Interested in working on the forefront of technological innovation at ASML? Discover here: https://www.asml.com/en/careers/working-at-asml/life-at-asml Still hungry to learn more about ASML's EUV lithography systems? Explore here: https://www.asml.com/en/products/euv-lithography-systems Want to stay up to date on ASML? Subscribe to ASML's YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/@ASMLcompany Inside microchips are nanometer-sized transistors and wires, but how are these nanoscopic structures built? Well, in this video, we’ll explore the EUV Photolithography System built by ASML. This 150-million-dollar machine is essentially a microchip photocopier; it takes the design of a microchip and copies it across hundreds of microchips on a silicon wafer. This EUV Photolithography System is one of the most complex machines ever made, and it encompasses an entire world of science and engineering within it. Specifically in this video, we'll dive deep into the EUV Lithography tool and explore how 13nm EUV light is produced, how the EUV light is focused onto a photomask, how the photomask, or mask, moves around, what the patterns on the mask look like, the projection optics, and how the wafer moves around and the wafer stage. So join us on this adventure into the world of EUV Photolithography! Enjoy! Table of Contents: 00:00 - Exploring CPUs, GPUs, DRAM, SSDs, and SOCs 01:07 - Introduction to the Photolithography Systems 04:11 - Printing Nanoscopic Lines 06:09 - The Basics of CPU Manufacturing 10:50 - Different Types of Lithography Tools EUV vs DUV 12:51 - Why we use Extreme Ultra Violet Light 15:31 - Producing the EUV Light using Tin Droplets 18:21 - The Illumination Optics 19:09 - The Incredible Engineering inside EUV Lithography 19:49 - Bragg Reflections 20:54 - Illumination Settings 22:30 - ASML Sponsorship 22:58 - Exploring the Photomask or Reticle 25:05 - Chip Patterns on a 300mm Wafer 27:27 - Branch Education Hours of Work 28:19 - Projection Optics Rayleigh's Criterion Equation 30:53 - Lithography Cluster 32:27 - Wafer Alignment 35:07 - Photoresist 36:01 - Wafer Transport 37:52 - Outro We're working on more ambitious subjects like How Computers Work. Any contribution would greatly help make these videos. https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Branch Education Website: https://www.branch.education Branch Education Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ Key Branches from this video are: How are CPUs Made? https://youtu.be/dX9CGRZwD-w Lead Animator: Mike Radjabov Animation Team: Sherdil Davronov, Adrei Dulay, Muazzam Azizova, Abdulaziz Zokirov Research, Script and Editing: Teddy Tablante Twitter: @teddytablante Modeling: Prakash Kakadiya Image Editing: Randy Catequista Voice Over: Phil Lee Sound Design by Drilu: www.drilu.world Sound Design and mix: David Pinete Additional Sound Design: Raúl Núñez Supervising Sound Editor: Luis Huesca Erratum: Wikipedia contributors. "Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography", "Photolithography". Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited May 19th 2025 A lot of information was gotten from the Semislides YouTube Channel. Additional input was provided by ASML To understand how diffraction works, check out: https://falstad.com/mathphysics.html #EUV #Chips #ASML

Go to http://brilliant.org/BranchEducation/ for a 30-day free trial and expand your knowledge. Use this link to get a 20% discount on their annual premium membership. Inside your smartphone, there are billions of transistors, but have you ever wondered how they actually work and how they can be combined to perform tasks like multiplying two numbers together? One rather interesting thing is that transistors are a lot like Lego Bricks assembled together to build a massive Lego set, which we’ll explore further. In this video, we dive into the nanoscopic world of transistors. First, we'll see how an individual transistor works, then we’ll see how they are connected together and organized into logic gates such as an inverter or an AND gate. Finally, we’ll see how logic gates are connected together into large Macrocells capable of performing arithmetic. Table of Contents: 00:00 - Inside your Desktop Computer 00:26 - Transistors are like Lego Pieces 01:09 - Lego Bricks vs Transistors and Standard Cells 02:12 - Examining the Inverter Standard Cell 03:24 - How do Basic Transistors work? 09:09 - Schematic for an Inverter Standard Cell 10:45 - Exploring the Macrocell 13:20 - Conceptualizing how a CPU Works 15:11 - Brilliant Sponsorship 16:55 - The NAND Standard Cell 20:35 - A Surprisingly Hard Script to Write 21:42 - The AND Standard Cell 23:16 - The Exclusive OR Standard Cell 23:54 - CMOS Circuit 24:27 - Understanding Picoseconds 25:51 - Special Thank You and Outro We're working on more ambitious subjects like How Computers Work. Any contribution would greatly help make these videos. https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Branch Education Website: https://www.branch.education Branch Education Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ A special thank you goes to Matt Venn for helping to provide the accurate standard cell layouts. He runs the Zero to ASIC Course YouTube channel as well as TinyTapeout where you can build your own integrated circuit. Another special thank you goes to Maximo Balestrini who built the GDS to Blender Rendering. Lead Animator: Parvesh Khatri Animation Director: Mike Radjabov Research, Script and Editing: Teddy Tablante Twitter: @teddytablante Modeling: Prakash Kakadiya Image Editing: Randy Catequista Animation Contribution: Andrew Alalibo, Aaron Pozzer Voice Over: Phil Lee Sound Design by Drilu: www.drilu.studio Sound Design and Mix: Luis Huesca Erratum: Wikipedia contributors. "Application-specific integrated circuit", "Integrated Circuit", "Logic Gate", "Standard Cell". Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited June 20th 2025 #Transistor #Logic #CPU

Interested in working with Micron to make cutting-edge memory chips? Work at Micron: https://bit.ly/micron-careers Learn more about Micron's Graphic Memory! Explore Here: https://bit.ly/micron-graphic-memory Curious about AI memory and HBM3E? Take a look: https://bit.ly/micron-hbm3e Graphics Cards can run some of the most incredible video games, but how many calculations do they perform every single second? Well, some of the most advanced graphics perform 36 Trillion calculations or more every single second. But how can a single device manage these tens of trillions of calculations? In this video, we explore the architecture inside the 3090 graphics card and the GA102 GPU chip architecture. Note: We chose to feature the 30 series of GPUs because, to create accurate 3D models, we had to tear down a 3090 GPU rather destructively. We typically select a slightly older model because we're able to find broken components on eBay. If you're wondering, the 4090 can perform 82.58 trillion calculations a second, and then we're sure the 5090 will be even more. Table of Contents: 00:00 - How many calculations do Graphics Cards Perform? 02:15 - The Difference between GPUs and CPUs? 04:56 - GPU GA102 Architecture 06:59 - GPU GA102 Manufacturing 08:48 - CUDA Core Design 11:09 - Graphics Cards Components 12:04 - Graphics Memory GDDR6X GDDR7 15:11 - All about Micron 16:51 - Single Instruction Multiple Data Architecture 17:49 - Why GPUs run Video Game Graphics, Object Transformations 20:53 - Thread Architecture 23:31 - Help Branch Education Out! 24:29 - Bitcoin Mining 26:50 - Tensor Cores 27:58 - Outro We're working on more ambitious subjects like computer architecture and graphics cards. Any contribution would greatly help make these videos. https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Branch Education Website: https://www.branch.education Branch Education Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ Key Branches from this video are: How do Video Game Graphics Work? https://youtu.be/C8YtdC8mxTU Animation: Mike Radjabov, Sherdil Davronov, Adrei Dulay, Parvesh Khatri Research, Script and Editing: Teddy Tablante Twitter: @teddytablante Modeling: Mike Radjabov, Prakash Kakadiya Voice Over: Phil Lee Sound Design by Drilu: www.drilu.world Sound Design and mix: David Pinete Additional Sound Design: Raúl Núñez Supervising Sound Editor: Luis Huesca Erratum: 04:50 Ubuntu is a type of Linux 08:45 3080 has 10GB, not 12GB. Image Attribution: Williams, George. Jacquard Loom 6/6 https://www.flickr.com/photos/ghwpix/18056523/in/album-72157631870990316/ Eiermann, Georg. A close up of a weaving machine in a room. Jacquard Loom. https://unsplash.com/photos/a-close-up-of-a-weaving-machine-in-a-room--jvBPiva0vc Wikipedia contributors. "Embarrassingly Parallel", "Graphics Processing Unit", "Parallel Computing" , " SIMD", " Single Instruction, Multiple Threads" , "Thread block (CUDA Programming)". Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited October 18th 2024 Textbooks and Papers A TON of information was found in Nvidia's white papers. You can find them here: https://research.nvidia.com/publications We recommend the GA102 architecture white paper and the fermi architecture white paper. #GPU #GraphicsCard #Micron

