of the earth that have been especially polluted with radiation due to manmade failures or endeavors. This list of the top 5 most radioactive places could also be named the top 5 places that you definitely shouldn't ever live. The radiation in these places is enough that if you stay there for more than a few hours, you can have significant health problems. Even if you can't visit in person, it's still important to understand just how dangerous some places on earth are. Here are the top 5 most radioactive places on earth. Read my article: https://bit.ly/30uXuXe All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Elegy Wild Fires

The world around us is a pretty strange place. We've grown accustomed to understanding how everything works, but sometimes there are certain truths about the world that don't seem to make any sense – yet, they're still true. Here are 25 things that sound wrong, but are actually technically right. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Whether you like enjoying a beer on a hot weekend afternoon or hate the taste of the alcoholic drink, there's a ton of science that goes into creating it. Science may be the last thing on your mind while enjoying a cold one, but it's always good to know just how what you're enjoying was made. Science contributes to the type of beer, the different flavors, and how it is alcoholic – so let's learn the science behind brewing! Read my article: https://bit.ly/2NvwlhN Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: You're free to use this song and monetize your video, but you must include the following in your video description: CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Modern architecture elicits a strong emotional response from people, usually in the negative. So why is that? Modern architecture prides itself on simplicity, though that often comes out looking monotonous or dehumanizing to some. This style of design originated in the 1920s and 30s as architects argued that architectural creative expression should be free from historical baggage and rather architectural forms should follow function. Read my article on the topic: https://bit.ly/2QomT1x All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Trapped Babylon - Disco Ultralounge by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100314 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

The world's most active volcanoes contain an immense amount of energy and destructive power. Volcanoes rank up there in the world's arsenal of most powerful forces. These spewing cones of magma are behind the creation of many islands and even continents across the globe. Determining a top list of most active volcanoes gets slightly subjective in certain cases, but thanks to new research, the volcano rising in at the number one spot definitely deserves to be there. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Meteor Sharp Senses Claim of Thrones A Revelation Mountain

Chances are there's another you, watching this video in another universe, except you're dressed like a clown and drinking maple syrup from a shoe. Read my article on this topic here: https://bit.ly/2PR9mzu All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

For most of us, our credit scores determine everything about bout our lives. They determine whether we get that new car or not, whether we get the house, how much we may of interest on the house, whether we can get loans when we hit a rough patch. Having a good credit score can change your life, and conversely, a bad one can ruin it. So how are these life-defining financial scores calculated? All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Everyone loves a good old game of amplified light through stimulated emissions of radiation chasing. If that sentence was confusing for you to read, you're not alone, because it was confusing for me to write. What we're talking about here is laser tag. Laser tag has become an immensely popular game in the last several decades. It has become a fan favorite for birthday parties for both kids and adults alike. We can barely imagine a better way to bond with your friends than by shooting beams of light at them, hoping to score sweet victory - all in good fun, of course. But while playing laser tag is awesome on its own, have you ever wondered just how these real-life shooter games work? Let's delve into the science of laser tag. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Media: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ A HUGE THANK YOU to BoomChild for letting me use his laser tag content. Go check out his channel here: https://www.youtube.com/user/BoomChild http://bit.ly/2WV7Mz1 http://bit.ly/3o0Wvcw

Being a submariner during the Second World War wasn't an easy job. It was dark, cramped, and death could be at any moment – even at the hands of your own torpedoes. Torpedoes were the main weapon of WWII submarines, but they were also plagued with a number of problems, like premature detonation and depth gauge issues. Another issue these torpedoes had was the very minor, slight tendency to circle back on the firing submarine and sink it... no big deal. After about the first World War, engineers designed torpedoes to be able to correct their course towards a target. This was done using a mechanically set gyro angle, which was set before the torpedo was launched, while still in the submarine. After the torpedo was fired, it would travel straight for a given distance, until the gyro steering mechanism would begin helping correct the course to turn the warhead. After it turned the given angle, the torpedo would straighten out again and hopefully hit its target. But here's the thing, some of the torpedos' gyro mechanisms failed during that turning process and the torpedos themselves would never stop turning. This would cause the torpedoes to run in circles, which obviously would cause some precarious situations for the attacking submarine. There are 30 documented cases of this happening during the war. Luckily, only 2 were fatal. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: DEVASTATION AND REVENGE by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100694 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ HERO DOWN by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100880 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ INFADOS by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100449 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ DARKEST CHILD by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100783 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Watch The Smart & The Dumb's Video: https://bit.ly/2QTUrW9 Subscribe to The Smart & The Dumb: https://bit.ly/2OzRJSA The dark web is not the dimly lit cousin of the internet, it's actually the part of the modern internet that isn't indexed by search engines. You probably think that the dark web is a hotbed of criminal activity. It definitely, definitely is. According to recent studies that classified the contents of the dark web, 57% of the sites houses illicit material. On the dark web, you can buy all sorts of things that you can't get at your local grocery store, like credit card numbers, drugs, guns, counterfeit money, even hacking software. Notably, you can buy things like $3000 of counterfeit bills for $600, or what about a lifetime Netflix account? That goes for cheaper than the real thing, at $6. The dark web is the internet for illegal activity, but it also houses legitimate sites. Sites on the dark web don't have to be illegal... it just happens that most of them are. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

A new era. Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/

Everyone reading this has probably spent some time to the ocean at some point in your life. The sand beaches, the peace of the ocean, the crashing waves... but what even are ocean waves, and how do they work? Waves are caused by a number of things and contain massive amounts of energy. In fact, just .2% of the total energy of ocean waves could be used to power the entire world. There are essentially 3 types of waves: wind driven waves, tidal waves, and tsunamis. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Near Tuscany Italy in Northern Umbria there is a small Italian village known as Cospaia. While it is not a quaint collection of buildings, it used to be the center of the tobbacco trade for the whole region – and it used to be its own country. For nearly four centuries, Cospaia was an independent republic of about three square kilometers. It had no laws, no taxes, or really anything that made it its own nation. Regardless, it was never invaded and no other country claimed it as their own. This might sound a little strange in an era of border disputes and exact measurement, but this tiny republic was actually a rather comical gaff of Renaissance surveying. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

When the British first came to India to expand the reach of their empire, they were faced with many challenges. They had to deal with spicy new cuisine, ravenous mosquitoes, a new language, but most of all, they were just hot. The climate in India can be unbearable at times and the brits of the 17th century just weren't having it. Not knowing what electricity was and the world being particularly devoid of this invention at the time, ceiling fans didn't exist back then. So, another solution was developed to keep the British colonists cool, something called a Pu nkah. These were rectangular ceiling fans that were swung back and forth on the ceiling of rooms to keep a cooling draft in the house at all times. These fans were generally rectangular, made from wood or canes and were suspended from the ceiling by a rope strung through pulleys. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

With Halloween approaching, we're entering into many peoples favorite time of year. From the free candy to the spooky decorations, Halloween has become a night to have fun for many across the world. Many people's favorite activity is carving pumpins into Jack o' lanterns, but why are they even called that? The name Jack o' lantern makes a little sense, after all the pumpkin has a face (I guess his name is Jack?) and usually there's a light inside – that's the o' lantern part? Well I guess that solves it then... For those of you that caught the image at the end of the video: check out this video from an amazing horror YouTuber: http://bit.ly/2kDuUTq All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: 1.Happy Haunts 2. Apprehensive at Best 3. Horror House 4. Underworld 5. Devoid 6. Echoes of Time v2 by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300030 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Get a free stock with WeBull: https://bit.ly/2tBxZYv Get a free stock with Robinhood: https://bit.ly/3eCJhi8 The stock market can be a foracious beast to those that don't understand it, but nowadays, you don't even need to understand it to make money. The rise of the digital information age and AI has brought about a new way of stock trading called algorithmic trading. Sometimes referred to as automated trading or black-box trading, this is essentially a program that can trade stocks at high speeds and frequencies perfectly in line with the market. These programs are given constraints and instructions like timing, price, amount, etc. and a user can fine tune how they exactly work. So how does this all work then... let's take a look. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

A man by the name of Ebenezer Byers was a famous American Socialite in the 1920s. He was the son of industrialist Alexander Byers, so his life was not short of privaledge and money. One day in 1927 while returning from football game at Yale, he fell out of an upper bunk on his train and hurt his arm. Despite his access to top doctors, he couldn't seem to shake the persistent pain that resulted from the injury. That is until he tried a new all-the-rage energy drink at the time. At the recommendation of a doctor in Pittsburgh, Ebenezer started drinking something called Radithor. This was a patented energy drink like medicine made up of distilled water and just the littlest bit of an element called radium. As Byers began to take the drink, he felt energized, invigorated and full of energy. His pain faded and he couldn't stop raving of the miracle cure that was Radithor. Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

ATM machines are some of the most useful technologies today, and perhaps one of the most prominent that connects our digital world to the physical one. By simply putting in your card you can instantly get cold hard cash from your bank account, but how is that even possible? We've all used an ATM: After you input your card into an ATM, you then input a PIN to ensure proper security measures, then you're met with prompts for how and how much money you want to extract. Once the entire process is approved by the bank, you get your money out. In essence, an ATM machine is a computer that has a mechanical dispenser for cash. Notably, that computer is connected to a secure network that can link up and validate information with your bank account. So what all goes into this giant computer that dispenses cash? Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

Credit cards are one of the most important financial tools you have at your disposal. They can either make your financial life or break it. If you know how to work the system and pay off credit cards each month, certain cards can actually make you money when you spend with them.All of that sounds a little weird though when you think about it. How can a company offer you, say, $500 when you sign up for the card and spend money? Or how can credit card companies give you 2% cashback on all purchases? Obviously, the money has to be coming from somewhere, so how are banks getting all that cash to keep up with those rewards? There's 3 different ways. Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Connection

Money is arguably one of the most important things in the world. While happiness and joy might outrank it, at least on your uplifting Instagram feed, money does seem to make things easier. When you actually stop and think about paper money though, you're left with a perplexing conundrum. There's nothing inherently valuable about these banknotes, so why do they have any value at all? Over time, how paper money is valued has changed, so to understand how modern money is worth anything, first we have to look back to the early days of paper money. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

With the rise of the Internet of Things and wearable electronics, Bluetooth has been forever integrated into our lives – but how does it work? Your extent of knowledge about bluetooth technology could be anywhere from “it’s the magic that makes my smartwatch work” to “it’s a short wave secure 2.45 GHz radio frequency used to establish a piconet between two or more devices.” Chances are, however, you stand somewhere in the middle of those two understandings. Wherever your understanding is, let’s explain Bluetooth from simple to complex in an easy to comprehend way. At its core, Bluetooth is the prime wireless technology used across virtually all devices. Bluetooth is just an invisible wire that connects different devices together. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Most of us use them every day to cook our food, but does anyone really know how Microwaves work? Microwaves, the waves, are actually a form of energy that is used in Microwaves, the appliance, to heat your food. In terms of wavelength and frequency, microwaves fall between infrared radiation and radio waves. In case that form of reference means nothing to you, a microwave is about 12 centimeters from crest to crest or 10^-2 meters. This wavelength is easily absorbed by most foods, specifically water molecules, which cause the food to heat up. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

On the Border of Bolivia and Peru, high up in the mountains there sits a large lake called Titicaca – the highest navigable lake in the world sitting at 3,800 meters. On this lake, there are numerous wooden boats and 2 iron ships. These iron monoliths don't run on diesel fuel like many vessels, rather they power their steam engines using dried llama dung. To understand why there are two poop burning ships on an isolated lake in the mountain in South America, we need to go back to 1861. Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Connection

What would you do without your smartphone or the internet? You couldn't get 15 pounds of pizza delivered to your house at 2 am, you couldn't request 20 bucks from your friend that stole your t-shirt, and you couldn't see what the weather was going to be like tomorrow. Back in the 1800s, people were struggling with all these issues – or maybe just the weather thing. Nonetheless, predicting the weather was a useful aspect of life back in the day and scientists were continuously working to devise better ways to do so. One option to predict the weather that scientists thought of at the time was animals. Frogs seemed to croak when storms were coming in, birds would fly back to their nest, wild animals obviously had some innate way of sensing coming weather patterns. Enter George Merryweather, A 19th-century English doctor who moonlit as an inventor. Being a doctor in the mid-1800s meant that he frequently worked with leeches for bloodletting. This also meant that he noticed their behavior changed when the weather changed. Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

The model T engine is essentially the first mass-produced engine and it’s about as simple of an engine as you can make. It’s 2.9 liters of displacement with a compression ratio of 4.5:1. This all means the engine comes in at roughly 20 horsepower, 10 times less than a Toyota Camry. Part of the genius of the Model T engine is that it doesn’t have a lot of features, it’s mind-numbingly simple. Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Connection

It's time we finally got to the bottom of this long-standing conspiracy theory. We throw hard facts from both sides out there and try our best to reach the most probable conclusion. This is part of our "hard truths" series where we give a hot take on some of the world's most debated issues.

Make getting into college easier with the Checklist Program: https://bit.ly/3cJn5QT Instead of learning how to throw a perfect spiral, let’s see if we can understand the physics behind a perfect football throw. There are a few principles at work in a flying football, like gyroscopic precession and parabolic motion. Looking back to some basic physics classes, we can understand that the way a ball flies depends on the launch angle and the speed it is thrown at. However, you can throw a football as hard as you want, that doesn’t guarantee that it will fly in a perfect spiral. In order to get a football to fly perfectly, we have to be a little more concerned with inducing gyroscopic precession. Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Back in the early 1800s, engineers and scientists were just starting to pioneer electrical communication methods. In 1836, Samuel Morse, Joseph Henry, and Alfred Vail invented the electrical telegraph system. It was the first system that allowed communication over great distances. However, there was a problem, – it could only communicate pulses of electricity to another machine. This meant that you wouldn’t be able to communciate using voice or text, so a new way of getting messages across was needed. A code was developed by none other than Samuel Morse to translate electrical pulses back into the original message. Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Make getting into college easier with the Checklist Program: https://bit.ly/3cJn5QT Iron Man is perhaps the most prolific superhero engineer there is. Literally at the core of Tony Stark sits one of the most impressive engineering feats of the entire comic book and movie series: a reactor core. While it may not exist in reality (yet), let’s look at some of the engineering needed to make it happen. Get a free stock with WeBull: https://bit.ly/2tBxZYv Get a free stock with Robinhood: http://bit.ly/2p4kQC2 Iron Man’s reactor is essentially a fusion reactor that harnesses energy by removing electrons from Hydrogen atoms. This removal of electrons creates an ion plasma which is the ultimate source of the energy. What makes the miniature reactor both so incredible as well as breathtaking is twofold. One: the energy source is in all practical senses, endless. Sustained fusion reactions of Hydrogen atoms on a small scale is enough to power a block of homes for their sustainable lifetime. Two: the technology is actually a possibility, and MIT believes that a real Iron Man reactor will be created before 2025. Core animation: https://vimeo.com/161299098 Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ Cavalry

Today we take a look at the definitive proof that the earth is actually flat. From initial theory to final scientific proof. Please comment below your thoughts to engage in respectful, polite, and ultimately highly educated scientific discourse. Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/

Once upon a time, there was a duck named Trevor. He appeared out of nowhere on a remote island after a terrible storm. No, this isn't the beginning to a children's book, it's the real-life beginning to the story of one of the world's most interesting, unusual, and famous waterfowl. Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ Toy Piano Night Snow A Reveation

This podcast was produced by our friends over at the Unprofessional Engineering podcast. They recently were voted one of the TOP 15 BEST STEM PODCASTS. You can listen to other podcasts on their channel as well as a ton of other interesting topics. Unprofessional Engineering: http://bit.ly/2zec08K For the best listening experience, subscribe on iTunes: http://apple.co/29JVhjy It is hard to believe how much it costs to make money! From the hand engraving to the numerous security features, it can take years to have the final prints ready for a new bill. Once they are ready to start printing though, it doesn't stop! Millions of dollars worth of cold hard cash is printed each day from the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing. Interested in learning more about how currency is made? Join us for a detailed breakdown.

Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ Monty Python and the Holy Grail still continues to amuse today, and the question remains, what is the airspeed of an unladen swallow? Let's calculate it. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: The Throne Room Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

This podcast was produced by our friends over at the Unprofessional Engineering podcast. They recently were voted one of the TOP 15 BEST STEM PODCASTS. You can listen to other podcasts on their channel as well as a ton of other interesting topics. Unprofessional Engineering: http://bit.ly/2zec08K For the best listening experience, subscribe on iTunes: http://apple.co/29JVhjy We depend on batteries to power a nearly endless list of things we use each day, but have you ever taken the time to think about how that Duracell is made, or how your Energizer actually works? Don't worry, we've done the thinking for you! Join us to learn the basics of battery operation, many of the different battery options out there, the different components to make a battery, and of course the history of the design!

Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ VODER footage: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0rAyrmm7vv0 Robot voices are all around us, Siri, Alexa, our GPS systems – they’ve become a staple in the modern technological ecosystem. These digital voice systems work by utilizing computer algorithms to formulate human speech on the fly. Even with how good these computer voices have gotten in recent times, there’s still an uncanny valley effect when we hear their voices. The best of the voices still make us feel like there’s just something off about them. It goes to show that replicating human voice isn’t easy, even with all the tech we have today. But roughly 250 years ago, a brilliant team of engineers created the world’s first artificial voice. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Babylon - Disco Ultralounge by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100314 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

This podcast was produced by our friends over at the Unprofessional Engineering podcast. They recently were voted one of the TOP 15 BEST STEM PODCASTS. You can listen to the rest of their "What is Engineering?" series on their channel as well as a ton of other interesting topics. Unprofessional Engineering: http://bit.ly/2zec08K For the best listening experience, subscribe on iTunes: http://apple.co/29JVhjy Are you thinking about going to college to become a Civil Engineer? Maybe you are wondering what other career options you have in the field? Or perhaps you just want to know if you should be getting paid a little bit more as a Civil Engineer? We've got what you need! Sure, most of a Civil's job is dumping cement on stuff (yeah yeah, concrete) to make it stronger, but there actually is a little more that goes into it. From building construction and foundation laying, to road design and wastewater management, a Civil is needed everywhere!