Go to http://brilliant.org/BranchEducation/ for a 30-day free trial and expand your knowledge. Use this link for a 20% discount on their annual premium membership. TV and Movies have a ton of Computer Generated Images [CGI] to create fantasy worlds with dragons and castles, futuristic intergalactic civilizations, or historically accurate cities of 1700s Japan, such as in the recent TV show Shogun. But have you ever wondered how these CGI / Computer Generated Images are made? And how are these scenes so accurate that they fool the eye into thinking they are real. In this video, we're diving into Path Tracing, a type of Ray Tracing algorithm. We'll explore exactly how Ray Tracing is used to create accurate lighting and realistic scenes and how it uses quadrillions of calculations. We're working on more ambitious subjects like computer architecture and graphics cards. Any contribution would greatly help make these videos. https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Branch Education Website: https://www.branch.education Branch Education Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ Thank you to Cem Yuksel, a professor at the School of Computer at the University of Utah. He helped to proofread the script for inaccuracies, and his only course on computer graphics and interactive graphics was incredibly useful in researching this video. You can find the various scenes we used to create this video on the Blender Website https://www.blender.org/download/demo-files/ Scanlands by Piotr Krynski Agent 327 Barbershop by Blender Animation Studios The Junk Shop by Alex Trevino. Original Concept by Anais Maamar Thank you to the Blender Dev Team! Animation built using Blender 4.2.0 https://www.blender.org/ Table of Contents: 00:00 - How does CGI Computer Generated Images Work? 01:00 - How is Ray Tracing an Incredibly Difficult Problem to Solve 02:41 - How to Create a CGI Scene 05:48 - Rendering a Scene with Ray Tracing 09:09 - Lighting a Scene with Ray Tracing: Global Illumination 13:46 - Material Roughness and Bouncing Rays 16:04 - Solving Ray Tracing 19:57 - Graphics Cards and Ray Tracing Cores 22:31 - Brilliant Sponsorship 24:20 - We Love Ray Tracing in Blender 25:27 - Ray Tracing in Video Games 26:23 - Screen Space Ray Tracing Key Branches from this video are: How do Video Game Graphics Work? https://youtu.be/C8YtdC8mxTU Animation: Mike Radjabov, Sherdil Davronov, Adrei Dulay Research, Script and Editing: Teddy Tablante Twitter: @teddytablante Modeling: Mike Radjabov, Prakash Kakadiya Voice Over: Phil Lee Sound Design by Drilu: www.drilu.world Sound Design and mix: David Pinete Additional Sound Design: Raúl Núñez Supervising Sound Editor: Luis Huesca Special Thanks to Shahzod Boyhonov for Geo Nodes Help: https://x.com/specoolar Special Thanks to Cartesian Caramel for Geo Nodes Help: https://www.youtube.com/@CartesianCaramel Erratum: Image Attribution: Steve Jobs in 1972 Pegasus Yearbook produced by Homestead High School Steve Jobs and Macintosh Computer from 1984 by Bernard Gotfryd Apple Computer by Ed Uthman https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apple_I_Computer.jpg 1982 Time Magazine Steve Jobs Striking it Rich Apple II Image by Rama & Musee Bolo Apple 3 by Bilby Steve Jobs 2010 Image by Matt Yohe from Wikimedia Internet References: Ray Tracing Gems Series https://www.realtimerendering.com/raytracinggems/ The Science Behind Pixar https://sciencebehindpixar.org/ask-a-pixar-scientist Lumen Vs. Ray Tracing https://www.lunas.pro/news/lumen-ray-tracing.html Wikipedia contributors. "3D Computer Graphics", " Light Transport", " Ray Casting", "Ray Tracing (graphics)", " Rendering". Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited August 15th 2024 Textbooks and Papers An Improved Illumination Model for Shaded Display by Turner Whitted, Bell Laboratories Distributed Ray Tracing by Robert Cook, Thomas Porter, and Loren Carpenter Physically Based Rendering by Matt Pharr, Wenzel Jakob, Greg Humphreys Ray Tracing in One Weekend by Peter Shirley The Rendering Equation by James T. Kajiya #GPU #RayTracing #CGI

Go to http://brilliant.org/BranchEducation/ for a 30-day free trial and expand your knowledge. Use this link to get a 20% discount on their annual premium membership. Integrated Circuits, CPUs, GPUs, Systems on a Chip, Microcontroller Chips, and all the other different types of microchips are the brains of all the devices and technology that we use on a daily basis. But have you ever wondered how these microchips are made? Well, in this video, we're going to take a tour of a microchip fabrication plant or fab and walk you through the dozens of steps used to make a microchip. Specifically, we focus on how CPUs are made. CPU, GPU, and Smartphone Microchip manufacturing is a multi-trillion dollar industry, and each factory costs in the tens of billions of dollars. This is an overview of all the processes used to make a microchip, as well as an overview of a microchip factory. We're planning more videos on microchip manufacturing, such as a 3D animated factory tour. This is the MOST complicated video we've made by FAR!! 4 different animators have been working on this video non-stop for the past 5 months, for a total of 1300 hours of research, modeling, script writing, animating, editing, animating again, rendering, and then more editing. Support us on Patreon is you want more videos like this one. https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ Shoutout to Asianometry YouTube channel https://www.youtube.com/@Asianometry. This YouTube channel is filled with tons of information on the semiconductor industry, and Microchip Fabs. Table of Contents: 00:00 - How are Transistors Manufactured? 02:06 - The nanoscopic processes vs the microchip fab 02:34 - What's inside a CPU? 04:31 - What are FinFet Transistors 05:06 - Imagine Baking a Cake 05:44 - Simplified Steps for Microchip Manufacturing 07:51 - 3D Animated Semiconductor Fabrication Plant Tour 09:54 - Categories of Fabrication Tools 10:26 - Photolithography and Mask Layers 11:52 - EUV Photolithography 13:39 - Deposition Tools 15:02 - Etching Tools 16:02 - Ion Implantation 17:03 - Wafer Cleaning Tools 17:29 - Metrology Tools 18:16 - Detailed Steps for Microchip Fabrication 20:29 - Research and Hours Spent on this Video 22:18 - Silicon Wafer Manufacturing 23:19 - Wafer Testing 23:42 - Binning 24:59 - Explore Brilliant 27:20 - Thank you to Patreon Supporters Key Branches from this video are: How do Computers Work? How do SoCs Work? Animation: Mike Radjabov, Prakash Kakadiya, Adrei Dulay, Parvesh Khatri Research, Script and Editing: Teddy Tablante Twitter: @teddytablante Modeling: Mike Radjabov, Prakash Kakadiya Voice Over: Phil Lee Sound Design: https://www.drilu.world/ Sound Effects and Music Editor: Raúl Núñez, David Pinete Supervising Sound Editor and Mixer: Luis Huesca Erratum: Animation built using Blender 4.1 https://www.blender.org/ Internet References: WikiChip Fuse https://fuse.wikichip.org/ is an amazing resource for the specs of different technology nodes. Semiconductor Engineering https://semiengineering.com/ is an amazing resource for news in the semiconductor industry. TechPowerUp https://www.techpowerup.com/ is an amazing resource for tech specs of various technology devices. Wikipedia contributors. "FOUPs", "Integrated Circuits", "Photolithography", "Semiconductor Devices", "Semiconductor Device Fabrication", " Silicon". Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited May 13nd 2024 Internet References: Tool Model reference images acquired from: https://www.appliedmaterials.com/il/en/semiconductor/semiconductor-products.html https://www.tel.com/product/all/index.html#localnav Textbooks: Handbook of Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology By Robert Doering and Yoshio Nishi Microchip Fabrication: A Practical Guide to Semiconductor Processing. Peter Van Zant Semiconductor Microchips and Fabrication: A Practical Guide to Theory and Manufacturing by Yaguang Lian Semiconductor Manufacturing Handbook. Second Edition By Hwaiyu Geng #Microchip #Manufacturing #CPU

Go to http://brilliant.org/BranchEducation/ for a 30-day free trial and expand your knowledge. The first 200 people will get 20% off their annual premium membership. Have you ever wondered how a clock signal that ticks once every few nanoseconds is generated? A billion times a second clock would indeed be an impossible feat a hundred years ago. But, you'd be surprised to find that the clock inside your smartphone is rather identical to an analog wall clock that ticks through the seconds, minutes, and hours of the day. In this video, we explore an analog clock's gear train, the quartz crystal oscillator, the feedback loops for this oscillator, and then how a gigahertz signal is produced using a phase-locked loop. Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us at: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ Table of Contents: 00:00 - Digital Clocks vs Analog Clocks 01:13 - The $10 Wall Clock 02:05 - Gears in the Geartrain 03:40 - Crystal Oscillator and Piezoelectric Effect 05:58 - Resonance Frequency 06:51 - Circuitry Inside a Wall Clock 08:13 - Fast and Slow Clocks 09:04 - Learning With Brilliant 10:40 - A Smartphone's Gigahertz Clock Signal 14:24 - Frequency Divider 15:04 - Thank You to Patreon & YouTube Memberships Erratum: Animation: Eikonic Design Research / Script: Teddy Tablante Software Consultant: Andrea Ciani https://youtube.com/@andrea_ciani Modeling: Prakash Kakadiya Voice Over: Phil Lee Sound Design: https://www.drilu.mx Sound Effects and Music Editor: Luis Huesca Supervising Sound Editor and Mixer: Luis Huesca Animation built using Blender 4.0.1 https://www.blender.org/ References: Quartz Crystal Oscillators https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/oscillator/crystal.html Quartz tuning Fork Resonator Teardown https://softsolder.com/2017/03/24/quartz-tuning-fork-resonator-teardown/ Teardown of a Quartz Crystal Oscillator and the Tiny IC Inside https://www.righto.com/2021/02/teardown-of-quartz-crystal-oscillator.html What is Piezoelectric Effect? https://www.circuitbread.com/ee-faq/what-is-piezoelectric-effect Wikipedia contributors. "Crystal Oscillator". "Electronic Oscillator." "Phase Locked Loop." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited December 21nd 2023 #Clocks #PiezoelectricEffect #Digital

Go to http://brilliant.org/BranchEducation/ for a 30-day free trial and expand your knowledge. The first 200 people will get 20% off their annual premium membership. Have you ever wondered how video game graphics have become incredibly realistic? How can GPUs and graphics cards render such incredibly detailed scenes? Well, in this video we're going to explore how just a bunch of data in your computer gets turned into realistic graphics. Additionally, we'll take a quick look into Ray Tracing, DLSS or Deep Learning Super Sampling, and many other complicated aspects of video game graphics. We at Branch Education love to play video games, so this video has been one of our favorite ones to make thus far. It's kind of like getting to look under the hood of your childhood car. Also, it was surprising that practically all video games use similar basic steps to render each frame. Furthermore, as a fun fact, to create this video our team used 1x 3090ti, 3x 3090s, and the model that we tore down was a 3090. There are just sooooo many topics in the realm of computer graphics that we couldn't cover. If you're interested in part 2 where we'll cover things like UVs, Normal Maps, Shadows, Reflections, Specular Reflections, and much more, tell us in the comments. Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us at: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ Table of Contents: 00:00 - Video Game Graphics 01:11 - Graphics Rendering Pipeline and Vertex Shading 04:16 - Video Game Consoles & Graphics Cards 05:06 - Rasterization 06:51 - Visibility Z Buffer Depth Buffer 10:03 - Pixel Fragment Shading 11:35 - The Math Behind Pixel Shading 14:05 - Vector Math & Brilliant Sponsorship 16:11 - Flat vs Smooth Shading 17:25 - An Appreciation for Video Games 17:58- Ray Tracing 18:45 - DLSS Deep Learning Super Sampling 19:06 - GPU Architecture and Types of Cores 20:06 - Future Videos on Advanced Topics 20:24 - Outro for Video Game Graphics Key Branches from this video are: How do JPEGs Work? How does Computer Hardware Work? Erratum: Animation: Mike Radjabov, Prakash Kakadiya, Teddy Tablante Script: Teddy Tablante Twitter: @teddytablante Modeling: Mike Radjabov, Prakash Kakadiya Voice Over: Phil Lee Sound Design: www.drilu.mx Sound Effects and Music Editor: Raúl Núñez Supervising Sound Editor and Mixer: Luis Huesca Animation built using Blender 4.0.1 https://www.blender.org/ References: The most important resource for making this video was Cem Yuksel [ https://www.youtube.com/@cem_yuksel ] a professor in the School of Computing at the University of Utah. His online course on computer graphics and interactive graphics was incredibly useful. "NVIDIA Ampere GA102 GPU Architecture" Second-Generation RTX. NVIDIA Corporation 2021 Wikipedia contributors. "Computer Animation" "Computer Graphics". "CUDA". "Graphics Pipeline". "History of Computer Animation". "NVIDIA". "Rasterization". Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited December 21nd 2023 #Graphics #GPU #Algorithm