What do you do when you need to communicate with a crew of 50 sailors submerged in a submarine in an undisclosed location across the world's oceans? That was a difficult question to answer for Navy leaders in WWII. Radio waves don't easily travel through salt water, which meant that getting active communication with a submarine crew meant making the submarine surface an antenna. This was the obvious solution, but it made a previously covert submarine now a visible target. Engineers tasked with finding a more covert solution soon discovered that radio waves with low frequencies, around 10 kHz, could penetrate saltwater to depths up to around 20 meters. They realized that if the transponders on submarines were switched to these frequency ranges, then they communicate with leadership on land. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel Music: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

Get a free stock with WeBull: https://bit.ly/2tBxZYv Get a free stock with Robinhood: https://bit.ly/34eEoH3 We'll both get 100 tickets to win up to $10,000,000 when you download Yotta Savings! Just sign up with code WXA78JF3 or tap this link: https://withyotta.page.link/bu1VaWQiyBuY2EsD6 Get $20 of stock by signing up for Stash! https://get.stash.com/trevor_9g011q4 Make getting into college easier with the Checklist Program: https://bit.ly/3cJn5QT Learn how Mortgage-backed securities work! https://youtu.be/feDw649zekw Investing in the stock market can seem like a scary prospect for a generation of young adults that have 2 cents in their pocket and a 100,000 dollar loan for a degree they don't use. But when it's done right, you can take that 2 cents, turn it into three cents, and well, that's more than you had yesterday – and isn't that the goal? In all seriousness, the stock market is often perceived as a big scary abyss of money that eats unsuspecting investors alive and is the path to a magnitude of wealth for those that understand it. While those perceptions can be true, understanding the stock market and succeeding in making money with it is far easier than you might expect. In order to understand the stock market, let's take a look at all of its facets. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel Music: I Am Running Down the Long Hallway of Viewmont Elementary by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/honor/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ The Soviet Union was an interesting place to be in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Restrictions from the government on the citizens were harsh and the country was engaged heavily in the Cold War with the US. Soviet citizens passed time by watching television – and they couldn’t get enough of it. The most popular model was the KVN-49. It was a black and white TV produced in the 1950s and was the first to be mass produced in the country. There was one peculiar thing about the KVN-49 though… It had an incredibly tiny screen and a giant magnifying glass in front of it. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ Deep Space by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ Soviet Russia during the cold war was not the free-est of places. Nearly all media was censored, including radio, TV, and books. While that meant that little public and legal media made it into the hands of Soviet citizens, it also meant that the time was perfect for an underground media black market. Focusing in on the music black market at the time, music was only really available on vinyl records. Vinyl blanks and the required special tooling were expensive at the time which meant that Soviet citizens needed an alternative to listen to music. Soviet teens took to their inherent engineering skills to design a custom record lathe for etching in the music and fancied record blanks out of something that was in abundance at the time: old X-rays. While vinyl records were expensive and nearly impossible to get, citizens could find old X-rays in the dumpsters behind hospitals all across the USSR. They would take these X-rays and cut them into circles, then utilize custom lathes to engrave the music lines into the thicker-than-paper sheets. Fans at the times would call these discs "bone music" or "jazz bones". All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel Music: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ Chances are you've had an X-ray at some point in your life, but did you know this life-saving technology was actually invented by accident? German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen discovered the technology while he was doing experiments with electron beams and gas discharge tubes – you know, like everyone does... When performing these tests, he noticed that a fluorescent screen in his lab started to glow green while the electron beams were running. This wasn't surprising in its own right, but Roentgen's screen was shielded by heavy cardboard which he thought would block the radiation. The interesting part of this discovery was that the initial aspect of Roentgen's discovery was simply the existence of some kind of penetrating radiation, but in trying to figure out what was happening, he actually put his hand in between the screen and the electron beam. This created an image of the bones inside of his hand on the screen, revealing X-ray's perfect use immediately after their discovery. This double discovery marked arguably one of the most important medical advances in all of human history. It gave professionals the ability to see ailments inside the human body without invasive surgery. It even allowed them to see soft tissues with slight modification. No one questions that X-rays are important to modern medicine, but most people don't have a great idea of what is actually happening when you get one. Let's figure that out... All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

Nowadays, if you want to play a new video game, it means shelling out 60 bucks online or in-store. In the late 1970s and 1980s, you could just turn on your radio to get a brand new video game sent to your computer. This may seem like a fairly advanced capability for a time before wi-fi, but thanks to the ways that early computers were designed, it was commonplace. To understand how this was possible, we need to step back into the groovy 1970s. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Video game: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cZfsnA7dAHI Music: CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ Have you ever looked at a large bridge or other structure whose foundation was rooted underwater and wondered how engineers ever went about constructing it or will ever fix it? When construction needs to take place somewhere that is submerged underwater, engineers use a series of large driven piles into the waterbed called cofferdams to create a dry workplace. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ Whether you're a fan of golf or not, you have to recognize that the landscaping of golf courses is some of the best in the world. From the finely cut grass on the fairway to the perfectly smooth greens, keeping golf courses well groomed is no easy task. Focusing in on one of the most famous golf courses in the world, Augusta National Golf Course, home of the Master's golf tournament, we're met with one of the most stunning landscapes in all of golf. While this golf course may appear to be a natural beauty, if you dig deep under the surface, you'll find some extensive interesting engineering. Underneath the greens at Augusta National is an array of pipes, drains, and mechanical blowers that work to keep the playability of these surfaces perfect. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Brittle Rille - Reunited 3:49 Kevin MacLeod Ambient | Calm You're free to use this song and monetize your video, but you must include the following in your video description: Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ Everyone loves fireworks, except for small children and dogs, but what exactly goes into making the explosive and beautiful balls of fire? Fireworks are a lot more than balls of explosive powder with a fuse. They are perfectly constructed chemical masterpieces used in celebrations all over the world. First, let’s look at how pyrotechnicians create the various colors of fireworks. When a firework explodes, it essentially is a chain reaction of chemical reactions that result in different shapes and colors in the sky. As you likely expected, the explosion creates heat that starts the burning of different chemicals packed within the shell. To make different colors, pyrotechnicians have to use different chemical compounds, some more dangerous than others. These compounds are typically metal salts which burn specific colors. Compounds based on Sodium will burn different shades of yellow or orange, copper or barium salts will burn green or blue, and calcium or strontium make red shades. Combining these compounds in different layouts within the projectile will create different shapes. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Ebooks and eReaders were once thought to be the way of the future sure to be the death of print. While you might think that we're talking about the early 2000s, we're actually talking about the late-16th century. After the printing press was invented in 1440, books became widely available to the public and information started spreading at rapid rates. This continued for about the next 200 years until groups of people started thinking about ways to improve on the common book. Many solutions were thought of but the most notable came from the mind of Agostino Ramelli. Ramelli was an Italian military engineer who was known for trying to solve everyday problems. He published a book in 1588 titled The various and ingenious machines of Captain Agostino Ramelli where he detailed an idea by the name of the "bookwheel". All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ Music: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ When it comes to traveling up a steep slope along a mountain or large hill in modern times, we have plenty of options. Whether that be cars, gondolas, or ski-lifts, they're all fairly modern inventions. In the late 1800s, there was another way to travel up mountains call funiculars. These train-like vehicles are some of the most energy efficient ways of traveling up and down a slope, and they're quite mechanically simple. Funiculars function in a system of two counterbalanced cars attached at the end of a long cable that goes from one car, up the slope, around a pully, and back down to another car. This means that as one car goes up the slope, the other one must go down. Movement is accomplished through the changing of the weight of each car, or through the use of a motor to move one car up. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

This video is part of a documentary about naval mines produced by Concerning Reality. Watch the full film here: https://youtu.be/S_UHpOvYA-Q Naval mines have been used for centuries to protect countries' coastlines and defend them from attackers. While you might think of naval mine technology as one of war's past, these underwater devices are still crucial aspects of the modern naval battlefield. In order to understand this often forgotten aspect of modern warfare, let's take a look at what different types of Naval Mines there are. Among the naval mine weapon type, there are various different types of mines in how they are deployed and used. These usually relate to their final positions, or in other words, where they rest in the water awaiting detonation. Mines will fall into three main categories: bottom, moored, or drifting. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. FOOTAGE COURTESY OF: Q13 NEWS U.S. NAVY PARTYSHOUTS CNE-CNA/C6F ISLE OF WIGHT RADIO U.S. NATIONAL ARCHIVES JAMIESON FILM COMPANY IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM NATIONAL FILM BOARD OF CANADA LIBRARY AND ARCHIVES OF CANADA CANADIAN WAR MUSEUM INFORMATION SOURCES: NAVAL ACADEMIES PRESS POPULAR SCIENCE NEW YORK TIMES OCEANOGRAPHY AND MINE WARFARE MINE WARFARE INTRODUCTION: THE THREAT Information Links: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine https://www.popsci.com/blog-network/shipshape/terrible-thing-waits-under-ocean https://www.nap.edu/read/10176/chapter/5 https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/30/magazine/naval-mine-washington.html https://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2100&tid=1200&ct=2 https://books.google.com/books?id=fAfP2w6SgK8C&pg=PA12 https://fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/swos/cmd/miw/Sp6-4-1/sld034.htm Music: AT ODDS SHARP SENSES THUNDERSTORM YOURE NOT WRONG ARID FOOTHILLS - The Dark Contenent by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100437 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ DEVASTATION AND REVENGE by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100694 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ DAYDREAM BLISS TURNING SLOWLY HERO DOWN by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100880 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ INFADOS by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100449 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ DARKEST CHILD by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100783 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ HYDRA BREATHING PLANET WHITE HATS

This video is part of a documentary about naval mines produced by Concerning Reality. Watch the full film here: https://youtu.be/S_UHpOvYA-Q Naval mines have been used for centuries to protect countries coastlines and defend from attackers. While you might think of naval mine technology as one of war's past, these underwater devices are still crucial aspects of the modern naval battlefield. Now that we've thoroughly grasped what mines are, how they are used, and how they work, the last thing to cover is what happens when they go boom. You might think that mines just explode and punch a large hole in the side of the ship. This might be the case for the surface mines of old days, but modern mines almost always rest below the surface of the water. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. FOOTAGE COURTESY OF: Q13 NEWS U.S. NAVY PARTYSHOUTS CNE-CNA/C6F ISLE OF WIGHT RADIO U.S. NATIONAL ARCHIVES JAMIESON FILM COMPANY IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM NATIONAL FILM BOARD OF CANADA LIBRARY AND ARCHIVES OF CANADA CANADIAN WAR MUSEUM INFORMATION SOURCES: NAVAL ACADEMIES PRESS POPULAR SCIENCE NEW YORK TIMES OCEANOGRAPHY AND MINE WARFARE MINE WARFARE INTRODUCTION: THE THREAT Information Links: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine https://www.popsci.com/blog-network/shipshape/terrible-thing-waits-under-ocean https://www.nap.edu/read/10176/chapter/5 https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/30/magazine/naval-mine-washington.html https://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2100&tid=1200&ct=2 https://books.google.com/books?id=fAfP2w6SgK8C&pg=PA12 https://fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/swos/cmd/miw/Sp6-4-1/sld034.htm Music: AT ODDS SHARP SENSES THUNDERSTORM YOURE NOT WRONG ARID FOOTHILLS - The Dark Contenent by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100437 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ DEVASTATION AND REVENGE by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100694 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ DAYDREAM BLISS TURNING SLOWLY HERO DOWN by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100880 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ INFADOS by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100449 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ DARKEST CHILD by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100783 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ HYDRA BREATHING PLANET WHITE HATS

This video is part of a documentary about naval mines produced by Concerning Reality. Watch the full film here: https://youtu.be/S_UHpOvYA-Q Naval mines have been used for centuries to protect countries coastlines and defend from attackers. While you might think of naval mine technology as one of war's past, these underwater devices are still crucial aspects of the modern naval battlefield. In order to understand this often forgotten aspect of modern warfare, let's take a look at what different ways to actuate a naval mine Understanding how mines are actuated is crucial to understanding how to protect against them and how to use them. Each type of actuation relies on sensors that are placed inside of the target detecting device, which ultimately triggers the detonation of the mine. There are 4 main techniques hinted at earlier: Magnetic, Pressure, Acoustic, and Seismic. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. FOOTAGE COURTESY OF: Q13 NEWS U.S. NAVY PARTYSHOUTS CNE-CNA/C6F ISLE OF WIGHT RADIO U.S. NATIONAL ARCHIVES JAMIESON FILM COMPANY IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM NATIONAL FILM BOARD OF CANADA LIBRARY AND ARCHIVES OF CANADA CANADIAN WAR MUSEUM INFORMATION SOURCES: NAVAL ACADEMIES PRESS POPULAR SCIENCE NEW YORK TIMES OCEANOGRAPHY AND MINE WARFARE MINE WARFARE INTRODUCTION: THE THREAT Information Links: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine https://www.popsci.com/blog-network/shipshape/terrible-thing-waits-under-ocean https://www.nap.edu/read/10176/chapter/5 https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/30/magazine/naval-mine-washington.html https://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2100&tid=1200&ct=2 https://books.google.com/books?id=fAfP2w6SgK8C&pg=PA12 https://fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/swos/cmd/miw/Sp6-4-1/sld034.htm Music: AT ODDS SHARP SENSES THUNDERSTORM YOURE NOT WRONG ARID FOOTHILLS - The Dark Contenent by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100437 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ DEVASTATION AND REVENGE by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100694 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ DAYDREAM BLISS TURNING SLOWLY HERO DOWN by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100880 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ INFADOS by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100449 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ DARKEST CHILD by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100783 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ HYDRA BREATHING PLANET WHITE HATS

This video is part of a documentary about naval mines produced by Concerning Reality. Watch the full film here: https://youtu.be/S_UHpOvYA-Q Naval mines have been used for centuries to protect countries coastlines and defend from attackers. While you might think of naval mine technology as one of war's past, these underwater devices are still crucial aspects of the modern naval battlefield. In order to understand this often forgotten aspect of modern warfare, let's take a look at what different ways to deploy a naval mine. We've discussed the different functional types of mines, but each type also can be deployed in 1 of three ways. Either by Aircraft, submarine, or surface-laying. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. FOOTAGE COURTESY OF: Q13 NEWS U.S. NAVY PARTYSHOUTS CNE-CNA/C6F ISLE OF WIGHT RADIO U.S. NATIONAL ARCHIVES JAMIESON FILM COMPANY IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM NATIONAL FILM BOARD OF CANADA LIBRARY AND ARCHIVES OF CANADA CANADIAN WAR MUSEUM INFORMATION SOURCES: NAVAL ACADEMIES PRESS POPULAR SCIENCE NEW YORK TIMES OCEANOGRAPHY AND MINE WARFARE MINE WARFARE INTRODUCTION: THE THREAT Information Links: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine https://www.popsci.com/blog-network/shipshape/terrible-thing-waits-under-ocean https://www.nap.edu/read/10176/chapter/5 https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/30/magazine/naval-mine-washington.html https://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2100&tid=1200&ct=2 https://books.google.com/books?id=fAfP2w6SgK8C&pg=PA12 https://fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/swos/cmd/miw/Sp6-4-1/sld034.htm Music: AT ODDS SHARP SENSES THUNDERSTORM YOURE NOT WRONG ARID FOOTHILLS - The Dark Contenent by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100437 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ DEVASTATION AND REVENGE by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100694 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ DAYDREAM BLISS TURNING SLOWLY HERO DOWN by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100880 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ INFADOS by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100449 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ DARKEST CHILD by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100783 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ HYDRA BREATHING PLANET WHITE HATS

This video is part of a documentary about naval mines produced by Concerning Reality. Watch the full film here: https://youtu.be/S_UHpOvYA-Q Naval mines have been used for centuries to protect countries coastlines and defend from attackers. While you might think of naval mine technology as one of war's past, these underwater devices are still crucial aspects of the modern naval battlefield. In order to understand this often forgotten aspect of modern warfare, let's take a look at what the modern naval mine is made up of. Modern Naval mines are both fairly simple but also incredibly complex devices. Their simplicity is due to their overall lack of components and their complexity is a result of the high intelligence programmed into them. Modern mines also have a variety of safety features that old mines never had, like the ability to be easily stored or stockpiled and the ability to self-destruct or self-sterilize to keep wildlife and water safe after the mines are no longer needed. Naval mines usually contain flight gear or handling gear, an explosive case, an arming device with an explosive train, a target detecting device, and a battery. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. FOOTAGE COURTESY OF: Q13 NEWS U.S. NAVY PARTYSHOUTS CNE-CNA/C6F ISLE OF WIGHT RADIO U.S. NATIONAL ARCHIVES JAMIESON FILM COMPANY IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM NATIONAL FILM BOARD OF CANADA LIBRARY AND ARCHIVES OF CANADA CANADIAN WAR MUSEUM INFORMATION SOURCES: NAVAL ACADEMIES PRESS POPULAR SCIENCE NEW YORK TIMES OCEANOGRAPHY AND MINE WARFARE MINE WARFARE INTRODUCTION: THE THREAT Information Links: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine https://www.popsci.com/blog-network/shipshape/terrible-thing-waits-under-ocean https://www.nap.edu/read/10176/chapter/5 https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/30/magazine/naval-mine-washington.html https://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2100&tid=1200&ct=2 https://books.google.com/books?id=fAfP2w6SgK8C&pg=PA12 https://fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/swos/cmd/miw/Sp6-4-1/sld034.htm Music: AT ODDS SHARP SENSES THUNDERSTORM YOURE NOT WRONG ARID FOOTHILLS - The Dark Contenent by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100437 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ DEVASTATION AND REVENGE by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100694 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ DAYDREAM BLISS TURNING SLOWLY HERO DOWN by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100880 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ INFADOS by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100449 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ DARKEST CHILD by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100783 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ HYDRA BREATHING PLANET WHITE HATS