The nanoscopic world is wild!! Looking at basic objects like a grain of salt under an electron microscope looks like nothing you would have expected. Furthermore, have you ever wondered whether seeing a single atom is possible? Or how do scientists and engineers create only a few nanometers wide transistors? In this video, we will explore the electron microscope and how they are used to see nanoscopic objects. Specifically, we'll look at the Transmission Electron Microscope and the Scanning Electron Microscope and dive into how they work. Thermo Fisher Scientific helps to propel science and engineering forward with its wide range of analytical instruments, life science solutions, specialty diagnostics, and laboratory equipment. Check them out! https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home.html Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us at: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Table of Contents: 00:00 - The Nanoscopic World 01:17 - Scanning Electron Microscope vs Transmission Electron Microscope 02:54 - Basics of Transmission Electron Microscopes 04:15 - Why use Electrons instead of Light? 06:55 - Parts of the Electron Microscope 10:49 - Magnification: Objective and Projector 12:45 - Physics of a Magnetic Lens 15:55 - Thermo Fisher Scientific Sponsorship 17:01 - Scanning Electron Microscope Erratum: Script: Teddy Tablante Twitter: @teddytablante Modeling & Animation: Prakash Kakadiya Animation: Mike Radjabov Thermo Fisher Physicist: Jan Jíša Thermo Fisher Arrangement Consultant: Jakub Kovářů Voice Over: Phil Lee Sound Design: www.drilu.mx Music Editing: Luis Zuleta Sound Effects: Paulo de los Cobos Supervising Sound Editor and Mixer: Luis Huesca Animation built using Blender 3.6.1 https://www.blender.org/ Post with Adobe Premiere Pro Online References: Cryo-EM Gives Researchers a Detailed View of the Zika Virus Structure Semiconductor Sample Preparation for TEM and STEM, Semiconductor Analysis, Thermo Fisher TEM Introduction Seminar - AIF NC University, YouTube Video Wikipedia contributors. "Electron Microscope". "Transmission Electron Microscope". "Scanning Electron Microscope". "Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope". Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited August 2023 Textbooks: R.F. Egerton. Physical Principles of Electron Microscopy, An Introduction to TEM, SEM, and AEM. Springer. 2016 Williams D., Carter C. Transmission Electron Microscopy. A Textbook for Materials Science. Springer. 2009 #ElectronMicroscope #TEM #SEM

Hurry and SIGN UP for Keysight World - Live from the Lab here: https://www.keysight.com/us/en/events/keysight-world/brancheducation.html. You'll be entered into a colossal test gear giveaway! During the live stream, you'll learn about Batteries, DC to DC Converters, and a wide range of Internet of Things Devices. You probably use a computer keyboard for dozens of hours a week, but have you ever wondered what it looked like inside of them or how it worked? Also, what's the difference between a basic and a mechanical keyboard? And what makes that clicking sound? Well, in this video, we're diving into both basic keyboards and mechanical keyboards, so stick around! Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Join us at: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Table of Contents: 00:00 - Exploring Computer Keyboards 01:06 - Teardown of a Basic Computer Keyboard 02:09 - How do Basic Keyboards Work? 04:22 - Scanning Through the Computer Keyboard 06:21 - Sponsored Section 07:39 - Exploring Mechanical Keyboards 09:58 - Laptop Keyboards 10:32 - Outro Key Branches from this video are: How does your Mouse know when you move it? How do Scroll Wheels Work? How does Computer Hardware Work? Erratum: Animation: Mike Radjabov Script: Teddy Tablante Twitter: @teddytablante Modeling: Prakash Kakadiya Voice Over: Phil Lee Sound Design: www.drilu.mx Sound Effects and Music Editor: David Pinete Supervising Sound Editor and Mixer: Luis Huesca Animation built using Blender 3.5.1 https://www.blender.org/ References: A Beginner's Guide to Switches https://www.theremingoat.com/blog/beginners-guide Apple's Butterfly Keyboards vs. Scissor Switch Keyboards https://www.macrumors.com/guide/butterfly-keyboard-vs-scissor-keyboard/ How Do Mechanical Keyboards Work: Guides to Pick the Right Switch https://fittingchairs.com/how-to/how-does-a-mechanical-keyboard-work/ Wikipedia contributors. "Keyboard Matrix". "Keyboard Technology". "Computers". Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited May 10th 2022 #MechanicalKeyboard #Keyboard #Mechanical

Go to http://brilliant.org/BranchEducation/ for a 30-day free trial and expand your knowledge. The first 200 people will get 20% off their annual premium membership. Have you ever wondered what it would be like to journey through the inside of your computer? In this video, we're taking you on a 3D animated adventure to every piece of computer hardware inside a desktop computer. You'll also see a nanoscopic view of the transistors inside the CPU and GPU. This video is like a biology dissection lab; instead, we're opening up a computer and seeing all the various computer hardware inside. Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Join us at: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Table of Contents: 00:00 - 3D Computer Teardown 01:03 - Central Processing Unit CPU 03:12 - Motherboard 05:20 - CPU Cooler 06:00 - Desktop Power Supply 07:22 - Brilliant Sponsorship 08:52 - Graphics Card and GPU 11:52 - Computer Teardown Process 13:14 - DRAM 14:02 - Solid State Drives 15:04 - Hard Disk Drive HDD 15:52 - Computer Mouse 16:15 - Computer Keyboard 16:30 - Outro Special thanks to Máximo Balestrini for help with the CPU & GPU VLSI Visualizations https://github.com/mbalestrini/sky130_blender_renders_tutorial Key Branches from this video are: How does DRAM Work? How do SSDs Work? How do Smartphone CPUs Work? Erratum: Animation: Mike Radjabov Script: Teddy Tablante Twitter: @teddytablante Modeling: Prakash Kakadiya Voice Over: Phil Lee Sound Design: www.drilu.mx Sound Effects and Music Editor: David Pinete Supervising Sound Editor and Mixer: Luis Huesca Animation built using Blender 3.4.1 https://www.blender.org/ References: 27 Main Parts of Motherboard and its Function https://ourtechroom.com/tech/parts-of-motherboard/ Cortex-A77- Microarchitectures - ARM https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/arm_holdings/microarchitectures/cortex-a77 GeForce GTX 1080 Ti Review - Pascal GPU Architecture https://www.guru3d.com/articles-pages/geforce-gtx-1080-ti-review,6.html Intel's 10th Generation Desktop CPUs have arrived - Still on 14nm https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2020/05/intels-comet-lake-desktop-cpus-are-here/ Intel Core i9 - 10850K Processor https://ark.intel.com/content/www/us/en/ark/products/205904/intel-core-i910850k-processor-20m-cache-up-to-5-20-ghz.html Insights into DDR5 Sub-Timings and Latencies https://www.anandtech.com/show/16143/insights-into-ddr5-subtimings-and-latencies Mechanical Keyboard Guide https://www.daskeyboard.com/blog/mechanical-keyboard-guide/ Nvidia GP102 https://www.techpowerup.com/gpu-specs/nvidia-gp102.g798#:~:text=NVIDIA's%20GP102%20GPU%20uses%20the,CUDA%206.1%20can%20be%20used. Teardown of a PC Power Supply https://www.righto.com/2021/05/teardown-of-pc-power-supply.html Wikipedia contributors. "Back End of Line". "Central Processing Unit". "Computers". "Dynamic Random-Access Memory". "Motherboard". Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited March 22nd 2022 #Computer #Hardware #Teardown

Check out https://www.pcbway.com/ for all kinds of PCBs, easy ordering, and quick delivery. Take a look at their PCB Assembly, for populating the components on your PCBs. Have you ever wondered how Hard Disk Drives can store billions of bits of data within the volume of a short, small brick? Thinking about it, it's really truly incredible that a library worth of data, millions of photos, or thousands of videos can be stored in a device that costs less than $100. Data storage has truly evolved to incredible densities over the past 6 decades, and in this video, we're going to see how exactly a Hard Disk Drive stores data, how it reads and writes data, and then the cutting-edge technologies that are continuing to decrease the size of each bit of data. Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us at: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Table of Contents: 00:00 - Introduction to Hard Disk Drives. 01:00 - Components inside a Hard Disk Drive. 04:42 - Writing to an HDD. 07:40 - Reading from an HDD. 10:11 - Fitting more bits per area. 11:05 - PCBWay Sponsorship 12:12 - Cutting-edge HDD Technology Key Branches from this video are: How do SSDs Work? || How does DRAM Work? Erratum: CMR is 'Conventional Magnetic Recording' not 'Classic' Magnetic Recording. CMR is also called PMR 'Perpendicular' Magnetic Recording. Animation & Modeling: Prakash Kakadiya Animation: Mike Radjabov Script: Teddy Tablante Twitter: @teddytablante Voice Over: Phil Lee Sound Design: www.drilu.world Music Editor & Mixer: Luis Zuleta SFX: Raul Raul Nuñez Sound Supervisor & Editor: Luis Huesca Founder of Branch Education: Theodore J Tablante Animation built using Blender 3.3 https://www.blender.org/ References: Chen, Ben M. Lee, Tong H. Hard Disk Drive Servo Systems 2nd Edition. Springer, 2006. Jacob, Bruce. Ng, Spencer W. Wang, David T. Memory Systems, Cache DRAM, Disk. Morgan Kaufmann, 2008. Magnetic Hard Disk https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/physics-and-astronomy/magnetic-hard-disk Modern HDD Technologies that are bringing hard disks back. Sullivan, Erin. https://www.techtarget.com/searchstorage/ Magnetic Recording on Nanostructures https://www.tu-chemnitz.de/physik/OFGF/research/magnetic_recording.php Hard Disks Give New Technologies A Spin. Feldman, Michael. https://www.nextplatform.com/2019/10/17/hard-disks-give-new-technologies-a-spin/ Hard Drives 101: Magnetic Storage. Bestofmedia Team. https://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/hard-drive-magnetic-storage-hdd,3005-3.html Lasers vs. Microwaves: The Billion Dollar Bet on The Future of Magnetic Storage. Nordrum, Amy. https://spectrum.ieee.org/lasers-vs-microwaves-the-billiondollar-bet-on-the-future-of-magnetic-storage Wikipedia contributors. "Hard Disk Drives". "Magnetic Storage". "Perpendicular Magnetic Recording". "Shingled Magnetic Recording". "Storage Density". Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited December 2022 #HardDiskDrive #Storage #Computer

Check out Crucial NVMe SSDs Here: http://crucial.com/ Have you ever wondered why it takes time for computers to load programs or video games? Also, ever wonder why your computer uses both DRAM as well as SSDs when they both are used to store data? Well, most of that time is spent moving data from a hard drive or SSD into DRAM or Dynamic Random Access Memory, which is the working memory inside your computer. In this video, we're going to take a very deep dive into DRAM. We'll see how it connects to other parts of your computer, and then we'll explore how DRAM can store gigabytes of data in nanoscopic capacitors. After that, we'll cover the three main operations of DRAM: Reading, Writing, and Refreshing. And finally, we'll dive deep into some more complex aspects of DRAM that make it so amazingly fast such as folded DRAM architecture. We'll also learn what burst buffers are, and why there are so many banks of DRAM memory cells. Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us at: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Thanks to Nathan, Peter, and Jacob for helping research and review this video! They're doctoral students at the Florida Institute for Cybersecurity Research, and you can learn more about their program here: https://fics.institute.ufl.edu/ Table of Contents: 00:00 - Intro to Computer Memory 00:47 - DRAM vs SSD 02:23 - Loading a Video Game 03:25 - Parts of this Video 04:07 - Notes 06:10 - Intro to DRAM, DIMMs & Memory Channels 10:43 - Crucial Sponsorship 12:09 - Inside a DRAM Memory Cell 15:28 - An Small Array of Memory Cells 17:41 - Reading from DRAM 19:38 - Writing to DRAM 21:55 - Refreshing DRAM 23:16 - Why DRAM Speed is Critical 25:06 - Complicated DRAM Topics: Row Hits 26:21 - DRAM Timing Parameters 27:51 - Why 32 DRAM Banks? 29:17 - DRAM Burst Buffers 30:58 - Subarrays 32:02 - Inside DRAM Sense Amplifiers 34:24 - Outro to DRAM Key Branches from this video are: How do Solid State Drives Work? Erratum: At 10m 08s : Cicruit || Should be Circuit At 21m 54s : 32 Bank Groups || Should be 32 Banks. Script, Modeling, Animation: Teddy Tablante Twitter: @teddytablante Animation: Mike Radjabov Modeling: Prakash Kakadiya Voice Over: Phil Lee Sound Design: www.drilu.mx Music Editing: Luis Zuleta Sound Effects: Paulo de los Cobos Supervising Sound Editor and Mixer: Luis Huesca Animation built using Blender 3.1.2 https://www.blender.org/ Post with Adobe Premiere Pro References: DDR5 SDRAM. JEDEC Standard. JESD79-5 July 2020 Dr. Cutress, Ian. "Insights into DDR5 Sub-Timings and Latencies". Oct 6th, 2020. Dr. El-Maleh, Aiman. "Functions and Functional Blocks: Digital Logic Design" College of Computer Sciences and Engineering. King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. Hajimiri, Ali. Et al. "Design Issues in Cross-Coupled inverter Sense Amplifier". IEEE. Stanford University 1998 IBM. Understanding DRAM Operation. IBM 1996. Jacob, Bruce. NG, Spencer W. Wang, David T. "Memory Systems: Cache, DRAM, Disk." Elsevier Inc. 2008 Keeth, Brent. Baker, R Jacob. Johnson, Brian. Lin, Feng. "DRAM Circuit Design: Fundamental and High-Speed Topics." IEE Press 2008. Kim, Yoongu et. Al. "A Case for Exploiting Subarray-Level Parallelism in DRAM". Carnegie Mellon University Lee, Donghuk et.al. "Tiered-Latency DRAM: A Low Latency and Low Cost DRAM Architecture. Carnegie Mellon University Micron. "DDR4 SDRAM. MT40A4G4. MT40A2G8. MT40A1G16. 16Gb: x4, x8, x16 DDR4 SDRAM Features" Micron Technologies 2018 Micron. "DDR5 SDRAM Product Core Data Sheet DDR5SDRAM Features." Micron Technologies 2020 Ryan, Kevin J. Morzano, Christopher K. Li, Wen. "Write Data Masking for Higher Speed DRAMS" US Patent 6532180 B2 Mar. 11 2003. Shilov, Anton. "SK Hynix Details DDR5-6400". ANANDTECH. Feb 26th, 2019. Sunami, Hideo. "Dimension Increase in Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Memories and Transistors". From intechopen.com. From "Advances in Solid State Circuit Technologies". Apr 2010. Wikipedia contributors. "CAS Latency". "DDR5 SDRAM". "Dynamics Random-Access Memory". "Memory Timing". "Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory". Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited Nov 2022 #DRAM #CPU #Computer