This video is part of a documentary about naval mines produced by Concerning Reality. Watch the full film here: https://youtu.be/S_UHpOvYA-Q Naval mines have been used for centuries to protect countries coastlines and defend from attackers. While you might think of naval mine technology as one of war's past, these underwater devices are still crucial aspects of the modern naval battlefield. In order to understand this often forgotten aspect of modern warfare, let's take a look back at the history of naval mines. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. FOOTAGE COURTESY OF: Q13 NEWS U.S. NAVY PARTYSHOUTS CNE-CNA/C6F ISLE OF WIGHT RADIO U.S. NATIONAL ARCHIVES JAMIESON FILM COMPANY IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM NATIONAL FILM BOARD OF CANADA LIBRARY AND ARCHIVES OF CANADA CANADIAN WAR MUSEUM INFORMATION SOURCES: NAVAL ACADEMIES PRESS POPULAR SCIENCE NEW YORK TIMES OCEANOGRAPHY AND MINE WARFARE MINE WARFARE INTRODUCTION: THE THREAT Information Links: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine https://www.popsci.com/blog-network/shipshape/terrible-thing-waits-under-ocean https://www.nap.edu/read/10176/chapter/5 https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/30/magazine/naval-mine-washington.html https://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2100&tid=1200&ct=2 https://books.google.com/books?id=fAfP2w6SgK8C&pg=PA12 https://fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/swos/cmd/miw/Sp6-4-1/sld034.htm Music: AT ODDS SHARP SENSES THUNDERSTORM YOURE NOT WRONG ARID FOOTHILLS - The Dark Contenent by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100437 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ DEVASTATION AND REVENGE by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100694 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ DAYDREAM BLISS TURNING SLOWLY HERO DOWN by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100880 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ INFADOS by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100449 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ DARKEST CHILD by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100783 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ HYDRA BREATHING PLANET WHITE HATS

This video is an original documentary produced by Concerning Reality. Timecodes for each section: History of Mines: 1:36 The Anatomy of a Mine: 6:25 Types of Mines: 8:25 Ways to Deploy a Mine: 9:48 Mine Actuation: 12:02 Destructive Power: 14:45 Credits: 16:44 Naval mines have been used for centuries to protect countries coastlines and defend from attackers. While you might think of naval mine technology as one of war's past, these underwater devices are still crucial aspects of the modern naval battlefield. In order to understand this often forgotten aspect of modern warfare, let's take a look back at the history of naval mines, how they work, and how they are used in the modern era. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. FOOTAGE COURTESY OF: Q13 NEWS U.S. NAVY PARTYSHOUTS CNE-CNA/C6F ISLE OF WIGHT RADIO U.S. NATIONAL ARCHIVES JAMIESON FILM COMPANY IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM NATIONAL FILM BOARD OF CANADA LIBRARY AND ARCHIVES OF CANADA CANADIAN WAR MUSEUM INFORMATION SOURCES: NAVAL ACADEMIES PRESS POPULAR SCIENCE NEW YORK TIMES OCEANOGRAPHY AND MINE WARFARE MINE WARFARE INTRODUCTION: THE THREAT Information Links: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine https://www.popsci.com/blog-network/shipshape/terrible-thing-waits-under-ocean https://www.nap.edu/read/10176/chapter/5 https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/30/magazine/naval-mine-washington.html https://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2100&tid=1200&ct=2 https://books.google.com/books?id=fAfP2w6SgK8C&pg=PA12 https://fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/swos/cmd/miw/Sp6-4-1/sld034.htm Music: AT ODDS SHARP SENSES THUNDERSTORM YOURE NOT WRONG ARID FOOTHILLS - The Dark Contenent by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100437 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ DEVASTATION AND REVENGE by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100694 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ DAYDREAM BLISS TURNING SLOWLY HERO DOWN by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100880 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ INFADOS by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100449 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ DARKEST CHILD by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100783 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ HYDRA BREATHING PLANET WHITE HATS

The global push away from fossil fuels is growing, but what alternatives do car manufacturers have to trusty old gasoline? Taking an overview of the current renewably sourced automobile fuel industry, we see the growing shift to electric vehicles. Electric cars are fueling a revolution across the globe, but their sustainability still needs work to be proven. Don’t get me wrong, the future of electric cars is bright, but at the current state of the global energy grid, their global environmental impact has only been displaced to the coal plants that ultimately power them. Without divulging too much into environmental debate, electric vehicles, or EVs, are likely at the forefront of a non-fossil fuel powered automotive future. However, it would be naive to assume that EVs are the only solution. Let's take a look at the alternatives to fossil fuels. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: [1] CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ [2] Cast of Pods

Self-driving cars and autonomous vehicles are the next big thing in the automotive industry. All this innovation is begging the question, will kids of the future ever learn how to drive a car? There are several leading experts that predict that children born this year will never have to get a driver’s license, according to Motor Trend. This prediction makes sense due to the fact that most industry leaders predict that self-driving vehicles will become commonplace on our roads in 10 to 15 years. The director of Google’s autonomous vehicle team has also posed that his main goal is to make sure that his 13-year-old son never has to learn to drive a car. This would mean that autonomous vehicles would be commercially available by 2020 – an ambitious goal. The thought of our children, or our children’s children never driving a car seems almost absurd given the history of the automobile industry. Cars have always been, and arguably will be, a field of interest that sparks nostalgia, excitement, and good times. For many out there, driving a car is where the fun in cars sits. Many people don’t just drive to get places, they drive to have fun, to enjoy the experience. So then, if our children never have to drive a car, won’t they miss that? All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel Music: Babylon - Disco Ultralounge by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100314 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Welding has been around in some form or fashion since the 4th century A.D., but modern welding techniques fueled the industrial revolution and are crucial to many modern industries. Welding is a very broad term covering hundreds if not thousands of specific materials joining processes. The main welding processes are shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW/TIG) gas metal arc welding (GMAW/MIG), flux-cored arc welding (FCAW), submerged arc welding (SAW), electroslag welding (ESW), and lastly resistance welding. Did you get all that? All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

For anyone who has grown up or lived in the south, you probably recognize that there are no basements there. This can be a confusing quirk to southern homes for those who have spent most of their lives up north. The reason why southern homes don't have basements has a lot to do with engineering and how feasible they are to construct down south. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

For ages, manual transmissions were the best way to control the shifting in cars, but recent advances have made the automatic dominant. Manual transmissions are, unfortunately, become a dying a breed in the US, but let’s look at why. Automatic transmissions were invented by GM in the 1930s, but for the most part, they were sluggish and rudimentary. On a commercial scale, automatics weren’t implemented until after the second world war. Even though automatics decreased the amount of work a driver needed to do, cars equipped with these “slushboxes” were slower and less fuel efficient. Manual transmissions could beat out an automatic any day. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

Our brains allow us to process the world, understand everything around us, learn new things, and paradoxically, we're still very unaware how much of our own brains function. However, modern neuroscience and cognitive sciences have made great strides in understanding the effect our brains have on our everyday function. With that comes a wealth of knowledge and facts that you probably don't know about the brain. Here are 50 interesting facts and stories about the human brain that are sure to blow your mind. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: [1] Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ [2] CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ [3] Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

There was a time when California was an island. This wasn't a time far off in the past while the world was still forming, it was actually still an island as recently as the 18th century. The massive island of California was separated from the continental United States by a strait known as the Gulf of California. The island of California stretched nearly the entire North American Pacific coast and was thought of as an island paradise. It was also one of the biggest mapping errors in human history. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: [1] Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ [2] Cast of Pods [3] English Country Garden

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf The question of "which came first, the chicken or the egg?" is probably one of the most famous in history. We have all had debates over why the egg came first or why that never would've been possible. It's also likely that you are strongly entrenched on one side or the other. Stephen Hawking, the famous physicist even weighed in on the debate and said it had to be the egg, to which many probably conceited defeat. This question can be polarizing, but science has determined the definitive correct answer! In the summer of 2010, British researchers made a breakthrough chicken discovery when they found the protein responsible for creating the eggshell to be exclusive to the ovaries of a female. This the egg could never have formed without this super exclusive chicken ovary protein. So, the chicken came first! Where then do you say the chicken came from? Science still isn't sure about that one. The protein is called ovocledidin-17 and it controls the eggshell crystallization process. Without the presence of this protein, the shell could never form. Researchers didn't just find this protein to answer the famous question, they actually wanted to discover it so they could make synthetic bone for humans and even stop global warming. If applied properly, Ovocledidin-17 would allow us to crystallize excess CO2 into limestone solids. This would allow us to capture much of the excess pollution in the world and store it in a solid material rather than letting it be free in the atmosphere. So, the chicken came before the egg and because science proved that, we might be able to turn excess CO2 into solid blocks of limestone and create synthetic bone. Who knew this famous question had so many implications. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Beverly the Bouncing Ball eBook: https://amzn.to/2NXfaVo Beverly the Bouncing Ball Paperback: https://amzn.to/2tYYSSR My Other Children's Books: https://amzn.to/2EDUuNJ We can all look back on our childhood memories and find in some form or fashion a bouncing ball. Whether it be shooting hoops with friends or tossing a tennis ball against the wall while we were grounded, we've all played with these bouncing toys. While to most people balls are rather unassuming objects, they actually serve as a rather interesting springboard into learning about many interesting physics phenomena. Acceleration, velocity, energy; you can learn it all when you start looking at the physics behind bouncing balls. In any ball bounce, there are essentially 7 stages that the action can be broken into during its motion, before, during, and after impact is examined. Let's break down the physics of bouncing balls. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ Tornados are bad enough on their own, but when they are made up of fire, they can become even more destructive. Fire whirls, also known as fire devils and more colloquially fire tornados, are whirlwinds produced by fires that contain flames or burning embers. They usually start out as a small swirling movement of smoke and then transform into destructive burning whirlwinds. Under the right conditions, these destructive forces can reach thousands of feet tall and upwards of 10 feet wide. Let's take a look at these destructive forces of nature in under 2 minutes. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ In 1839, the dream of having a cable that stretched across the Atlantic was just the dream of a few engineers after the birth of the telegraph. In 1858, less than 2 decades later, the first message was sent across the Atlantic by telegraph cable reading "Glory to God in the highest; on earth, peace and good will toward men". So how did an idea as world-changing as linking Europe to the Americas go from dream to reality in under 2 decades? Let's take a look. After the invention of the telegraph by Wiliam Cooke and Charles Wheatstone, Samuel Morse believed that the concept of a transatlantic communications network was one of possibility. Experts continued to debate the idea until, in 1850, a line was laid between Great Britain and France – the longest of the time. Later on in 1850, construction began on a line heading from the north-east coast of America to Nova Scotia to Newfoundland. This north-eastern cable was set to be the largest communication cable yet and its construction was led by a man named Frederick Newton Gisborne. The cable was eventually completed through Gisborne's company collapsed in 1853 as the line didn't prove profitable. However, after that quick failure, Gisborne met a businessman named Cyrus West Field. He believed in Gisborne's idea of extending the existing cable across the Atlantic and he had the funds to make it happen. Samuel Morse served as the technical liaison and an oceanographer was consulted as well. After initial planning, Gisborne and Field founded the New York Newfoundland and London Telegraph Company. Field funded this venture with help from the US and UK governments, as well as selling stock and funding a large portion with his own funds. It finally took shape in 1857 when the first attempt was made to lay the cable. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ GI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ Note: This video isn't meant entirely seriously, as mentioned in the narration. The continental drip theory is one that was proposed jokingly, that does raise an interesting observation about our world's geography. Enjoy! If you've ever looked at a map, you might have glossed over a rather interesting facet of the world's geography. Most of the Earth's land mass drips off to the southern tip of the globe. This phenomenon is known as continental drip, not to be confused with the much more common natural phenomena, continental drift, which describes the shifting of tectonic plates. Africa, South America, India, Greenland, nearly every land mass on earth has a trailing edge pointing towards Antartica. The observation was first made by Ormonde de Kay in a 1973 paper titled More Random Walks in Science. Kay meant the paper as a purely tongue-in-cheek observation, but it pointed out a very real and confusing phenomenon with our world's geography. Another scientist and writer named John C. Holden expanded on the idea in a book he published in 1976. The notion eventually became so popular in the scientific community that the 1990 game, SimEarth, even included a continental drip model in its Earth simulation. This intriguing observation about the continents dripping nature might just be coincidence, but there could be other forces at play. De Kay proposed the idea of some kind of large paleomagnetic force that has gone unsuspected and undetected centered in Argentina that perpetually tugs down the lower portions of Earth's land masses. He also proposed that the drip might be due to some aspect of Earth's rotation or even lunar attraction. However, De Kay wasn't being completely serious, he thought in all likelihood that the continental drip was probably a thing of chance. New Scientist wrote in 1999 that the continent's shapes have been constantly changing and that "in another few hundred million years the continents and their positions and shapes will all look quite different again." Maybe the dripping of the continents is all just random chance, or maybe there's a mysterious primal force pulling all of our land down to the bottom of the earth. What do you think? All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Music: Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Facebook: http://bit.ly/2wOVVb5

Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ Near the end of the Cold War, the United States Military grew concerned about its equipment's capabilities to withstand the effects of an electromagnetic pulse. Out in the middle of a giant pit in the desert in Albuquerque, New Mexico, the government built a giant wooden structure named ATLAS-I. Standing for Air Force Weapons Lab Transmission-Line Aircraft Simulator, this massive ominous structure was built between 1972 and 1980 to validate the united states security against an EMP attack. Electromagnet pulses, or EMPS, are intense bursts of electromagnetic energy often resultant of an aerial nuclear explosion. Militaries of past and some still present considered using these weapons to inflict damage upon electrical and electronic systems of opposing countries. EMPs do that through the high current and voltage surges created through the initial blast that burn out all sensitive components in electronics nearby. Back in the 1980s this would have been bad news for the US, or any country for that matter – but in 2019, this would practically bring the modern world to a standstill. Communication would be nearly impossible, cars and planes wouldn't work, phones wouldn't work. Nothing about our modern life would work... It's this fear that the US ultimately capitulated to near the end of the Cold War causing them to build the ATLAS-I testing center. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ In a remote area in Italy's boot, there's a giant 12.5-kilometer ring of sloped track owned by the Nard Dog himself, called the Nardo Ring. Setting that inexcusable "The Office" joke aside, the Nardo Ring is actually owned by Porsche and is used to test some of the fastest cars in the world, having been used to set a number of speed records over the years. Notably, the Koenigsegg CCR set a speed record of 38787 km/hr in February 2005. But that wasn't the fastest ever set on the track, in 1979, the Mercedes Benz C1 hit 403.98 km/hr. The Nardo Ring is a 12.5 kilometer (7.8 mile) long high-speed test track that is shaped as a perfect circle. Named after the nearby urban center of Nardò, the testing ring was built in 1975. While the current track is owned by Porsche, it was originally built by Fiat. Even with this changing of hands between manufacturers over the years, the impressive track has always been open to any manufacturer needing a place to test high-speeds. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/ CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ In the modern era, radio waves control everything. From the tunes in your car driving down the road to the police radio in the car that's pulling you over for not signaling your turn. These waves are undetectable and invisible to human senses but they make up the foundation of modern technology. While the root of modern connected technologies may be radio waves, the underlying tech that makes radios possible is a rather simple concept to understand. Any person can make a simple radio in their home for a few bucks, which is part of the reason this foundational tech dates back to 1895. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ The construction industry is filled with standard workflows and practices that lead to efficient businesses for those who know it well. These standards of construction were forged over years of experience and corporate development, but what did the industry look like just 200 years ago? One interesting historical case study on this topic brings us back to Australia in the early 1800s... Australia wasn't always the bustling tourist attraction that it is in modern times, it used to be little more than a camp for convicts with little built-up infrastructure. In the 18th century, Australia was a place for the government in Great Britain to send convicts over on ships to start and establish a colony. Little aide was given to the "settlers" and thus they were left in the barren terrain with few supplies and no leadership. That is until, in 1810, a British Army officer by the name of Major General Lachlan Macquarie arrived in the port of Sydney as the new Governor of New South Wales. General Macquarie decided to bring some order to the Australian settlement. He drew up a street plan for Sydney and designed many of the colony's most famous buildings that stand on one of the main streets in the center today. One of Macquarie's most infamous buildings was that of the Sydney hospital. Images: https://www.flickr.com/photos/50415738@N04/12865639103 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SydneyHospital.JPG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Hospital#/media/File:Nightingale_Wing_and_Fountain_Sydney_Hospital%27.jpg All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ 33 years ago this week the Challenger shuttle exploded 76 seconds after launch. Let us not forget this event, the men and women who were lost, and the impact it had on the world. This is an edited version of Ronald Reagan's address to the Nation on January 28, 1986, after the Challenger Disaster Speech Transcript: Ladies and gentlemen, I'd planned to speak to you tonight to report on the state of the Union, but the events of earlier today have led me to change those plans. Today is a day for mourning and remembering. Nancy and I are pained to the core by the tragedy of the shuttle Challenger. We know we share this pain with all of the people of our country. This is truly a national loss. Nineteen years ago, almost to the day, we lost three astronauts in a terrible accident on the ground. But we've never lost an astronaut in flight; we've never had a tragedy like this. And perhaps we've forgotten the courage it took for the crew of the shuttle; but they, the Challenger Seven, were aware of the dangers, but overcame them and did their jobs brilliantly. We mourn seven heroes: Michael Smith, Dick Scobee, Judith Resnik, Ronald McNair, Ellison Onizuka, Gregory Jarvis, and Christa McAuliffe. We mourn their loss as a nation together. For the families of the seven, we cannot bear, as you do, the full impact of this tragedy. But we feel the loss, and we're thinking about you so very much. Your loved ones were daring and brave, and they had that special grace, that special spirit that says, "Give me a challenge and I'll meet it with joy." They had a hunger to explore the universe and discover its truths. They wished to serve, and they did. They served all of us. Public Domain Video clips courtesy of: The National Archives PD: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AReagan_Space_Shuttle_Challenger_Speech.ogv NASA PD: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AChallenger_Launch_and_Breakup.ogv NASA STI PD: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IviOm71Iml0 NASA: https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/soccer-ball-recovered-from-space-shuttle-challenger-flies-to-the-space-station All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/ Hero's Theme by Twin Musicom is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://www.twinmusicom.org/song/280/heros-theme Artist: http://www.twinmusicom.org Devastation and Revenge by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100694 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ 33 years ago today the Challenger shuttle exploded 76 seconds after launch. Let us not forget this event, the men and women who were lost, and the impact it had on the world. While engineering is an incredibly rewarding career or hobby, it has the ability to result in failure. While sometimes that failure means lost money or just a warranty claim, sometimes it can be catastrophic. Stories of engineering failures allow us to learn from mistakes and ultimately design better, but many failures have grave consequences. On the fateful day of January 28th, 1986, the skies over the coast of Florida lit ablaze. The Challenger shuttle had just exploded, 73 seconds after takeoff, instantly killing all seven crew members. This day is remembered by many around the world today. As for what caused the explosion, an investigation into the launch and subsequent explosion noted a number of factors. The launch was initially planned for January 22, 1986, but after bad weather, it had been rescheduled a number of times before the January 28th, launch date. Even on the day of launch, it's time had been pushed back 2 hours due to exceptionally cold weather. The ultimate official cause of failure was an o-rung failure in the right solid rocket booster, but the investigation determined that the cold weather played a factor in this internal failure. In total, the Challenger explosion created 14 tons of debris scattered across the Florida coast and floating in the Atlantic ocean. While many objects survived the blast, perhaps most notable is that of a tattered soccer ball covered in messages from schoolchildren in Texas. Public Domain Video clips courtesy of: The National Archives PD: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AReagan_Space_Shuttle_Challenger_Speech.ogv NASA PD: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AChallenger_Launch_and_Breakup.ogv NASA STI PD: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IviOm71Iml0 NASA: https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/soccer-ball-recovered-from-space-shuttle-challenger-flies-to-the-space-station All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/ Hero's Theme by Twin Musicom is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://www.twinmusicom.org/song/280/heros-theme Artist: http://www.twinmusicom.org Devastation and Revenge by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100694 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ Historically, when people thought of the southern US, they pictured a slower lifestyle, perhaps even slower people that just weren't able to keep up with modern life. Colloquially we have always cracked this up to country living or the attitude of just taking life one step at a time. The trope of the lazy southerner is intertwined into southern US history and perhaps is still held in regards to certain deep south states. But what if I told you that this view of society wasn’t one born out of a desire for a slower life, but a stereotype birthed out of a deadly infection. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ On 6400 acres in the middle of a field in Sandusky, Ohio, there sit five massive buildings owned by the US government. Many of these buildings were built years ago in the hope that they might get used for groundbreaking technological development. However, most of these buildings now sit in disarray without a glimmer of hope for future use. Except for one. The Space Power Facility (SPF) is known to be the worlds largest vacuum chamber and it's fully booked up through 2021. BBC VIDEO: https://youtu.be/E43-CfukEgs All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: Deep Space by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/ CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ #concerningreality #vacuumchamber

Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ In times of past, futurists thought that blimps and airships would be the transportation machines of the future. They could fly long distances with ease, transport relatively large amounts of people, and they were a sight to see. That is, until they crashed and airplanes came and stole their show. Nowadays, the only time you've probably seen a blimp is over a sports stadium helping provide TV coverage, and even then, it's quite a rare sight. Blimps are a type of lighter-than-air craft (LTA) along with Hot Air Balloons. Rather, unlike hot air balloons who rely on heated regular air and are controlled roughly by the wind, Blimps can move under their own power and generally use a lower density gas for lift. Blimps can hover like helicopters, travel in extreme weather, and even stay afloat for days! All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/ Babylon - Disco Ultralounge by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100314 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Deep Space by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

Patreon: patreon.com/ConcerningReality FB: facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ The arch bridge and arched structures allowed the Romans to construct buildings with a far greater ratio of wall openings to height than had ever been possible before. The evidence of such architecture is found in not only the Roman Coliseum but also the labyrinth of arched catacombs that lie beneath historic Rome. Focusing in on the arch bridge, it was a technology never seen before, one that allowed boats to pass under walkways and roads and one that enabled the Roman’s famous series of raised aqueducts. Why was the arched bridge so crucial to the roman empire, and what structural properties of the arch have that enabled roman architecture to survive relatively in-tact even to modern times? All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

The Apollo program took humans to the moon for the first time with a total of 6 moon landings on the lunar surface between 1969 and 1972. These missions noted a pivotal time for the human race, one marked by rapid technological advancement. In order to further appreciate these missions and the sacrifices of the astronauts who manned them, let’s take a closer look at each mission. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: Lost Frontier by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300039 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Christmas time is upon us and with that comes decorations, mistletoe, eggnog, and of course, our favorite jolly old man, Santa Claus. This icon of Christmas historically visits all of the good children of the world that celebrate Christmas and gives them presents. While we know without a doubt that Santa does that evidenced by the presents from him under our tree, just how does he do it? One man and a herd of flying reindeer must have their work cut out for them to make that trek across the world in just one night, but let's take a look at the numbers. Thanks to Pepperonin for supporting us on Patreon and making this video possible! Support us here: http://bit.ly/2qBHc All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: Carol Of The Bells by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/ #Santa #Christmas

Watch more at Concerning Facts: http://bit.ly/2EutTR8 From frogs that were used as pregnancy tests in the 1940s to the theft of Albert Einstein's brain, along with the help of our second channel, Concerning Facts, we take you through 10 things that you probably didn't know. Thanks to Pepperonin for supporting us on Patreon and making this video possible! Support us here: http://bit.ly/2qBHc All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: Intro: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/ Other music sources can be found at their original sources on the Concerning Facts channel.

Ten thousand is a number that has historically been associated with the phrase "a very large number." While our modern understanding of mathematics and the world around us may not always lend itself to that interpretation any longer, let's take a look at some things around us that relate to the number 10,000. The speed of the fastest neutron is 10,000 km/s The square root of 100,000,000 is 10,000. The Japanese 10000 yen banknote has a portrait of Fukuzawa Yukichi, a Japanese author and teacher who died in 1901. 6.2137 miles is made up of 10,000 meters. The fight song of Harvard is named "Ten thousand men of Harvard." There are 52 references to the number 10,000 in the KJV of the Bible. In 2007, the Philadelphia Phillies became the first team in professional sports history to lose 10,000 games. Ten thousand is the current world record for the number of digits of pi memorized by a human being. On March 29, 1999, the Dow Jones Industrial Average closed at 10006.78 which was the first time the index closed above the 10,000 mark. Minnesota is the land of 10,000 lakes NASA built a 10000-processor Linux computer (it is actually a 10,240-processor) called Columbia that was active from 2004 to 2013. Myria is an obsolete metric prefix that denoted a factor of 10+4, ten thousand, or 10,000. A 10,000-hertz radio frequency has a wavelength of 30 kilometers. The Clock of the Long Now is a mechanical clock under construction that is designed to keep time for 10,000 years. Doctors recommend that humans take at least 10,000 steps per day. The average American only makes it to about half that. A 27-year-old has lived for about 10,000 days. If you use Google maps to go to the number 10,000, you'll land at this location in northern Ghana. The median annual income in the world is just under 10,000 dollars, coming it at $9,733. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

When you hear the word "cryptography" your brain probably jumps to someone sitting in a dark room staring at lines of code. You might also think of highly trained software engineers protecting endless amounts of data to keep it safe in a digital infrastructure. Cryptography is all of that to some degree, but it's also a root methodology to modern coding. Let's try to understand some basic principles of cryptology to gain a greater understanding of this new technological workflow. Thanks to Pepperonin for supporting us on Patreon and making this video possible! Support us here: http://bit.ly/2qBHc All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Sewer systems wonders of modern infrastructure. Back in the olden days, cities had open sewers where waste flowed through open canals on city streets. Today, we're much more civilized: we transport our waste underground in large pipes. Sewer systems are essential to modern plumbing. Every time you flush a toilet, use a sink, or take a shower, you create liquid waste of varying chemical makeups that has to be transported and treated. You could just flush it into a septic tank, but these tanks require maintenance and come with a host of other issues when integrated en masse for modern cities. We have to manage our waste because it stinks, it contains deadly bacteria, and it has dangerous chemicals that could affect the environment. You probably know that wastewater gets treated at a wastewater treatment plant, but let's take a look at how it gets there: sewer systems. Thanks to Pepperonin for supporting us on Patreon and making this video possible! Support us here: http://bit.ly/2qBHc All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

CHECK OUT THE UNPROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING PODCAST! iTunes: https://apple.co/2CTJxIT YouTube: http://bit.ly/2zec08K SoundCloud: http://bit.ly/2F2tPOq Website: http://bit.ly/2RqTx03 Taking a vacation in the modern era usually involves a plane or car, a lot of luggage and a desirable destination like the beach or the mountains. Tourism is a booming industry and companies are constantly trying to figure out what might be the next cash cow. However, the earth only has so many places that you can charge tourists to travel – what if you could take tourists to space for a small fee? Pay $100 dollars and you're whisked into low-earth orbit. Pay $500 dollars and you get to see the moon up close. Pay $1000 and you're on your way to Mars. And of course, imagine the profit you'd make selling photographs! Space truly is the final frontier, and soon, it might just be the site of your next vacation. So how real is this sci-fi reality? Realer than you might think. Thanks to Pepperonin for supporting us on Patreon and making this video possible! Support us here: http://bit.ly/2qBHc All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: Lightless Dawn by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100655 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

For most everyone around the world, turning on your tap and getting fresh clean water is just a way of life. While this might seem to be a simple fact of modern civilization, it's a relatively new innovation in the timeline of human development. Access to fresh water is one of the largest drivers of creating a modern society, but what allows everyone access to seemingly endless supplies of potable water? It depends on where you live, but chances are behind your tap there's a municipal water treatment plant. There are two main types of water treatment plants: drinking water and wastewater plants. We'll be focusing in on drinking water plants here, but if you'd like to learn about how wastewater is treated, you can watch a video on the topic here. Both types of treatment plants serve the purpose of cleaning water, but in general, wastewater treatment plants will output water, or effluent, into streams or rivers and drinking water plants, or potable water treatment plants, will output their treated water into a city's pipe distribution network. The question still remains, how exactly does one treatment plant take dirty river or well water and turn it into water that is safe to drink? It involves a lot of processing using chemicals, filters, and removing all of the toxins and hazards from a given water source. Thanks to Pepperonin for supporting us on Patreon and making this video possible! Support us here: http://bit.ly/2qBHc All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

From Chemotherapy to Credit Cards to Artificial Intelligence, here are 99 simple explanations of how complex things work. Read the Article Here: http://bit.ly/2P4ElIp Thanks to Pepperonin for supporting us on Patreon and making this video possible! Support us here: http://bit.ly/2qBHc All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/ CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Bridges have traditionally been built out of necessity in order to keep people moving from place to place over often large spans of water. However, with modern construction and international pride, having the world’s best structures in their respective category is often strived for when projects are designed. The Russky Bridge which crosses the Eastern Bosphorus Strait is the world’s longest cable-stayed bridge, however, it doesn’t really see much use. The magnificent structure completed in 2012 spans from the Russian city of Vladivostok to Russky Island, capable of handling 50,000 cars daily. There’s only one problem, Russky Island only has a population of 5,000 people, leaving the roadway largely underused and ultimately, quite useless. Thanks to Pepperonin for supporting us on Patreon and making this video possible! Support us here: http://bit.ly/2qBHc All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Chances are you have a credit card in your wallet. On the front is usually your name, some other information like your bank and the card carrier like Visa, MasterCard, etc., and a string of 16, 15, 0r 14 digits. These digits vary from card to card and they're enough for merchants to transact business with your bank on your behalf. However, this string of numbers isn't random, in fact, there's a secret code in there that validates your card and keeps it safe, all in the number structure. It's a low-tech mathematical algorithm called the Luhn Formula. Invented by Hans Peter Luhn in 1954, this mathematical tool actually dates back to before the existence of credit cards. Even with that fact, it's included in every credit, debit, and ATM card on earth – and it also makes for a mind-blowing bar trick if people don't know it. Thanks to Pepperonin for supporting us on Patreon and making this video possible! Support us here: http://bit.ly/2qBHc All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Aqueducts have been used to transport water for millenia, back to the ancient Romans. While we often think of these man-made waterways as elaborate stretches of canal, there's one that's quite the opposite. The Veluwemeer Aqueduct is thought to be the world's shortest official aqueduct. Located in Harderwijk, Eastern Netherlands, this small waterway is only 25 meters long and 19 meters wide. However, the fact that the aqueduct is short is perhaps the least interesting aspect. More interesting, is the fact that it travels directly over a major highway. The Veluwemeer aqueduct was constructed over the N302 road where 34,000 vehicles pass each day. While roadways usually get constructed over water, in this case it was deemed more cost effective to have the water go over the road. Thanks to Pepperonin for supporting us on Patreon and making this video possible! Support us here: http://bit.ly/2qBHc All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

We often think of nuclear bombs as extreme weapons of destruction. While they are certainly that, in the 1960s the world's superpowers began investigating more practical uses for these powerful devices. The US and the Soviet Union were embattled in the heat of the Cold War in the early 1960s. Both countries had stockpiled nuclear weapons, but thousands of them simply sat idly across their respective country. The US subsequently created operation plowshare and the Soviet Union a program named "Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy". Operation Plowshare in the US was formed to explore the possibility of using nuclear explosions for excavation or natural gas fracturing. The evidence of this project's test can still be seen through craters in the Nevada desert. Surprisingly this research project persisted for nearly 20 years, from 1958 to 1975. The Soviets were also researching practical uses of nuclear explosions, and like the US, their research was focused on natural gas and mining. Unlike the US, however, little concern was given to the environmental impact of these Soviet nuclear tests. Soviet engineers behind the project once contaminated a densely populated region along the river Volga. They also decided to blow up a river to create a reservoir – which they succeeded in doing – except it's still radioactive to this day. During this nuclear research, scientists realized that they might be able to solve a problem that had been raging on for years. Thanks to Pepperonin for supporting us on Patreon and making this video possible! Support us here: http://bit.ly/2qBHc All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel Music: Lightless Dawn by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100655 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Most of us can't even begin to imagine a life without air conditioning or some type of temperature control. Nearly every environment of our daily lives is thermally altered using an air conditioner to heat or cool the space – but this wasn't always the case. Before the early 1900s, homes were built to be more resistant to temperature changes. That meant thicker walls, different designs, and different building materials. Certain places on earth also weren't inhabited to the extent that they currently are. Life before air conditioners was hot... or cold... depending upon where you lived and what season it was. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, however, after the strong development of the American Industrial Revolution had played out, factories started experiencing temperature related problems. Specifically, paper factories. Thanks to Pepperonin for supporting us on Patreon and making this video possible! Support us here: http://bit.ly/2qBHc All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel Music: CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ Impact Prelude by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100617 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/ Babylon - Disco Ultralounge by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100314 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

In his research, Bell had become obsessed with the idea of creating a kite large enough to carry a man. He actually created the box kite design in this quest to create the ultimate kite. This particular design joined several triangular kites together with a frame to create a box. Doing so increased the kites surface area with little increase in weight – a good measure of improved flight capability. Upon this innovation Bell joined several box-like kites together to create larger pyramidal kites that are known as tetrahedral kites. It's one of nature's most stable strucles, so why wouldn't it also lead to the future of human flight...right? While Bell's prediction for the future of flight might have been a little misguided looking back, at the time when aeronautical innovation didn't have set bounds, he was on the cutting edge. Thanks to Pepperonin for supporting us on Patreon and making this video possible! Support us here: http://bit.ly/2qBHc All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel Music: Babylon - Disco Ultralounge by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100314 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

This is a supercut of the Wonders of the World series released last month. You can watch each part of this video as a standalone clip, or watch it all together in this video here. Before modern technology existed, civilizations built incredible structures and sculptures that would live on in infamy. These structures marked crowning achievements of their time and where known across the world at a time where communication was scarce. While all but one have now fallen into past mystery, let’s examine these engineering marvels as they once were. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. PLAYLIST: https://bit.ly/2x0FE0h Watch and share each wonders video as standalone clips. Links below: 1. The Colossus of Rhodes: https://youtu.be/vJnEdUrWNsU 2. The Great Pyramid: https://youtu.be/rHUk0W-bXlU 3. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon: https://youtu.be/sno156vF218 4. The Lighthouse of Alexandria: https://youtu.be/-GpMQQHMOaU 5. The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus: https://youtu.be/xhVP4OQrTzE 6. The Statue of Zeus at Olympia: https://youtu.be/V0CgaFW1_Rw 7. The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus: https://youtu.be/lWbGtyxgwbg