Check out https://www.pcbway.com/ for all kinds of PCBs, easy ordering, and quick delivery. Take a look at their PCB Assembly, for an inexpensive population of the components on your PCBs. You probably have a few smoke detectors throughout your house, but did you know that many designs of smoke detectors are radioactive? Well in this video we explore how smoke detectors work, and how they use the radioactive isotope Americium-241 to detect smoke. We'll also explore how Geiger counters work, and then how atoms of high atomic numbers are counterintuitively small. Smoke detectors are perfectly safe, and save lives. So make sure that they work on a regular basis. Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Table of Contents: 00:00 - Introduction to Smoke Detectors. 00:42 - Components inside a Smoke Detector. 02:26 - How does a radioactive isotope detect smoke? 07:24 - What are the types of radiation? 08:42 - Why is Americium radioactive? 10:05 - How is Americium produced. 11:00 - Other types of smoke detectors. 12:00 - Notes on Smoke Detectors. 13:03 - PCBWay Sponsorship. 14:30 - The Counterintuitive size of atoms. 17:08 - How do Geiger Counters Work? Key Branches from this video are: How does a Computer Mouse Work? Erratum: at 9min15sec - We talked about the strong nuclear force holding together the nucleus, which is accurate. However radioactive decay is a result of the weak nuclear force, which wasn't mentioned. Note: We recommend not taking apart the inside of a smoke detector. It is such a small amount of Americium, but if mishandled it can result in illness. Animation: Mike Radjabov Script, Modeling: Teddy Tablante Twitter: @teddytablante Modeling: Prakash Kakadiya Voice Over: Phil Lee Sound Design: Luis Huesca Animation built using Blender 3.2 https://www.blender.org/ Image Credit: Cloud Chamber of Am-241 - Kebukawan on commons.wikimedia.org. References: Background on Smoke Detectors https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/smoke-detectors.html How do Smoke Detectors Work? https://home.howstuffworks.com/home-improvement/household-safety/smoke.htm Ionization Detectors https://circuitcellar.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/CC2011110601.pdf Ionization vs Photoelectric https://www.nfpa.org/Public-Education/Staying-safe/Safety-equipment/Smoke-alarms/Ionization-vs-photoelectric Smoke Detector Circuit https://www.electroschematics.com/smoke-detector-circuit/ Wikipedia contributors. "Alpha Particle". "Americium-241". "Cloud Chamber". "Radioactive Decay". "Smoke Detector" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited September 2022 #SmokeDetector #Radioactive #HowStuffWorks

Go to http://brilliant.org/BranchEducation/ to sign up for free and expand your knowledge. The first 200 people will get 20% off their annual premium membership. With Starlink internet, data is continuously being sent between a ground dish and a Starlink satellite orbiting 550km above. Furthermore, the Starlink satellite zooms across the sky at 27,000km/hr! How can the dish and satellite maintain a continuous connection? And then how is data sent back and forth? Well, in this video we're going to dive into the inner workings for the ground dish and Starlink satellites, and see how a beam of data is formed, how this beam is swept across the sky, and then finally what exactly is in that beam that allows for incredibly fast internet! This is an incredible feat of technology and engineering, so stick around! Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Table of Contents: 00:00 - Intro to Starlink 01:00 - Overview of Exploring Starlink 01:46 - Difference between Starlink and Broadcast Satellites 03:28 - Parts Inside a Dishy McFlatface 05:06 - How does an Aperture Couple Patch Antenna Work? 09:13 - Electromagnetic Wave Emission 12:45 - Forming a Beam that Reaches Space: Beamforming 15:22 - Brilliant 16:52 - Steering a Beam to Sweep Across the Sky 18:54 - Starlink: Phase Array Beam Steering 21:11 - Notes on Phased Array Beam Steering 22:24 - Sending Data in a Beam to the Starlink Satellite 23:27 - Innerworkings of 64QAM 26:02 - Actual Size of Starlink Dishy & EM Waves 26:55 - Images from the Starlink Patent 27:49 - Outro Key Branches from this video are: How does Bluetooth Work? Erratum: At 2m50s, the orbits are inaccurate. The TV satellite should be in geostationary orbit moving in the same direction as the Earth. Furthermore, all the Starlink satellites should be orbiting West to East. Credit to Paul S. Script, Modeling, Animation: Teddy Tablante Twitter: @teddytablante Modeling: Prakash Kakadiya Animation: Mike Radjabov Voice Over: Phil Lee Sound Design: www.drilu.mx Sound Effects: Luis Zuleta Sound Effects and Music Editor: David Pinete Sound Effects: Raúl Núñez Supervising Sound Editor and Mixer: Luis Huesca Animation built using Blender 3.1.2 https://www.blender.org/ Post with Adobe Premiere Pro References: Antenna Theory: https://www.antenna-theory.com/ Distributed Phase Shifter Array System and Method [Starlink Patent] https://patents.google.com/patent/US20180241122A1/en).. Elon Musk's Starlink and Satellite Broadband https://dgtlinfra.com/elon-musk-starlink-and-satellite-broadband/ SpaceX Filings with FCC https://fcc.report/IBFS/Company/Space-Exploration-Technologies-Corp-SpaceX SpaceX Reveals More Starlink Info After Launch of First 60 Satellites https://techcrunch.com/2019/05/24/spacex-reveals-more-starlink-info-after-launch-of-first-60-satellites/ Wikipedia contributors. "Antenna Types","Aperture(Antenna)" ,"Low Earth Orbit", "Patch Antenna", "Phased Array", "Starlink" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited August 2022 #Starlink #Satellite #Internet

How small is a TRANSISTOR exactly? Companies like Intel and AMD talk about transistors being 2 or 3 nanometers large, but is that actually how small they are? In this video, we're going to zoom in on the smallest devices and technologies that drive our modern world. If you're wondering why some devices are out of order in regards to size, here's the reason. The order of devices shown is primarily organized by decreasing size, however sometimes we prioritize the year in which the technology was commercialized, and then a couple times we order the objects based on the flow of the animation. Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join Credits: Modeling, Animation & Editing: Mike Radjabov Research: Teddy Tablante Twitter: @teddytablante Sound Design: Luis Huesca & Luis Zuleta Sound Design Website: http://drilu.mx/ Errata: The DRAM 1T1C model is actually showing 2x 1T1C DRAM cells, and the actual dimension is half. The reason for this is that they share a bit line, and thus the base unit is 2x 1T1C DRAM cell. Animation built using Blender 3.1 https://www.blender.org/ #Technology #Transistor #Nanoscopic

Check out https://www.pcbway.com/ for all kinds of PCBs, easy ordering, and quick delivery. Take a look at their PCB Assembly, for an inexpensive population of the components on your PCBs. Have you ever scrolled a scroll wheel and wondered how it scrolls? Scroll is a rather strange word, isn't it? Anywho, in this video, we're going to explore the inside of a computer mouse and look at two different scroll wheels: an optical rotary encoder, and a magnetic rotational position sensor, and see how they are used to measure up and down rotational movement in a computer mouse scroll wheel. We're also going to explore the push button under the scroll wheel as well as the free-spinning vs. ratchet mode of the scroll wheel. Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join Modeling, Animation & Editing: Mike Radjabov Script: Teddy Tablante Twitter: @teddytablante Voice Over- Phil Lee Additional Modeling: Prakash Kakadiya Table of Contents: 00:00 - Intro 00:40 - Inside an Optical Scroll Wheel 02:46 - Direction of Rotation 03:37 - Inside a Magnetic Scroll Wheel 06:50 - Pushbuttons and Free Spinning Vs Ratchet Mode 09:08 - PCBWay 09:54 - Outro Key Branches from this video are: Printed Circuit Boards, Lithium-Ion Batteries, Scroll Wheel, Bluetooth, Computer Mouse Image Sensor Erratum: Animation built using Blender 3.0 https://www.blender.org/ Internet References: Logitech MX Master 3 Teardown offers an Intriguing look at its new scroll wheel https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2019/10/9/20906042/logitech-mx-master-3-teardown-bolt-magspeed-scroll-wheel-engineering https://blog.bolt.io/logitech-mx-master-3-vs-2s/ Fixing the Logitech MX Master Scroll Wheel https://toemat.com/logitech-mx-master-fix/ Details of the Image Sensor https://www.pixart.com/ Inside the Omron D2FC-F-7N Microswitch https://www.gonnalearn.com/inside-omron-d2fc-f-7n-microswitch/ What is Mouse DPI? Does DPI Matter? http://xahlee.info/kbd/mouse_dpi.html Logitech Mouse Review. Logitech MX Master Wireless Mouse. Packaging and Equipment https://playfmrussia.ru/en/programmy/logitech-obzor-myshek-besprovodnaya-mysh-logitech-mx-master-upakovka-i.html Razer Viper Gaming Mouse Review: Lefties Bestie, Righties' Meh-stie https://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/razer-viper-mouse Wikipedia contributors. "Computer Mouse" , Interpolation Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited October, 2021 Music Credits #ComputerMouse #ScrollWheel #Mouse

Go to http://brilliant.org/BranchEducation/ to sign up for free, and expand your knowledge. The first 200 people will get 20% off their annual premium membership. You've probably saved 1000s of JPEG images, but do you know what exactly JPEG does? Our smartphones and cameras save images in JPEG format, furthermore, the majority of images you see on the internet are saved using JPEG compression. This format is everywhere, but do you know exactly how it works? Well in this video we're going to explore the JPEG compression format. This is a rather complicated video, so it may take watching it a few times through to understand it all. Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join Script, Modeling, Animation: Teddy Tablante Twitter: @teddytablante Voice Over- Phil Lee Nature Photography- Tobias Karlsson Table of Contents: 00:00 - Intro into JPEG 01:24 - What does JPEG do? 02:35 - What are the Steps of JPEG? 04:06 - Color Space Conversion 06:06 - Discrete Cosine Transform 09:32 - Quantization 11:02- Run Length and Huffman Encoding 12:04 - H.264 Video Compression 13:25 - Rebuilding an Image 15:01 - Notes and Caveats on JPEG 17:06 - Sponsored by Brilliant 18:20 - Outro Key Branches from this video are: How does a Camera Work? How do SSDs Work? Erratum: Tulips are not the same as Lillies. Animation built using Blender 3.0.0 https://www.blender.org/ Post with Adobe Premiere Pro References: A Trip Through the Graphics Pipeline 2011: Index https://fgiesen.wordpress.com/2011/07/09/a-trip-through-the-graphics-pipeline-2011-index/ DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) https://asecuritysite.com/comms/dct2 H.264 is Magic https://sidbala.com/h-264-is-magic/ How JPEG Works https://cgjennings.ca/articles/jpeg-compression/ Jack, Keith. Video Demystified. Fifth Edition. Elsevier 2007. JPEG 101 - How does JPEG Work? https://arjunsreedharan.org/post/146070390717/jpeg-101-how-does-jpeg-work JPEG: Image Compression Algorithm http://pi.math.cornell.edu/~web6140/TopTenAlgorithms/JPEG.html What is H.264? https://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/Editorial/What-Is-.../What-Is-H.264-74735.aspx?utm_source=related_articles&utm_medium=gutenberg&utm_campaign=editors_selection Wikipedia contributors. "Chroma Subsampling", "Chrominance", "Chroma Subsampling", "Discrete Cosine Transform", , "JPEG" , " Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited December, 2021 Music Credits Kindred #JPEG #Camera #Picture

You've probably used a mouse today. But do you know how it works? Check out https://www.pcbway.com/ for all kinds of PCBs, easy ordering, and quick delivery. Take a look at their PCB Assembly, for an inexpensive population of the components on your PCBs. In this video, we explore the different parts of a computer mouse and we'll focus on the optical navigation system. Specifically, we'll look at how exactly computer mice can track their movement on a mouse pad. Finally, we take a look at the difference between gaming mice and normal mice, and we explore DPI or dots per inch and how different mice have different amounts of DPI. Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join Animation & Modeling: Mike Radjabov Modeling: Prakash Kakadiya Script: Teddy Tablante Twitter: @teddytablante Voice Over- Phil Lee Table of Contents: 00:00 - Inside of a Computer Mouse 00:43 - Image Sensor 03:16 - Cross-Correlation Algorithm 05:42 - Gaming Mice vs Normal Mice 06:50 - What exactly is DPI or Dots Per inch? 07:43 - How do we reach 25,000 DPI? 09:29 - Specs of different computer mice 10:39 - PCBWay Sponsored Segment 11:23 - Outro Key Branches from this video are: Printed Circuit Boards, Lithium-Ion Batteries, Scroll Wheel, Bluetooth Erratum: Animation built using Blender 2.90.1 https://www.blender.org/ Post with Adobe Premiere Pro Internet References: Logitech MX Master 3 Teardown offers an Intriguing look at its new scroll wheel https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2019/10/9/20906042/logitech-mx-master-3-teardown-bolt-magspeed-scroll-wheel-engineering https://blog.bolt.io/logitech-mx-master-3-vs-2s/ Fixing the Logitech MX Master Scroll Wheel https://toemat.com/logitech-mx-master-fix/ Details of the Image Sensor https://www.pixart.com/ Inside the Omron D2FC-F-7N Microswitch https://www.gonnalearn.com/inside-omron-d2fc-f-7n-microswitch/ What is Mouse DPI? Does DPI Matter? http://xahlee.info/kbd/mouse_dpi.html Logitech Mouse Review. Logitech MX Master Wireless Mouse. Packaging and Equipment https://playfmrussia.ru/en/programmy/logitech-obzor-myshek-besprovodnaya-mysh-logitech-mx-master-upakovka-i.html Razer Viper Gaming Mouse Review: Lefties Bestie, Righties' Meh-stie https://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/razer-viper-mouse Wikipedia contributors. "Computer Mouse" , Interpolation Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited October, 2021 Music Credits Kindred #ComputerMouse #HowItWorks #Mouse

How do 3-Way Light Switches Work? Also, let's look at 4-Way Switches, and Basic Light Switches! Check out https://www.pcbway.com/ for all kinds of PCBs, easy ordering, and quick delivery. Take a look at their PCB Assembly, for an inexpensive population of the components on your PCBs. We use light switches every day, and yet have you ever seen the inside of one? In this video we open up 3 types of light switches: the basic light switch, 3-Way light switches, and 4-Way light switches. We also explore how they can be wired together to turn on one or multiple lights. Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join Script, Modelling, Animation, Editing- Teddy Tablante Twitter: @teddytablante Voice Over- Phil Lee Table of Contents: 00:00 - Intro on Light Switches 00:38 - Basic Light Switch 02:39 - 3-Way Switches & Multiway Switches 04:30 - 4-Way Switches 05:48 - Designs & Installation 06:51 - Outro Erratum: Animation built using Blender 2.90.1 https://www.blender.org/ Post with Adobe Premiere Pro Wikipedia contributors. "Light Switch", "Multiway Switching" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited July, 2021 Music Credits #LightSwitch #BranchEducation #MultiwayLightSwitch

We probably use a soap pump dispenser multiple times a day, and yet have you ever wondered what it looked like on the inside? In this video, we'll explore the operation of a soap bottle pump dispenser and see exactly how it works. Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join Script: Teddy Tablante Twitter: @teddytablante Voice Over: Phil Lee Modeling & Animation: Mike Radjabov Table of Contents: 00:00 - Intro 00:07 - Pressing Down on a Pump Dispenser 00:33 - Releasing the Soap Dispenser Erratum: Animation built using Blender 2.90.1 https://www.blender.org/ Post with Adobe Premiere Pro This video is also being submitted to the Veritasium Contest. #VeritasiumContest