Besides all of the beneficial aspects of gravity that help us every day, gravity is kind of an inconvenience when you think about it... it means that we have to exert a massive amount of energy to get places, it causes things to fall to earth, it caused Isaac Newton to get a headache from that apple that hit him. In fact, one engineer hated gravity so much that he devoted his entire life to fighting it. That man's name was Roger Babson. Thanks to Pepperonin for supporting us on Patreon and making this video possible! Support us here: http://bit.ly/2qBHc All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel Music: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

Rjukan sits in a deep-cut valley between two imposing mountains. Rjukan suffers from 6 months of the year without light, 3 more than the much more northern town of Tromso. This isn't because the sun doesn't make it over the horizon in this area, it's because Rjukan spends its life in the shadow of the surrounding mountains. For most of the town's history, Rjukan has existed in these depressing shadows, that is until giant mirrors were installed to light up the town square. Thanks to Pepperonin for supporting us on Patreon and making this video possible! Support us here: http://bit.ly/2qBHc Images of Rjukan courtesy of Bilfinger SE (CC BY-ND 2.0): https://www.flickr.com/photos/bilfinger/10571082015/in/photostream/ All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel Music: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

In 1959, the US Postal Department teamed up with the department of defense for the ultimate rocket mail test. They managed to secure a Regulus prime cruise missile with a nuclear warhead on the tip. Notably not wanting to nuke the receiving post office, they replaced that warhead with two mail containers. The entire missile weighed 13,000 pounds and held 3,000 letters. They successfully launched the missile from the U.S. Navy submarine USS Barbero which then struck Naval Base Mayport in Florida 700 miles away, 22 minutes later. The letters were successfully retrieved and subsequently circulated as directed. The letters were all the same for this test and were spread around as commemorative gifts to postal workers and even President Eisenhower. Thanks to Pepperonin for supporting us on Patreon and making this video possible! Support us here: http://bit.ly/2qBHc All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Explore through all of the 7 different original wonders of the world each in their own standalone video. Learn about all the ancient wonders at your own pace, in whatever order you'd like. HOW TO DISCOVER: Watch each video and then click any of the three options in the end screens of each video, there will always be at least one new place to explore until you've discovered them all! PLAYLIST: https://bit.ly/2x0FE0h You can also navigate using the links below: 1. The Colossus of Rhodes: https://youtu.be/vJnEdUrWNsU 2. The Great Pyramid: https://youtu.be/rHUk0W-bXlU 3. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon: https://youtu.be/sno156vF218 4. The Lighthouse of Alexandria: https://youtu.be/-GpMQQHMOaU 5. The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus: https://youtu.be/xhVP4OQrTzE 6. The Statue of Zeus at Olympia: https://youtu.be/V0CgaFW1_Rw 7. The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus: https://youtu.be/lWbGtyxgwbg About: A statue of the greek god Zeus built from ivory plates and gold panels stretching 43 feet tall isn’t your typical construction project. While the sculpture is that of legend, very little is actually known about the artistic work beyond written texts. It was destroyed in the 5th century A.D. with no known replicas. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel.

Explore through all of the 7 different original wonders of the world each in their own standalone video. Learn about all the ancient wonders at your own pace, in whatever order you'd like. HOW TO DISCOVER: Watch each video and then click any of the three options in the end screens of each video, there will always be at least one new place to explore until you've discovered them all! PLAYLIST: https://bit.ly/2x0FE0h You can also navigate using the links below: 1. The Colossus of Rhodes: https://youtu.be/vJnEdUrWNsU 2. The Great Pyramid: https://youtu.be/rHUk0W-bXlU 3. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon: https://youtu.be/sno156vF218 4. The Lighthouse of Alexandria: https://youtu.be/-GpMQQHMOaU 5. The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus: https://youtu.be/xhVP4OQrTzE 6. The Statue of Zeus at Olympia: https://youtu.be/V0CgaFW1_Rw 7. The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus: https://youtu.be/lWbGtyxgwbg About: Built to honor the Greek goddess, Artemis, the Temple at Ephesus was described as the most decadent and ornate of all of the 7 ancient wonders. Built on a hilltop in present-day Turkey, its construction took place not only once, but three times over the course of its existence. Destroyed each time by war or flooding, it was finally lost in 401 A.D. In its day, the temple would have been the pinnacle of society, and its engineering would have been unmatched. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel.

Explore through all of the 7 different original wonders of the world each in their own standalone video. Learn about all the ancient wonders at your own pace, in whatever order you'd like. HOW TO DISCOVER: Watch each video and then click any of the three options in the end screens of each video, there will always be at least one new place to explore until you've discovered them all! PLAYLIST: https://bit.ly/2x0FE0h You can also navigate using the links below: 1. The Colossus of Rhodes: https://youtu.be/vJnEdUrWNsU 2. The Great Pyramid: https://youtu.be/rHUk0W-bXlU 3. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon: https://youtu.be/sno156vF218 4. The Lighthouse of Alexandria: https://youtu.be/-GpMQQHMOaU 5. The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus: https://youtu.be/xhVP4OQrTzE 6. The Statue of Zeus at Olympia: https://youtu.be/V0CgaFW1_Rw 7. The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus: https://youtu.be/lWbGtyxgwbg About: You know you made it in life when your tomb becomes one of the 7 wonders of the world. The mausoleum at Halicarnassus was built between 353 and 350 B.C. to house the body of a prince of the Persian empire and wife. At a height of 148 feet, it was also one of the tallest structures in existence at the time. This wonder is actually where the term Mausoleum comes from, as the prince that it was built for was named Mausolus, and thus was buried in this above ground tomb. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel.

Explore through all of the 7 different original wonders of the world each in their own standalone video. Learn about all the ancient wonders at your own pace, in whatever order you'd like. HOW TO DISCOVER: Watch each video and then click any of the three options in the end screens of each video, there will always be at least one new place to explore until you've discovered them all! PLAYLIST: https://bit.ly/2x0FE0h You can also navigate using the links below: 1. The Colossus of Rhodes: https://youtu.be/vJnEdUrWNsU 2. The Great Pyramid: https://youtu.be/rHUk0W-bXlU 3. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon: https://youtu.be/sno156vF218 4. The Lighthouse of Alexandria: https://youtu.be/-GpMQQHMOaU 5. The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus: https://youtu.be/xhVP4OQrTzE 6. The Statue of Zeus at Olympia: https://youtu.be/V0CgaFW1_Rw 7. The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus: https://youtu.be/lWbGtyxgwbg About: The tallest lighthouse currently standing in America is only half of the size of the lighthouse built in Alexandria. It was a structure that was ultimately a first for the world, one that protected ships for up to 30 miles of the Egyptian coast. Built between 280 and 247 B.C., it is believed that the final structure was built from stone in three stacked sections. Once the Pharos Lighthouse was completed, rumors in regards to the magnitude of the lighthouse spread so quickly that artists who had never seen the structure began painting it. The completed lighthouse stood somewhere in the range of 394 and 449 feet tall for over a millennium. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel.

Explore through all of the 7 different original wonders of the world each in their own standalone video. Learn about all the ancient wonders at your own pace, in whatever order you'd like. HOW TO DISCOVER: Watch each video and then click any of the three options in the end screens of each video, there will always be at least one new place to explore until you've discovered them all! PLAYLIST: https://bit.ly/2x0FE0h You can also navigate using the links below: 1. The Colossus of Rhodes: https://youtu.be/vJnEdUrWNsU 2. The Great Pyramid: https://youtu.be/rHUk0W-bXlU 3. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon: https://youtu.be/sno156vF218 4. The Lighthouse of Alexandria: https://youtu.be/-GpMQQHMOaU 5. The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus: https://youtu.be/xhVP4OQrTzE 6. The Statue of Zeus at Olympia: https://youtu.be/V0CgaFW1_Rw 7. The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus: https://youtu.be/lWbGtyxgwbg About: As their name would suggest, they were likely built in the ancient city of Babylon, which is now part of Iraq. When tracing the engineering feat of these gardens back to their time of existence, it becomes hard to find any concrete evidence of any aspect of their creation. The only aspect of these gardens that has survived over the years is that of myth, which has lead many to think that they never existed. There are rumors that these expansive gardens were built by Nebuchadnezzar II for his wife Amytis, which stand at the core of the myth of the gardens. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel.

Explore through all of the 7 different original wonders of the world each in their own standalone video. Learn about all the ancient wonders at your own pace, in whatever order you'd like. HOW TO DISCOVER: Watch each video and then click any of the three options in the end screens of each video, there will always be at least one new place to explore until you've discovered them all! PLAYLIST: https://bit.ly/2x0FE0h You can also navigate using the links below: 1. The Colossus of Rhodes: https://youtu.be/vJnEdUrWNsU 2. The Great Pyramid: https://youtu.be/rHUk0W-bXlU 3. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon: https://youtu.be/sno156vF218 4. The Lighthouse of Alexandria: https://youtu.be/-GpMQQHMOaU 5. The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus: https://youtu.be/xhVP4OQrTzE 6. The Statue of Zeus at Olympia: https://youtu.be/V0CgaFW1_Rw 7. The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus: https://youtu.be/lWbGtyxgwbg About: Of all of the 7 ancient wonders of the world, the Great Pyramid of Giza is both the oldest and the only one still surviving mostly intact today. Throughout the course of history, through the construction of every other wonder, none have come close to the engineering prowess demonstrated by the Egyptians who built the pyramids All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel.

Explore through all of the 7 different original wonders of the world each in their own standalone video. Learn about all the ancient wonders at your own pace, in whatever order you'd like. HOW TO DISCOVER: Watch each video and then click any of the three options in the end screens of each video, there will always be at least one new place to explore until you've discovered them all! PLAYLIST: https://bit.ly/2x0FE0h You can also navigate using the links below: 1. The Colossus of Rhodes: https://youtu.be/vJnEdUrWNsU 2. The Great Pyramid: https://youtu.be/rHUk0W-bXlU 3. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon: https://youtu.be/sno156vF218 4. The Lighthouse of Alexandria: https://youtu.be/-GpMQQHMOaU 5. The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus: https://youtu.be/xhVP4OQrTzE 6. The Statue of Zeus at Olympia: https://youtu.be/V0CgaFW1_Rw 7. The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus: https://youtu.be/lWbGtyxgwbg About: The massive statue of the Greek god Helios was erected in Rhodes in 280 B.C. It stood as a symbol of Rhode’s victory over Cyprus, placed right at the entrance to Rhode’s harbor. Much like the Statue of liberty that stands as a prolific symbol of American freedom, so too did the Colossus of Rhodes over 2000 years ago. Built with a bright facade of bronze and standing at 110 feet tall, it would have been one of the tallest vertical structures in ancient times. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel.

Explore through all of the 7 different original wonders of the world each in their own standalone video. Learn about all the ancient wonders at your own pace, in whatever order you'd like. HOW TO DISCOVER: Watch each video and then click any of the three options in the end screens of each video, there will always be at least one new place to explore until you've discovered them all! PLAYLIST: https://bit.ly/2x0FE0h You can also navigate using the links below: 1. The Colossus of Rhodes: https://youtu.be/vJnEdUrWNsU 2. The Great Pyramid: https://youtu.be/rHUk0W-bXlU 3. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon: https://youtu.be/sno156vF218 4. The Lighthouse of Alexandria: https://youtu.be/-GpMQQHMOaU 5. The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus: https://youtu.be/xhVP4OQrTzE 6. The Statue of Zeus at Olympia: https://youtu.be/V0CgaFW1_Rw 7. The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus: https://youtu.be/lWbGtyxgwbg All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel.

When you think about the pinnacle of automotive engineering, you think speed. There may be other measures of a car's stature like horsepower, aerodynamics, and quality, but let's be honest, how fast the car can go is what we all care about the most. The current record holder for the world's fastest car is the Koenigsegg Agera RS which clocked in at a top speed of 284.55 mph with an average run speed of 277.9 mph used for the record. That's half the speed that modern airliners cruise at and nearly triple the top speed of the Ford F-150, the most sold production vehicle of 2017. Thanks to Pepperonin for supporting us on Patreon and making this video possible! Support us here: http://bit.ly/2qBHc All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws to the best of this channel's knowledge. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Bugatti image courtesy of Bugatti. Koenigsegg image courtesy of Koenigsegg. McLaren image courtesy of McLaren. Hennessey image courtesy of Hennessey. Music: CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Thanks to Pepperonin for supporting us on Patreon and making this video possible! Support us here: http://bit.ly/2qBHc Tech companies are trying to take over the world. I’m not just being alarmist, that’s the current business model of tech companies as they try to be the one stop shop for your life. Don’t believe me? Let’s take a closer look at just what tech companies have been up to. Amazon started as a bookstore turned online retail. Then they expanded their business with hardware – tablets, phones, Alexa. Pretty soon their digital assistant was in millions of households. Now with their doorbell systems coupled with Amazon delivery, they’re slowly infiltrating every aspect of our daily lives. Tech companies are even willing to lose money on hardware for the chance to get their software into your lives. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: [1] Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ [2] CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Make getting into college easier with the Checklist Program: https://bit.ly/3cJn5QT Math isn't everyone's cup of tea. It's sometimes baffling to wrap your mind around and don't even get me started on the mess that is differential equations. Within the realm of mathematics and physics even further, there's a healthy debate between the world and one North American country about what system of units is best. Avoiding that debate, there's one unit that I think we can all agree is the best mathematical unit in all of history: the smoot. A smoot is a nonstandard unit of length that originated at MIT in the 1950s. The year was 1958 and Oliver R. Smoot, was pledging to the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity. His fraternity brothers challenged his class as a prank to measure the length of the Harvard Bridge between Boston and Cambridge, but there was one problem – they weren't given any tools to measure by.... All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

Thanks to Pepperonin for supporting us on Patreon and making this video possible! Support us here: http://bit.ly/2qBHc See if your job/career is safe: https://willrobotstakemyjob.com/ Read the article: http://shortsleeveandtieclub.com/are-robots-going-to-take-my-job/ A study by Pew Research suggests that 72% of Americans are fearful of a future where robots and AI machines can do human jobs. This includes driverless cars, machine learning technology – anything that a robot may soon do that humans used to. All this worry may lead to higher sales of anxiety medications, but how much of it is actually founded in truth? Several recent academic studies have placed the percentage of US-based jobs at risk at 35 to 45%, a number that would completely wreck the US economy. But what about the rest of the world? A study from YouGov found that 60% of Europeans think that robots will soon lead to fewer jobs and 27% predict that the job loss will be “significant.” Experts also predict about the same level of job risk due to automation. So, while the numbers may vary, the human race as a whole is pretty worried that automation will ruin our chances of finding work or possibly even surviving. But… what about the experts? They can’t seem to agree. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Thanks to Pepperonin for supporting us on Patreon and making this video possible! Support us here: http://bit.ly/2qBHc Having the title of world's tallest skyscraper is an exemplary achievement for developers across the world. Ever since man started to build up, we've been competing to see who can build the tallest structure. Build heights of skyscrapers have exploded in recent years thanks to advanced engineering and renewed monetary investment. However, most of the world's tallest buildings are hiding a dirty secret: they're not actually that tall. The tallest points on the world's tallest buildings do actually reach staggering heights, but the actual building part rarely does. Developers have long placed spires or towers on top of skyscrapers to just inch out the competition and win the title of world's tallest building. These pinnacles add feet, often hundreds of feet, onto the height of the buildings, all with relatively low cost. They also reduce the complexity of the engineering. The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, CTBUH, studied all of the world's tallest buildings and found some interesting data. They discovered that nearly 60 percent of the world's tallest buildings, called supertalls, actually wouldn't be supertalls without added wasteful space on top, such as spires. The organization calls this wasteful height, vanity height. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Babylon - Disco Ultralounge by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100314 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Thanks to Pepperonin for supporting us on Patreon and making this video possible! Support us here: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf Just off of the west coast of Norway sits the tallest and heaviest object that mankind has ever moved. It weighs 1.2 million tons (1.1 Mil metric tons), stands 1548 feet high (472 m), and is one of the most complex engineering projects in all of history. This object is known as the Troll A gas platform. This natural gas platform sits on the Troll gas field located 174 miles (280 km) off the western coast of Norway. Rather than construct this massive structure in place in the middle of the ocean, engineers decided it would be much easier to build it on land and then move it into the proper location. This ultimately resulted in 10 tugboats pulling the structure over water on this 174-mile journey. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Thanks to Pepperonin for supporting us on Patreon and making this video possible! Support us here: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf As the United States was growing and expanding in the early 20th century, westward towns needed a stable supply of electricity and water to ensure survival. Given much of the barren landscape in the western U.S., a hydroelectric dam seemed to be the best solution to stabilizing westward expansion. In 1928, Congress authorized the construction of the Hoover Dam, then known as the Boulder Dam. This structure was to be located in the Black Canyon area in Nevada and Arizona, which is ultimately where the modern dam sits. Construction began in 1931 and was completed in 1936. At the climax of the project, it employed 5,251 workers in an environment that would regularly reach 120 degrees Fahrenheit (49˚C). The Hoover Dam is the largest concrete framework dam in America and is a massive tourist attraction for people across the globe. It supplies water to farms in the surrounding desert region, water to cities like Los Angeles and Los Vegas, and it generates electricity for nearly 8 million people in the U.S. states of Arizona, California, and Nevada. While certainly not the largest dam in the world, this impressive feat of engineering changed the course of American history. Taking a look back at the construction of this massive project presents us with a mesmerizing look at a time of engineering past. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

Thanks to Pepperonin for supporting us on Patreon and making this video possible! Support us here: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf Every time you drive a boat, turn on a pump, possibly even start your faucet, tiny and destructive underwater explosions occur. These explosions are rapidly-generated steam bubbles caused by boiling water in a process called cavitation. The basics of cavitation are based on Bernoulli’s principle. It states that the pressure of a fluid decreases as the velocity increases and visa-versa. In combination with this idea, we have to remember that the boiling point of water changes based on the pressure it is under – why pressure cookers make cooking more efficient. When we grasp these concepts, we can begin to understand why cavitation occurs. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Deliberate Thought by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/?keywords=deliberate+thought Artist: http://incompetech.com/

You probably have some knowledge of how internal combustion engines work. They involve pistons, Cams, explosions, etc. but do you know what the differences between 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines are? The history of automotive and engine design has been marked by the existence of two main types of gasoline powered combustion engines: the 2-cycle and 4-cycle engine. The name of each of these engine types suggests exactly how they operate. In order for any engine to complete combustion and thus drive their respective vehicles or machines, there needs to be combustion of the gas-air mixture and expulsion through the exhaust ports. The main differences in these two engine types is just how they approach this process. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Order my new children's book on Amazon! Orville the Iron Ore on Amazon: https://amzn.to/2IXVkFi Steel and iron is an essential part of our everyday life. It makes up the buildings where we work, the appliances that we use, and the cars that we drive. Without it, modern day life would look a lot different. Last year, the world steel industry produced 1,864 million tons, the equivalent of over 5100 empire state buildings! So, how does this essential aspect of daily life transform from some rocks in the ground into one of the strongest structural materials in the world? Let's take a look. The steelmaking process starts with the processing of raw iron ore. The rocks that are mined containing iron ore are ground and the near-elemental iron is extracted using magnetic rollers. This fine iron ore is then processed into clumps that can be put inside of a blast furnace. At the same time, coal is cleaned of impurities in a furnace. This results in an almost elemental form of carbon, called coke. This coke is then mixed with the iron ore clumps and heated together in a blast furnace. This process produces molten iron, or pig iron, from which steel is made. Different manufacturers often add additives to the molten steel, like chromium, nickel, titanium, and a variety of others to produce desired traits. Adding these elements creates different alloys of the steel. At this point, the molten iron, sometimes referred to as molten steel at this point, passes through continuous casters and is formed into its final shape to cool. Steel production is essential to the modern world, but its overall process isn't really that difficult to understand. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. You're free to use this song and monetize your video, but you must include the following in your video description: Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

When you think of driverless cars, you probably don’t think about there being a shortage of human organs in the world. Regardless, that’s going to be the case. Driverless and autonomous cars will do significant amounts of good in the world. Driver errors will practically be eliminated, evidence proves that they will reduce the number of accidents, and our commutes will become a lot lets worrisome. The advantages to autonomous tech are there if we can get over the hurdle of relinquishing control. However, one unintended side-effect of driverless cars is that the availability of human organs for transplant with become a lot smaller. This all ties back to the push to make cars safer. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

Thanks to Pepperonin for supporting us on Patreon and making this video possible! Support us here: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf This video explains how you can give birth to your own sister. 3D printing and virtual reality is cool and all, but when are we going to be able to clone ourselves? It’d be nice to send our clone off to school or work and sit back and do what we really want to do. There have been significant advances in cloning in the last several decades resulting the successful cloning of various animals. So far though, there have been no human clones. Scientists think we’re close though, so let’s take a look at just how far off human cloning might be. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

Thanks to Pepperonin for supporting us on Patreon and making this video possible! Support us here: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf 4000 years ago aliens descended on the earth and built the pyramids as symbols of their galactic dominance. That may be the case, but there's probably a more practical and logical explanation to how they were built... Let's take a look. New discoveries about the pyramids in the last two decades have given researchers deeper insight into how the ancient Egyptians may have constructed them The largest and first pyramid at Giza was commisioned by the Egyptian pharaoh Khufu somewhere around 2551 B.C. His pyramid is known as the Great Pyramid and stands at 455 feet (138 meters) tall. It's considered to be one of the 7 ancient wonders of the world. The next pyramid was built around 2520 B.C. for the pharaoh Khafre. It's slightly smaller than the Great Pyramid but elevation wise is taller thanks to a higher base. The final pyramid was built by a pharaoh named Menkaure around 2490 B.C. His pyramid was the smallest and only stood at 215 feet (65 m) high. These structures, mainly the Great Pyramid, stood as the tallest structures ever built for 3800 years – much of recorded human history. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Thanks to Pepperonin for supporting us on Patreon and making this video possible! Support us here: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf Looking to lay siege to your neighbor's house? In this video, we'll teach you the basic design principles behind trebuchet construction. (This video is purely for educational purposes, please do not lay siege to anything) Siano's Paper on Trebuchet Mechanics: http://www.algobeautytreb.com/trebmath356.pdf The trebuchet is one of the most famous siege engines of all time, and designing and optimizing the powerful machine involves some tedious work. To understand how to optimize the design of a trebuchet, first we need to understand exactly what designs and principles make up one. A trebuchet in its most pure form involves a counterweight that falls completely along the vertical axis and a swing arm. Attached to the end of the swing arm is typically something like a sling to increase rotational velocity, but it isn’t essential to trebuchet design. Potential energy is stored in the lever mechanism as the large counterweight is lifted. Once dropped, the potential energy stored in the counterweight is transformed through linear motion into rotational kinetic energy for the projectile. It’s important to note that no compound motion or mechanism is involved in the trebuchet, rather it is one simple lever arm along with a counterweight. Once the mechanism is understood, the variables to controlling flight begin to appear. Being such a simple design, the only things you can vary are the lever arm length, the height, the counterweight weight, and where to position the fulcrum along the lever arm. While the constraints may seem limiting, optimizing all of these factors can produce a highly efficient machine. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. Trebuchet animation courtesy of Handrox-G via VideoHive. Copyright information available upon request. Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

*WARNING: THIS VIDEO IS A JOKE* Thanks to Pepperonin for supporting us on Patreon and making this video possible! Support us here: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf We want to hear your answer! What would happen if you strapped a piece of buttered toast to the back of a cat and dropped them both from any height? Everyone knows that cats always land on their feet and buttered toast always lands buttered side down. These are common truths we hold to be self-evident. There's a problem though, a paradox that arises when you combine these two adages together into one simple experiment. What would happen if you attached a piece of buttered toast, butter side up, to the back of a cat and then dropped that cat from a tall height? Would the cat ever land? Would the cat just spin indefinitely? Would one of the original truths break? This is known as the buttered cat paradox. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. Music: Deliberate Thought by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/?keywords=deliberate+thought Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Thanks to Pepperonin for supporting us on Patreon and making this video possible! Support us here: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf First off, apologies to our non-U.S. friends who don't use miles per gallons for vehicle efficiency because this whole video is in MPG. 1 mile per gallon (MPG) is equivalent to .425 km/l. So, when we say 20 miles per gallon, that's equivalent to 8.5 km/l. Hope this helps and sorry for making you do conversions :) We usually try to include both imperial and metric, but with the number of times MPG was discussed in this video, we felt it might be a little much. Hopefully, you won't be too mad the provided conversion will help. Chances are the car you currently own gets somewhere in the range of 20 to 30 miles per gallon. If you're on the high end, you might even feel pretty good about that miles per gallon. There's a problem though, cars back in the 1920s we're capable of getting the same miles per gallon... So what's the deal? With all the technological innovation in the world, how has the realm of fuel efficiency somehow fallen to the wayside? In 1923, the average fuel efficiency of cars on the road was 14 mpg. In 1973, the average fuel economy was 11.9 thanks to the era of land yachts and V-8s. In the 1980s, average MPG was able to jump up into the 20s, but since then, it's basically stayed there. The Model T, which was first produced in 1908 was capable of achieving 30 mpg. This peculiar problem can be traced to just how technological improvement has affected the automotive industry over the course of the last century.... watch the video to learn more. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

Thanks to Pepperonin for supporting us on Patreon and making this video possible! Support us here: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf Toy Story, The Simpson, your old computer screensaver – all these things and more contained the same teapot hidden away. This unassuming teapot dates back to 1974 and it is arguably the most influential object in computer graphics. Computer scientist Martin Newell was a ph.D. student at the University of Utah, which was a powerhouse of computer graphics back in the 1970s. Newell had innovative ideas about how he could render 3D shapes in computer graphics with things like shadows, reflective textures, and obscure surfaces. The problem was, at the time, there wasn't a digital object that Newell had access to test out his ideas. Students and professors proposed objects like chess pawns, donuts or urns, but all were deemed too simple to test these new graphics methods on. Newell struggled to find an object until one day while drinking tea with his wife, she proposed that he digitized the teapot they were using. The teapot was from a local department store and had all the necessary features: curves, a handle, a lid and the spout all covered in a reflective ceramic surface. It was perfect. Newell quickly sketched out the pot with dimensions and back in his lab, he entered the coordinates to build the digital object using a method with Bézier control points on a Tektronix storage tube – an early type of computer graphics module. The end result was one of the most versatile and useful 3D models to date. However, Nowell's original teapot wasn't in its final form yet... watch the video to learn more! All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel.

Thanks to Pepperonin for supporting us on Patreon and making this video possible! Support us here: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf When you think of public infrastructure, you probably think of roads, bridges, and possibly, water towers. These often massive structures are a staple of 21st-century urban planning, they're all around us... but have you ever stopped to think about how and why they work? We can all likely understand that water towers hold significant amounts of water high up in the sky, but their usefulness and engineering intricacies go much further than this. Water towers and their siblings known as standpipes come in all sorts of different sizes and shapes each with roughly the same goal, to keep water networks pressured. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

FRIDAY FACTS IS MOVING TO IT'S OWN CHANNEL NEXT WEEK! SUBSCRIBE HERE: http://bit.ly/2EutTR8 Diamonds aren’t only a woman’s best friend, they’re also a favorite of the milky way galaxy. Studies have found that Neptune, Uranus, Jupiter, and Saturn all produce diamonds in large quantities. The atmosphere on these planets maintains extremely high pressures that are capable of crystallizing carbon atoms and turning them into diamonds. This likely causes an odd phenomenon where diamonds will rain from the sky. Through scientific recreation of these planets’ atmospheres, researchers speculate that on Saturn, it may rain as much as 2.2 million pounds of diamonds each year. So, if you’re looking for that perfect ring to propose, try flying to Saturn and just standing out in the rain. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

We decided to have a little fun and give the internet some inspiration to kickstart learning something new. Enjoy. If you liked this video, please consider sharing, commenting, liking, and subscribing! Thanks to Pepperonin for supporting us on Patreon and making this video possible! Support us here: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf For questions, comments, or concerns about the content in this video, please use our contact section on our page.

Thanks to Pepperonin for supporting us on Patreon and making this video possible! Support us here: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf In a world filled with things, you might think that settling on what the most important thing of all would be rather difficult. That, however, isn’t the case. Modern innovation is solely dependent on the transistor and it’s invention and continual improvement thanks to Moore’s law. For those of us unfamiliar with this modern engineering marvel, it is a three-terminal solid-state electronic device. In essence, it allows us to control the current or voltage between two of the terminals by applying an electric current or voltage to the third terminal. For non-engineers, this functionality may seem befuddlingly simple to be the root of all modern innovation, but yet, that is the case – for many fascinating reasons. Amplifiers, computers, cell phones, nearly everything electronic relies on this three terminal electrical invention. The three-terminal aspect of the transistor allows it to amplify electrical signals, like in radios. It can also be used for electric switches that can be controlled by other switches, made out of, you guessed it, transistors. The importance of this “thing” truly can’t be underscored enough. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Music: CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

We all know and love helium as the gas that makes balloons float and our voices falsetto, but some interesting things start happening when you cool these atoms down. When helium is cooled to extreme temperatures, we’re talking just a few degrees away from absolute zero (-460 ˚F), it turns into a superfluid. This means that it can flow without any friction. This lack of friction means that it can climb up over the sides of glasses or leak through cracks in a container. Helium superfluid is outrageously hard to contain. When it starts flowing, good luck stopping it. So, helium may make your parties a hit, but when it’s supercooled, it becomes one of the coolest liquids in the entire world. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Conversion: For all our non-U.S. friends, 1 Thou is equal to .0254 mm. TITANS of CNC: Academy: http://bit.ly/2J6mvhO Autodesk Free Trials: Inventor - https://autode.sk/2vqNxyd Fusion - https://autode.sk/2JXI4Cq HSM - https://autode.sk/2HaxTwz If you've ever taken shop class in high-school or watched an episode of how it's made, you have probably have some idea how lathes and other metalworking machines function. As technology and computers have improved over the years, a new high-precision computer controlled manufacturing technique called CNC machining has spawned. CNC machines, or computer numerically controlled machines, are electro-mechanical devices that can manipulate tools around a varying number of axis, usually 3 or 5, with high-precision per instruction from a computer program. CNC machining is one of two ways that engineers, machinists, or makers can generate a physical part from a computer design file, with the other being 3D printing, known as additive manufacturing. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. Music: GI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Have you ever wondered what would be needed to create a real-life lightsaber? In this short video for Star Wars day, we take a quick look. May the fourth be with you. If you want to learn more, you can read our article on the topic here: http://bit.ly/2riXs4L All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns please use the contact section on our channel.

Growing up you likely always heard that water conducts electricity. After all, that’s why you shouldn’t bring a toaster into a bathtub. However, that is actually a lie. (except the toaster part) Water doesn’t actually conduct electricity. The reason you shouldn’t swim in a lightning storm or bath with your toaster actually has to do with impurities within the water. Most water contains minerals and other chemicals that act as ions. Ions are just atoms that contain a net positive electrical charge due to the loss or gain of an electron. These ions are very conductive and allow for impure solutions of water to become great conductors of electricity. Theoretically, if you had completely pure water, it wouldn’t conduct electricity at all. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section on our channel. Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

If you've been to an amusement park in your lifetime, then you've probably driven or rode in bumper cars. These boisterous bumping buggies are some of the most fun you can have for cheap at a fair, but have you ever stopped and wondered how they work? Often referred to as dodgems, bumping cars, or dashing cars, bumper cars take on one of three main designs when it comes to their functionality with the roots dating back to the late 1920s. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use our contact section on our page. Deliberate Thought by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/?keywords=deliberate+thought Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Lightning can and does strike the same spot twice and your odds of being stuck being struck by it are probably higher than you might think. Your odds of being struck by lightning in your lifetime is 1 in 3,000. Your odds of dying from a lightning strike in your lifetime, however, are only 1 in 161,856. So next time you’re in a crowded place, look around, who will lightning strike next? And if you do get struck, a single bolt of lightning is around 50,000 degrees Fahrenheit or 5 times hotter than the surface of the sun. Each bolt averages 2-3 miles long and can carry a current of 10,000 amps at 100 million volts. In case your fears of being struck by lightning haven’t shot up enough yet, every second, there are 50 to 100 cloud-to-ground lightning strikes on the Earth. So, the odds of being struck by lightning in your lifetime are probably higher than you thought. Say hello to your new biggest fear. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use our contact section. You're free to use this song and monetize your video, but you must include the following in your video description: Deep Space by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

At exactly 48 degrees 52.6 minutes south latitude and 123 degrees 23.6 minutes west longitude, at 2.5 miles (4 km) beneath the surface of the ocean rest the remains of over 260 spacecraft. This location is known as the Spacecraft Cemetary. This spot, sometimes referred to as Point Nemo, in the middle of the Pacific is the most remote location on earth, positioned 1450 nautical miles away from and blip of land. This remote location makes it perfect for crashing giant spacecraft into the ocean. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact section of our channel. Awkward Meeting - Supernatural Haunting by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100574 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

You might think that the earth has 7 continents – North and South America, Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica. Maybe you think the earth only has 5 or 6 depending upon where you were taught, but there’s a new continent that likely isn’t on your radar – called Zealandia. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact portion of our channel. Lightless Dawn by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100655 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf "In 1994, construction workers in San Francisco's financial district began digging to build a new light-rail tunnel beneath the city when they hit something. It was a massive ship named "the Rome". The ship was so large that the crew had to tunnel through the ships hull to construct the tunnel. Now, the J, K, L, M, N, and T trains all ride through the hull of this ship every day. But why was there a ship buried beneath the city and how did it get there? To understand that, we have to travel back in time nearly 200 years..." All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or inquiries, please use the contact portion of our channel. Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf Platypuses are not the cute adorable billed mammals you thought they were. They’re actually weird and dangerous. Apart from having some of the most perplexing anatomies in the animal kingdom, male platypuses are actually venomous. They have a venomous spur on its hind foot that can dispense venom potent enough to kill a medium-sized dog. This venomous spike is used for self-defense in the case of attack, but perhaps even weirder is that while platypuses are mammals, females lay eggs. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use. Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf Take a look at Lahaina Noon, an event that takes place in Hawaii twice a year where shadows disappear. Twice every year, in the US state of Hawaii, shadows completely disappear.  Objects take on a "photoshopped" look as they sit completely illuminated with no shadows indicating the source of the light. This phenomenon is known as Lahaina Noon. Hawaii is the only state in the US where this bizarre event can be observed, but at some place on the earth, this event is always taking place. This place is correlated to a principle called the subsolar point. The subsolar point is the exact location on any given planet where the sun appears to be directly overhead and thus the sun's rays hit the surface at exactly 90 degrees. This causes shadows for the emitted light to fall directly below an object. This point moves westward as the earth rotates and travels between the Tropic of Cancer, 23.43693° north of the equator, and the Tropic of Capricorn, 23.43693 south of the equator, meaning that only locations within these bounds will experience the phenomenon. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. Please utilize the contact section of our channel for any concerns or questions. Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf When you look up at the sky and see fluffy white clouds floating above, you likely don’t realize just how much weight is suspended over your head. The average Cumulus cloud weighs the equivalent of 100 African elephants. The average Cumulus cloud weighs in at about 1.1 million pounds. This massive weight is due in large part to the water molecules contained inside, which give cumulus clouds an average density of .5 grams per cubic meter. So, how does all this weight stay afloat? It’s all because of the sheer amount of weight contained in a cloud is spread out over a massive amount of space. In the end, clouds are actually less dense than dry air, so they float peacefully over your heads. So, next time you look at a cloud in the sky, just imagine 100 elephants peacefully floating above you. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. For questions or concerns, please use the contact page on our channel. Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf Chances are you've used a glass bottle just today – you could even be sipping out of one right now. While the modern glass bottle may seem boring and rather simple, they actually represent centuries of innovation in manufacturing and production. Adding to that, there are some simple questions about glass bottles that you likely don't have an answer to... Like, why are they shaped like they are? Why do they have those little bumps on the bottom? Why are they different colors? In order to answer these questions, we have to understand how they're made. All images and video courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. Babylon - Disco Ultralounge by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100314 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf 10 percent of Europeans are immune to the human immunodeficiency virus or HIV and it’s all thanks to some rats back in the middle ages. The black death killed off 30 to 60% of Europe’s population in the 14th century which had massive implications for how the world was shaped thus after. This event was obviously devastating, but it had one positive side effect: today, 10% of Europeans are immune to HIV. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons. For usage questions, please use the contact portion located on my channel page. Fluidscape by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100393 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf It should be noted that this video isn't meant to be a comprehensive guide to fire hydrants. There are tons of variations of hydrants, especially when you start looking outside the US. In this video, we look mainly at US hydrants and fire systems. Enjoy! Other note: The colors of hydrants expressed in this video are in regards to the color of the body. The color of the cap can also be used to indicate flow rate per NFPA standards. Fire hydrants are all around us. These above ground pipe fittings can supply flows upwards of 1500 gallons per minute to save lives and put out fires across the world. We all know what fire hydrants do but how exactly do they work? Called fireplugs, fire pumps, johnny pumps, fire hydrants, these life-saving pipe fitting shave been around since 1801. Their designs vary by country of origin, but they usually have a connection point to hook up a fire hose and a nut or bolt to turn that will start the water flow. Essentially every fire hydrant is just an attachment to a main potable water line. If you see one on the side of the road, there's likely a potable water line running underneath that connects to the hydrant valve through a pipe called a "riser." It's important to note that hydrants don't alter the pressure or flow of the water in any way, they simply function as valves so firefighters can utilize the already present pressure in the water pipes. While all of this may sound simple, the internal mechanics of a fire hydrant are a little more complex and can vary by region. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf Let us know in the comments what you think of the "Friday Facts" series! We want to bring you more content every week, so Friday Fact will be shorter format with a little less editing. It will also allow us to make videos on topics that don't necessarily demand a full 3-5 minute video. Thanks for watching! The ninth brightest star in the night sky sits 642.5 light years away from earth. It has a luminosity about 10,000 that of our own Sun and is nearing death. It could explode at any time and turn into a supernova, which would cause the earth to have up to 2 months of continuous daytime. The stars name is Betelgeuse, and it is a supergiant star, one of the largest kinds of stars in the entire universe. It has a radius 370 times that of the sun. If it were positioned at the center of where our sun currently is, it’s radius would extend out past mars. All images and videos used courtesy of the creative commons or in accordance with fair use laws. Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Deep Space by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf Whether you're a fan of museums or just get dragged along on family vacations, there's one "museum" that you won't be able to visit. 238,900 miles away from your current location, there sits a museum like no other in the universe. It's never had any visitors and it was built covertly in the sixties. On the surface of the moon, attached to the leg of the Intrepid landing module left by the Apollo 12 mission, there sits a small ceramic wafer containing 6 artworks from world-renowned artists. The wafer measures three-quarters of an inch by half an inch in size. On this tiny ceramic tile sits the art of this museum, containing works from Robert Rauschenberg, David Novros, John Chamberlain, Claes Oldenburg, Forrest Myers and Andy Warhol. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. Deliberate Thought by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/?keywords=deliberate+thought Artist: http://incompetech.com/

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf Let us know what you think of this new series in the comments below! We will continue posting our usual slightly longer format videos on Monday and every Friday we'll touch on an interesting topic in 2 minutes or less branded as a "Friday Fact". During times of natural disaster, there are many means of determining how bad the damage actually is. In the US, one of those methods involves the state of local Waffle Houses. This is Friday Facts, a new series where every friday we bring you a quick fact to brighten up your day and close out your week with a little bit of knowledge. The Federal Emergency Management Aganecy, or FEMA, uses an index of Waffle House states to determine how much work needs to be done in an area of damage. The waffle house index has three levels: Green: full menu available, damage is limited and power is on Yellow: limited menu, power is off or from a generator and food supplies are low Red: The waffle house is closed. The Waffle House chain is notorious for always being open, so investigators take note when local restaurants are closed – that’s when the area needs heavy repair work. All images and videos used courtesy of the creative commons or in accordance with fair use laws. CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf The universe is a pretty mesmerizing place. From all of the natural wonders here on earth to the Tesla roadster flying through our galaxy, there's certainly not a lack of wonder surrounding us. All this amazement naturally leads us to one prominent question, "what color is it?" Okay, well, maybe that's just me, but a group of researchers has solidly confirmed what color the universe is. Are you ready for it? It's beige. But not just any beige, the color of the universe is named "Cosmic Latte". A team of astronomers from Johns Hopkins University gave the universe's color that name in 2002 after running a series of tests collecting massive amounts of light samples. Initially, in 2001, the researchers thought that the universe was a slightly less attractive greenish white, but in 2002, they issued a correction claiming that the light from 200,000 studied galaxies averaged together comes out to a beige-ish white. And, if you were wondering what the hex triplet value for this "beige-ish white" is, it's #FFF8E7. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws.

Thanks for watching! This video takes a look at pumpjacks, colloquially referred to as Oil Derricks and oil horses. “Oil derricks” themselves are the hoisting structure used for drilling. After the oil well is tapped, then these pump jacks are used to extract the oil. For anyone who has ever driven through the southern United States or other oil-rich areas, you likely are familiar with the sight of oil derricks. These metal moving hammer-like structures work to extract oil from underground – often in the middle of nowhere. All this probably leaves you wondering, how do they actually work and what happens to the oil once it's taken from below ground? Called pumpjacks, oil horses, oil derricks, these large metal structures are crucial to supplying the US and ultimately the world with its oil needs. They function as traditional sucker rod pumps, known more technically as reciprocating piston pumps, and are made up of 5 parts: the prime mover, the crank, the samson posts, the walking beam, and the sucker rod. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf When it comes to the largest building in the world, the question comes down just what we are measuring by. If we want to find the largest building by internal volume, then travel no further than Everett, Washington. Here sits the Boeing Everett Factory building used to assemble some of Boeing's biggest planes like the 747, 767, 777, and 787. It has an internal area of 472,370,319 cubic ft and covers just shy of 100 acres (98.7). That's the equivalent volume of nearly 13 Empire State Buildings. 30,000 people work in the building every day and 150,000 people visit each year. Across the entire world, there is no building with a larger internal volume. But if we measure by ground footprint, then we have to travel all the way to Aalsmeer, Holland. The Aalsmeer Flower Auction building has an immense 5.6 million square feet of floor space. Here, millions upon millions of the world's finest flowers are auctioned off to destinations and bidders across the world. 20 million flowers are sold daily inside this building that occupies 128 acres of ground. If you were to take that area and stretch it out into a band one square foot wide, you'd be left with a strip of area 1,056 miles long – enough to stretch from New York City to Miami Florida. There's no other building in the entire world with a bigger ground footprint than the AFA building in the Netherlands. But, if you're in search for the most amount of usable square footage, then look no further than the New Century Global Center in Chengdu, China. Built in 2013, the multipurpose building has a floor area of 18.9 million square feet. This building is perhaps the most architecturally beautiful one on the list of world's largest buildings, standing at 330 feet tall. Inside there are waterparks, business suites and more shopping than you could ever need. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf Re-upload from 6 months ago due to content issues. Enjoy! Telling someone 100 years ago that we all have powerful calculators in devices in our pockets today would've absolutely blown their mind. Back then, calculators were large mechanical devices that sat on desktops and were used by the technical elite. The common person would have nearly no way to access a calculator of any means, nonetheless a portable one. However, in the mid-1930s, a man named Curt Herzstark had an idea that changed the world of calculators forever. He worked as a mechanical calculator salesman in the former Austrian Empire and consistently heard customers complain about how bulky these mechanical monoliths were. They were expensive and just too large to be practical in many applications. Many even desired something completely new: a calculator that could fit in a pocket. For 10 years, Curt worked on a mechanical calculator concept that would drastically reduce their size and allow him to create a device that perfectly met the needs of the market. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use. For any comments or inquiries about use, please see the contact section on our channel page. Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf Near the Laos-Vietnam border, just beneath the ground, there sits a subterranean paradise larger than anything else like it in the world. The Son Doong Cave is the largest known cave by cross-section in the entire world – it's a place like you've never seen before. The cave contains its own flowing river, its own jungle, its own ecosystem, and is home to a treasure trove of mysteries. It's also believed to be between 2 and 5 million years old. In 1991, a local man name Ho Khanh found the cave on a hike, but due to the steep entrances to this subterranean paradise, locals and visitors didn't brave making the journey. In 2009, a group of cavers from the British Cave Research Association finally conducted a survey of the cave and discover its vast subterranean reaches. It was on this journey that the world became aware of how monstrously large this cave actually was. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf There's a 600-mile long strip of barren land trapped by the Pacific Ocean on one side and the Andes on the other in the northern reaches of Chile. Some areas are hostile to human life and in others, there has yet to be any recorded rainfall. This barren wasteland is one of the most inhospitable environments in the world– and it's made completely out of batteries. Okay, well made out of batteries might be a little bit of an overstatement, but it accounts for the largest lithium reserves in the entire world and is equally home to one of the largest lithium mines. Salar de Atacama is a massive salt flat in the country of Chile that has no natural outlet and is located 1.4 miles above sea level. Along with cloudless skies, staying uncovered in the area too long could cause skin damage due to solar radiation. Rainfall each year is rarely over a few millimeters each year. It's a punishing wasteland. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws.

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf This video is a remastering of one of our older videos on the same topic. We revamped the voiceover, audio quality, added some more animations/edits, and corrected a few factual errors to help the story flow better. You can view the original lower quality video here: https://youtu.be/6FT-QJ1RYuc During WWII, development of nuclear weapons was paramount for many of the world's top physicists. Each one of these nuclear weapons required a core of plutonium that measured around 3.5 inches in diameter. 2 cores were used in the nuclear bombing of Japan to stop WWII, but there was a third core ready to be used when needed. When the war ended, the core became the main testing subject for physicists as they continued to improve the United States' nuclear arsenal. This third core was a 14 pound subcritical mass of plutonium that measured 3.5 inches in diameter. It was also responsible for the direct deaths 2 physicists and many more who died years later from cancer, for which earned the mass its nickname, the "demon core." The demon core was designed with a small safety margin, only about 5 percent. This was to ensure that it went off in the event of its use. The 14lb radioactive sphere consisted of two plutonium-gallium hemispheres and a center ring designed to keep neutron flux from jetting out of the core during the implosion. This design maximized the destructive power of bomb core... All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use laws. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Deep Space by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/ Facebook: http://bit.ly/2wOVVb5

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf Thanks to everyone who has supported our channel so far. If you're new, please consider subscribing. We upload new videos every Monday over topics stretching from how the muppets work all the way to quantum physics theories – always concerning reality. If you're already subscribed, please consider sharing this video, or any video, with your friends to help spread the word! Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ConcerningReality/ Genre: Science/Technology/Education Upload Schedule: New Videos every Monday

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf FREE POSTER! We made all of these rockets and their stats into a poster that you can print out for your wall. You can download it for free here: http://bit.ly/2EGCZ1t With the recent successful launch of SpaceX's Falcon Heavy, it is now the most powerful rocket currently in existence. The Falcon Heavy also cut the cost of putting a kilogram of material in low earth orbit from $2,684 per kilogram to an astonishing $1406 per kilogram. Even with all the history that the Falcon Heavy has made, it isn't the most powerful rocket in history and there are a few rocket systems eyeing its current top spot. Let's take a look at some of the biggest rockets of past and the near future and see how they stack up. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use. Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf In the 1970s and 1980s, if you were to tune in to shortwave radio frequencies across the world, you would hear a ''rat tat tat tat" noise permeating from seemingly nowhere. This ticking sound sank infused into communications networks around the world and even disrupted television signals. It was soon found that the signal was coming from a massive device built by the Russians, nicknamed the "Woodpecker," a reference to its repetitive tapping noise. The woodpecker was a network of antennas with 2 arrays hidden deep in the woods near Chernobyl, Ukraine and a third one on the Russian Pacific coast. This mysterious and obtrusive antenna network together formed an early warning radar system called Duga that the Soviets implemented to detect incoming ballistic missiles. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws.

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf Every New Years in the US, we watch giant glowing balls drop from towers to mark the change of year. When you actually stop and think about it, this is a rather odd ritual – but it's rooted in past timekeeping methods. In the mid-1800s, no one wore wristwatches, nor did they carry around smartphones to keep updated on the time of day. Nearly every person from these days and before kept time by the ringing of church bells. These loud dings would give everyone in the city a fairly accurate way of tracking the time of day, but they weren't perfect. Church bell's dings could only be heard a certain distance away, after all, sound doesn't propagate forever. For most people in cities, this didn't cause an issue, but for sailors, this was a problem. Sailors needed to maintain nearly exact time to be able to accurately calculate their position at sea, and the church bells just couldn't handle it. So, in 1829, a Royal Navy captain named Robert Wauchope proposed an innovative idea: to create a visual clock that could be seen through telescope miles away. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf According to one theory in quantum mechanics, you are immortal. All Images and Videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use. Comfortable Mystery 4 - Film Noire by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/...) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-... Artist: http://incompetech.com/

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf At the height of the Second World War in 1942, the allies were running out of resources and in search of the next great tool that could be used to beat the Nazis. Steel was in short supply and the world's navies were dwindling due to constant naval pressure from German U-boats. So, one British scientist, named Geoffrey Pyke, had an idea – to create an aircraft carrier made out of ice. After all, ice is hard, it naturally floats, and damage could be easily repaired by freezing new portions of ice to the surface. This idea became known as Project Habakkuk. The name being a reference to a verse in the biblical book of Habakkuk. While the project sounds absolutely absurd, Pyke managed to sell the idea to Lord Mountbatten who convinced Winston Churchill that WWII might be able to be won with a fleet of giant ice-craft carriers. The idea was to cut off a large piece of an arctic iceberg and tow the chunk into a dock for the surface to be leveled. Once the surface was made suitable for aircraft, an internal structure would be built and methods of propulsion would be attached. All images and videos courtesy of the Creative Commons or used in accordance with Fair Use laws. CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf In the late 1800s, telephones were reaching a point of mass adoption, but one problem persisted: Engineers couldn't bury the phone lines. At this time, understanding how one might bury phone lines and cables eluded city planners and engineers, so they were left with only one option, to string the wires from house to house. When you couple this issue with the fact that all phone lines at the time had a physical connection with a central switching station where an operator sat, you are left with an insanely complex network of wires. Stockholm, Sweden quickly adopted phones and eventually became the largest phone network in the world. Bell telephone was the first company in the area, but their rates were excessively large due to the nature of the new technology. They charged anywhere from $1000 to $2000 USD in today's money for a subscription to their service. But Bell, with their high rates, soon saw a competitor in this market, the Stockholm General Telephone Company (SAT). Founded in 1883 by Henrik Tore Cedergren, it's mission was to put a telephone in every single household. The company charged low fees and subscriptions started increasing by the hundreds. By 1886, between Bell and SAT, Stockholm had 4,832 subscribers, making it the city with the most telephones in the entire world. By 1887, SAT became the world's largest telephone company and bought out Bell's business in the area in 1888. All images and videos courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use laws. Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf There's an island in the middle of the ocean that is part of an ancient sunken content and is home to an animal found nowhere else in the world. Ball's Pyramid is a giant natural stone pyramid that rises 1,844 feet from sea level. Sitting 12 miles off the southeast of Lord Howe Island in the Pacific, it was formed an estimated 6.4 million years ago as a result of a shield volcano eruption. The monolithic natural pyramid was named after Henry Lidgbird Ball, a Royal Navy Lieutenant who discovered the island pyramid in 1788. While the pyramid was made from a shield volcano now under the Pacific, it is actually part of the lost sunken continent of Zealandia. This continent is a rather large mass of continental crust that is believed to have separated from Australia roughly 60 million years ago and eventually sunk below sea level. After it's discovery, Ball was unable to go ashore, and no man made the journey until Henry Wilkinson, a geologist at the New South Wales Department of Mines in 1882. Even after this first journey on the island, it would take almost another 100 years before man would summit the peak of the pyramid. All images and videos provided through the Creative Commons or used in accordance with fair use. Comfortable Mystery 4 - Film Noire by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100535 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf Everyone in the world is made up of nothingness. While that may sound grim, it's the truth. In fact, everyone currently on earth, all 7.6 billion of us, we could all fit into the room you're in right now. The entire human race, every single person, could all be compressed into a solid cube with the equivalent size of a sugar cube – all because we are made up of nothingness. What we perceive as solid objects like desks, chairs, cars, even ourselves, is actually just a big conglomeration of tiny particles separated by what is practically infinite nothingness. This absurd truth has everything to do with atoms. Anything that has a mass and occupies a given amount of volume is rudimentarily defined as matter. Everything around us is made up of matter, even further, everything around us is matter made up of atoms. Atoms make up everything, but they also exist very, very far apart – and atoms themselves are more void than they are matter. All images and video used courtesy of the creative commons or in accordance with fair use. Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

In the small town of Heringen, Eastern Germany, there sits a slightly stupendous slump of salt sifted from sands of several sustained spans of soil scooping. Alright, enough of that.  Monte Kali is one of the most peculiar mountains in the entire world. It is essentially just a pile of mining waste, but it's chemical makeup and sheer volume make it one of a kind. For over 100 years, since 1903, mining companies have been mining potash in the region. Today, the mine in Heringen is the largest potash mine in the world. Potash mining produces a significant amount of sodium chloride as a byproduct, known as table salt. For every ton of potash recovered in the mine, there are several tons of sodium chloride produced. This creates a major waste problem. Since 1976, the K+S Chemical Company has been dealing with the seemingly harmless salt wast from their mines in the area by dumping it at a location now known as Monte Kali. 42 years of dumping table salt in the same spot has resulted in the mound of salt now covering 240 acres coming in at a weight of 221 million tons. That's the equivalent of 442 Burj Khalifas. All videos and images courtesy of the creative commons or used in accordance with fair use. Deliberate Thought by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/?keywords=deliberate+thought Artist: http://incompetech.com/

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf Think about your house or apartment. Is it 1,000 square feet? 2,000 square feet? 5,000 square feet? Maybe even 10,000 square feet?  Chances are it's still about 200 times smaller than the largest house in the world, if you can call it that. To find the largest house in the world, we have to travel all the way to South Mumbai, India. Named Antilia, this private home built in 2010 is the largest in the world coming in at 400,000 square feet. It also happens to be a 27-story skyscraper. Believe it or not, the entire 27 floors are entirely used as residential space by Mukesh Ambani, the richest man in india and his 4 family members. A staff of 600 is required to maintain the residence 24 hours a day. All images and media courtesy of the CC or used under the guidelines of Fair Use. CGI Snake by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf On November 9th, 1970, NASA did something they had never done before. Packed away in a tiny little satellite sat two bullfrogs, unaware of the one-way journey they were about to take. A team of researchers at NASA launched these two frogs along with a variety of technical sensors into space to study the effects of gravity. For 6 days, the frogs orbited the Earth being monitored by scientists back on the ground. This absurd sounding experiment was first contrived in 1965 by Dr. Torquato Gualtierotti, a scientist assigned to the Ames Research Center. He and others on his team wanted to understand how frog's inner ear balance mechanism, called an Otolith, would function in microgravity. It was believed that understanding this would allow us greater comprehension of how the human body is effected in similar situations. All images and footage courtesy of the Creative Commons or used in accordance with Fair Use Laws. Music: Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf The Gotthard Base Tunnel stretches 35.5 miles (57.5 km) under the Alps in Switzerland. Completed in 2016 after a nearly 20 years of construction, the tunnel overtook the Seikan Tunnel in Japan as the longest in the world. Aside from being the longest underground tunnel in the world, it is also the deepest ever constructed. Part of the tunnel bores under Piz Vatgira, a nearly 10,000-foot tall mountain in the Swiss Alps. Underneath the peak of this mountain, the tunnel sits 1.42 miles (2.3 km) underneath the surface. That equates to 1.5 times the deepest point in the Grand Canyon, all sitting over the heads of the passengers on the high-speed trains that travel through the tunnel. Images and videos courtesy of creative commons or used in accordance with fair use. Comfortable Mystery 4 - Film Noire by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100535 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Sources: The Guardian, BBC, Newly Swissed Blog/Script: http://shortsleeveandtieclub.com/a-look-at-the-longest-deepest-traffic-tunnel-in-the-world

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf Antarctica sits at the joining point of every line of longitude on the globe. Since time zones are usually bordered by these lines, you may think that Antarctica keeps roughly 20 to 30 different time zones... but nothing could be further from the truth. Since the southernmost continent on the globe is only inhabited by researchers and millions of cute little penguins, the traditional method of establishing time zones could cause some trouble. For example, if every time zone came down and met at the south pole, it would result in over 20 conical sections of the continent that each kept different times. The south pole would then be a theoretical point where moving any distance away from it would allow you to be in any time zone respectively. But all of this lands us at a rather interesting juncture – what is the fastest you can travel through time in Antarctica? Narrowing the question down even further, what is the shortest distance we can travel in Antarctica while also traveling through the greatest length of time? Finding this would allow us to maximize our time traveling while leveraging the least amount of work. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. There's Probably No Time by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/uvp/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

For years, scientists believed that whales slept with half of their brains still functioning allowing them to stay alert in the case of predators. However, this all changed when a group of researchers stumbled upon an unusual and eerie group of sleeping sperm whales in the Carribean in 2008. The whales were sleeping, but nothing like had ever before been observed in captivity. The whales were sleeping "standing up" in an odd vertical position clustered in groups of 5 or so. But this wasn't the weirdest thing about the cluster of creatures, however, the most unusual aspect was how unaware they were of the researchers' presence. They continued to float motionless, seemingly in a state of paralysis. What they found from this discovery forever changed how we understand whale biology. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Lightless Dawn by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100655 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf Kermit the Frog said that "with good friends, you can never lose," but without good engineering, you certainly can. While we might like to think that the muppets are magical felt characters with their own personalities and muscles, most of them have a hand in their butt. And if there isn't hand where the sun don't shine, then there's a man working the muppet from the inside out. While puppeteering some of the most famous characters in the world may not sound too difficult, there's actually an impressive amount of creative engineering and ingenious skill behind bringing them to life. Let's take a look at just what it takes to make a muppet work. Select Video and Images Courtesy: Jim Henson/Sesame Street Read the Script Blog here: http://shortsleeveandtieclub.com/the-engineering-behind-the-muppets All other images/media courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Brittle Rille - Reunited by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200047 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf Thanks for watching! We have new videos coming every week, be sure to subscribe and hit that bell! Optical illusions are some of the most fascinating visual experiences to us as humans. Whether natural or manmade, they take our biological assumptions that we use to survive every day and turn them upside down. Not every illusion works the same way, but nearly every one reverse engineers our biological presets. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf The Boy Scouts usually teach you how to tie knots or maybe start a fire, but one scout decided to take his survival training just a little further. Nicknamed the Radioactive Boy Scout, David Hahn at the age of 17 attempted to create a homemade nuclear breeder reactor in his mom's backyard shed in Michigan. He was fascinated with chemistry from a young age and spent most of his early years conducting amateur chemistry experiments which would often lead to small explosions panicking neighbors. Throughout his childhood, he collected raw elements of the periodic table taking an often peculiar interest in those of radioactive nature. He amassed radioactive material like americium from smoke detectors, radium from clocks, tritium from gunsights, and thorium from camping lanterns. Using a block of lead as the casing, he bored out a large hole to hold the radioactive material and used lithium from batteries he purchased to purify thorium using a bunsen burner. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Dark Fog by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Watch the updated video: https://youtu.be/PqeQzFbRKv4 "The original machine had a base plate of prefabulated aluminite, surmounted by a malleable logarithmic casing in such a way that the two main spurving bearings were in a direct line with the pentametric fan. The latter consisted simply of six hydrocoptic marzlevanes, so fitted to the ambifacient lunar waneshaft that side fumbling was effectively prevented. The main winding was of the normal lotus-o-delta type placed in panendermic semi-bovoid slots in the stator, every seventh conductor being connected by a nonreversible tremie pipe to the differential girdlespring on the "up" end of the grammeters." That is one of the many descriptions of the famous turboencabulator, a machine devised by Chrysler, General Electric, and Rockwell Automation, among others in the 1940s through 1960s. Many saw it as a technical marvel that could change babies diapers and revolutionize motor design. First publicized by the British Institution of Electrical Engineers Students’ Quarterly Journal in 1944, this machine struck a chord with many readers. If you're still scratching your head trying to figure it out, the turboencabulator was an inside joke between engineers in the 1940s that used technobabble to confuse those not in on the foolery – and it was a completely made up machine. The gag slowly gained traction in the mid-1940s and in 1946, a US publishers started picking up on the fanfare of the amazing machine. Time magazine published an article in May of 1946 titled, "An adjunct to the turbo-encabulator, employed whenever a barescent skor motion is required," which only widened the scope of this massive technical joke. Readers of Time magazine sent in letters to the editor asking many questions about the potential uses and expressing excitement about the machine. Some readers said "it sounds like a new motor," and that it sounds like a "wonderful machine for changing baby's diapers." Time also received many complaints about using too much technical jargon in the article for the layman to understand. But really, everyone knows what an ambifacient lunar waneshaft is, so those comments fell on deaf ears. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly.

It's a topic we'd rather not think about, where does last nights dinner go when we flush it down the drain? While you may already be grossed out just thinking about it, this question leads way to a significant subset of civil engineering and a massive amount of public funding. This video has been updated! Watch the updated version here: https://youtu.be/sDtUpkMqu6E Just like all dogs go to heaven, all drains in a city lead to a wastewater treatment plant where that wastewater gets turned back into water that we can drink. Now, you may be thinking that you'd rather just let bygones be bygones and not think about this nasty part of real life, but here's the thing. Chances you've drunk water that was waste at some point... So, you might want to take some time to understand the engineering process that makes dirty water, clean. CREDITS: A big thank you to the Kilgore Wastewater Treatment Plant for letting me come out and film. Another big thank you to Dr. Low and LeTourneau University's Civil Engineering Department for helping coordinate the capture of this video. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly.

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf The Year 2038 will cause nearly every modern computer to stop working if we don't prepare for it. This isn't because of some massive virus or degrading hardware, it has everything to do with how we keep time. Nearly every computer in the history of computers keeps time using a 32-bit integer counting forward from 00:00:00 UTC on the 1st of January 1970, referred to as the epoch. This instant of time was set as the standard for modern computing systems, but there's a major problem. Seven seconds after 3:14 am UTC on the 19h of January 2038, the 32-bit integer storing this time data will run out of positions. The problem is similar to the Y2K issue where a 2-digit value could no longer be used to encode the years 2000 or later, but different in that this 32-bit bug is related to Unix-like systems and the Unix time format. These similarities to the Y2K bug have widely lead to the 2038 problem being known as the Unix Millennium Bug. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly.

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf That noise was heard by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in 1997 and it bewildered researchers for years. The sound was heard in a very remote portion of the Pacific ocean near the southern tip of South America and was detected by several hydrophone arrays. Hydrophones are essentially underwater microphones and the NOAA had several series of them set up autonomously to capture mysterious sounds just like this. The first autonomous array was used in the cold war to detect Soviet submarines. Usually, researchers would use the sounds recorded to learn about seismic activity and marine animals, but the mysterious bloop was something different. The NOAA described the noise as rising rapidly in frequency over about one minute and was of sufficient amplitude to be heard at a range of over 5,000 kilometers or 3,000 miles from its origin. If it originated from the central united states, you would be able to hear it at the northern tip of Canada or all the way down in Columbia. This was a massive noise. NOAA's chief researcher, Dr. Christopher Fox, didn't believe that the origin of the Bloop was man-made, nor that it was a result of a volcano or an earthquake. Fox believed that the audio profile of the bloop resembles a large living creature. A creature that made a deafening bloop sound. Even with this assumption and the gathered data, Fox stated that the source would remain a mystery primarily because the amplitude of the noise far exceeded the capabilities of any known animal on Earth. Researchers began speculating that the noise may have been a result of ice calving in Antartica, but many still held onto the idea that it was made by some creature, including the NOAA's lead researcher, Dr. Fox. This lingering hypothesis led to years of speculation by the public and even led to the animal theory coming to a scientific consensus in 2002. Still, researchers continued to question the noise. As scientists continued analyzing the spectrogram of the Bloop, they started to match up key points with similar spectrograms of icequakes recorded elsewhere in the world. The idea that the bloop came from animal origin slowly crumbled as researchers matched up much of its spectrographic variability with observances in other ice calving events. Oceanographer Dr. Yunbo Xie noted that the waveforms of the sound's origin could have easily been influenced by "angular frequency dependent radiation patterns associated with antisymmetric mode motion of ice cover." In plain English, the bloop sound could be a result of the original noise being distorted as it propagated through ice cover. By 2012, the idea of an animal that would've created such a sound faded and the scientific community decided that the Bloop was made by ice calving near Antartica. This ultimate conclusion wasn't accepted by many around the world and continues to be the center of many pop culture conspiracy theories such as the existence of mermaids or top secret nuclear explosions. What do you think made the bloop? All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Facebook: http://bit.ly/2wOVVb5

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf New videos every week! We've significantly improved our production quality since this video, so if you'd like to see more, feel free to browse our channel and consider subscribing. Thanks for watching! In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the United States grew increasingly scared that their means of radio communication would be taken out by a solar flare or perhaps by the Soviet Union. Fearing this day that never came, scientists set out on a mission to strengthen the earth's ionosphere, the region of the earth's atmosphere that heavily influences radio wave propagation across the planet. The solution devised by the US was absolutely absurd, more absurd however is that they actually set the plan in place. In the summer of 1963, the United States placed a gigantic ring of thin copper wire around the earth. As part of Project West Ford, these wires – referred to as needles – were an attempt to add a conductive layer around the earth that would allow for seamless radio wave transmission regardless of conditions in the ionosphere. In the 1950s, most communication was transferred through undersea cables or electromagnetic waves were bounced off of the earth's natural ionosphere layer. The ionosphere could be interrupted by solar flares or other possible human interventions, which made it not as reliable as the US government wanted. A pioneering electrical engineer named Walter E. Morrow at MIT's Lincoln Laboratory devised an ingenious plan, to place a belt of copper wire around the earth. These wires would serve as permanent radio reflectors which would circumvent the common problems with the ionosphere and protect communications from solar flares. 480 million thin copper needles were manufactured and prepared for launch. Each "needle" was 1.8 centimeters long and was less than the width of a human hair. The length of 1.8 centimeters corresponded to half the wavelength of 8 GHz microwaves, which would turn every needled into a dipole antenna. It was expected that the needles would orbit in a layer 3,500 kilometers above the earth. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Facebook: http://bit.ly/2wOVVb5

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf Correction: Little Boy was not a plutonium core. Sorry about the quality of this video! We've remastered it into a new video over the same topic you can find here: https://youtu.be/JgUZC6GjCMk During WWII, development of nuclear weapons was paramount for many of the world's top physicists. Each one of these nuclear weapons required a core of plutonium that measured around 3.5 inches in diameter. 2 cores were used in the nuclear bombing of Japan to stop WWII, but there was a third core ready to be used when needed. When the war ended, the core became the main testing subject for physicists as they continued to improve the United States' nuclear arsenal. This third core was a 14 pound subcritical mass of plutonium that measured 3.5 inches in diameter. It was also responsible for the direct deaths 2 physicists and many more who died years later from cancer, for which earned the mass its nickname, the "demon core." The demon core was designed with a small safety margin, only about 5 percent. This was to ensure that it went off in the event of its use. The 14lb radioactive sphere consisted of two plutonium-gallium hemispheres and a center ring designed to keep neutron flux from jetting out of the core during the implosion. This design maximized the destructive power of bomb core... All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Facebook: http://bit.ly/2wOVVb5

SUPPORT CR on PATREON: http://bit.ly/2qBHcvf Friction may not seem that important, but with without it, our world would nearly come to a halt. We wouldn't be able to write – the lack of friction would keep any ink or graphite from coming off on the page. We wouldn't be able to use matches to start fires and we would barely be able to pick them up. Things get much much worse from here... We wouldn't be able to walk, but we would also be able to move for very long periods of time over long distances due to the lack of friction slowing us down. We owe our ability to walk almost entirely to the friction between the soles of our shoes and the ground, without it, we might just look like a video game character experiencing some lag. If we were able to find something to push off of, we could move almost indefinitely until we ran into something. That means you could stand on a highway, push off from your car and just keep moving as long as you'd like. ...but good luck stopping. Stopping yourself from moving would likely involve smashing into something – really hard. Not only would there be a lack of friction between surfaces, there would also be a lack of air resistance due to the loss of molecular friction. If you pushed off of something, with a small acceleration, you would continue accelerating until you... hit something. Stopping yourself would be easy compared to stopping other objects like cars. Engines in cars would work, but brakes wouldn't work. So if we wanted to drive anywhere, we would have to plan on getting in an accident every time we wanted to park. None of that matters, however, because you couldn't even drive. Say goodbye to any sort of traction between your tires and the ground. Your car's engine could theoretically still work and it would likely still turn your car's wheels, but that's about the extent of it. So, when friction stops working, you'll be stuck wherever you are unable to pick up anything or start your car, but you could move endlessly with a small push which means traveling across the world with almost no energy. That doesn't sound TOO bad. It gets much much worse... Let's take a look at just how bad it gets. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Facebook: http://bit.ly/2wOVVb5

As the nanotechnologies industry continue to advance, researchers are gaining the abilities to produce materials that are 90-98% air, commonly referred to as Aerogels and Airloys. These materials are the world's best thermal insulators, conductors, and have some of the highest strength to weight ratios of any material ever. Let's look into what makes these materials so great and what they might be capable of in the future. All images courtesy of Creative Commons or protected under Fair Use. For questions or concerns about the use of any media, please contact the page directly. Facebook: http://bit.ly/2wOVVb5

On August 17th at 8:41 AM ET, scientists detected gravitational waves from the collision of two neutron stars 130 million lightyears away from earth. Not only was this event seen by high-tech equipment, it was also detectable by regular light telescopes. This means that scientists were just granted unprecedented insight into this massive cosmic collision. What does this mean and how does it effect how we observe the universe? Let's find out... Facebook: http://bit.ly/2wOVVb5