A ton of your devices use Bluetooth to communicate wirelessly. But how does Bluetooth work? In this video, we'll dive into the details of how your smartphone sends audio to your wireless headphones. Bluetooth is rather complicated and thus we're going to use a number of analogies and tools to explain it fully. This video is sponsored by KIOXIA. Visit KIOXIA's website to see their lineup of solid-state drives: www.kioxia.com Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join This video is part of a series that explores how wireless headphones work. 1) Audio Codecs https://youtu.be/_ZKNOKHpqE4 2) Noise Cancellation https://youtu.be/VIi04uD8LtY Script, Modelling, Animation, Editing- Teddy Tablante Twitter: @teddytablante Voice Over- Phil Lee Table of Contents: 00:00 - How does Bluetooth Work? 00:37 - Traffic Lights 01:26 - 2.4GHz Spectrum 02:44 - Issues with the Bluetooth Visualization 05:56 - Details behind Bluetooth 07:30 - Bluetooth Packets 08:27 - Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum 10:58 - Noise in the 2.4GHz Spectrum 13:05 - Bluetooth Signal Integrity 14:21 - Sponsored Segment 15:33 - Frequency Shift Keying & Phase Shift Keying 18:16 - More Details on Scheduling & Packets 20:43 - Outro Key Branches from this video are: Wireless Headphones & Audio Codecs, Noise Cancellation Erratum: Animation built using Blender 2.90.1 https://www.blender.org/ Post with Adobe Premiere Pro Additional Patreon / YouTube Member Credits Not Shown in the Video: Adit Kaul Credits: Wikipedia contributors. "Bluetooth", "Frequency-Shift Keying" , "Phase-Shift Keying" , "Wireless" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited May, 2021 Music Credits Sunburst, Tobu & Itro is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License http://www.7obu.com https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lXBHD5C8do #Bluetooth #Wireless #Headphones

Imagine storing every single video, movie, and picture you have ever seen in your entire life on a single solid-state drive. Well, these high-end solid-state drives [30TB] can do that. But how can SSDs organize so much information? Well in this video we answer that question, and we go over the logistics involved in storing terabytes of data. This video is sponsored by KIOXIA. Visit KIOXIA's website to see their lineup of solid-state drives: www.kioxia.com This video is part of a series that intends to thoroughly explain how SSDs, and more specifically how 3D NAND works. These are the episodes in the series: 1) Organization of Blocks, Pages, and Memory Cells: https://youtu.be/5Mh3o886qpg 2) How is information written to a memory cell? https://youtu.be/5f2xOxRGKqk 3) How is information read from a cell? https://youtu.be/YtBysgPOKx4 Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join Script, Modelling, Animation, Editing- Teddy Tablante Twitter: @teddytablante Voice Over- Phil Lee Table of Contents: 00:00 - Visualizing an 8TB SSD 01:25 - Flash NAND Microchips 02:59 - SSD Controller 03:38 - Memory Channel 04:22 - Example of Reading or Writing a File 05:38 - Sectors of Memory 05:58 - Translation Table 06:57 - Super Page & Super Blocks 08:16 - Other Videos on SSDs 08:37 - Sponsored Segment 09:16 - Thank You to our Patreon & YouTube Membership Sponsors. Key Branches from this video are: Microchips, CPUs, Integrated Circuits, the other SSD videos Erratum: Animation built using Blender 2.90.1 https://www.blender.org/ Post with Adobe Premiere Pro Book References: Aritome, Seiichi. (2015). NAND flash memory technologies. IEEE Press Series on Microelectronic Systems. Wiley. [2nd most useful resource] Cai, Yu et al. (2013) Threshold Voltage Distribution in MLC NAND Flash Memory: Characterization Analysis, and Modeling. 2013 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition. IEEE. Micheloni, Rino. Marelli, Alessia. Eshghi, Kam. (2018) Inside solid state drives (SSDs) Second edition. Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics Volume 37. Springer. [Most useful resource] Micheloni, Rino. (2017) Solid-state-drives (SSDs) Modeling, Simulation tools & strategies. Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics Volume 58. Springer Micheloni, Rino (2016) 3D flash memories. Springer. Pierret, Robert F. (1996) Semiconductor Device Fundamentals. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Prince, Betty. (2014) Vertical 3D Memory Technologies. Wiley Internet References: Crisp, Simon. (29/01/2018) Samsung SSD860 PRO 4TB SSD Review. Kitguru.net https://www.kitguru.net/components/ssd-drives/simon-crisp/samsung-ssd860-pro-4tb-ssd-review/all/1/ (Accessed 07/05/2020) KIOXIA, Business Products, Enterprise SSD. https://business.kioxia.com/en-us/ssd/enterprise-ssd.html (Accessed09/30/2020) Mellor, Chris. (28/07/2016) QLC flash istricky stuff to make and use, so here's a primer. TheRegister.co.uk https://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/07/28/qlc_flash_primer/ (Accessed 07/05/2020) Samsung Website. Samsung 1TB Details and Specifications www.samsung.com https://www.samsung.com/us/computing/memory-storage/solid-state-drives/ssd-860-evo-2-5--sata-iii-1tb-mz-76e1t0b-am/ (Accessed 07/05/2020) Shah, Dhiram. (27/02/2019) Samsung Begins Mass Production of Frist 512 GB eUFS3.0 for Next-Generation Mobile Devices. Fareastgizmos.com https://fareastgizmos.com/smartphone/samsung-begins-mass-production-of-first-512gb-eufs-3-0-for-next-generation-mobile-devices.php (Accessed 07/05/2020) Wikipedia contributors. "Charge Trap Flash." "Flash Memory." "Floating-gate Mosfet." "Samsung Electronics." "Solid-State drive." "Solid-state storage." "Three-dimensional integrated circuit." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited May, 2020 Yoon, Alex. (15/02/2018) Understanding Memory, An inside look at different memory types and how they work. Semiengineering.com https://semiengineering.com/whats-really-happening-inside-memory/ (Accessed 07/05/2020) #SSD #FLASH #3DNAND

The engineering inside noise-canceling headphones is rather intricate. Let's see how. Check out https://www.pcbway.com/ for all kinds of PCBs, easy ordering, and quick delivery. Take a look at their PCB Assembly, for an inexpensive population of the components on your PCBs. Noise is all around us, so how have engineers designed headphones that eliminate it? Well in this video we explore the physics of active noise-canceling headphones, and how noise can be removed from the environment using technology. Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join Modeling, Animation, Script, Editing- Teddy Tablante Twitter: @teddytablante Voice Over- Phil Lee Table of Contents: 00:00 - Let's See Inside Noise Cancellation 00:23 - Noise Cancellation in a Nutshell 00:53 - Turning Waves into Compressions and Rarefactions 01:16 - The Example of Removing the Noise from Traffic 02:14 - Issues with Noise Cancellation, Insulation 02:42 - The 2nd Issue: Frequency 03:49 - 3rd Issue: Adding in the music 04:27 - Parts of the Wireless Earbuds 04:44 - Sponsor: PCBWay 05:09 - Why we use the AirPods 2 Key Branches from this video are: Speakers, How does sound work?, How does sound travel?, Audio Codecs Erratum: Animation built using Blender 2.90.1 https://www.blender.org/ Post with Adobe Premiere Pro Internet References: Denenberg, Jeffrey N. Noise Cancellation: Quieting the Environment http://doctord.dyndns.org/Pubs/POTENT.htm Triggs, Robert. Active Noise-Canceling (ANC) Technology Types Explained https://www.soundguys.com/noise-canceling-anc-explained-28344/ Wikipedia contributors. "Active Noise Cancellation" , "Compression", " Pressure Wave", "Rarefaction". Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited November, 2020 #NoiseCancellation #Earbuds #AirPods

Let's take apart these wireless earbuds [Apple AirPods 2] and see all the components. Then we'll explore audio codecs and the world of digital audio, and see how it all works. Check out https://www.pcbway.com/ for all kinds of PCBs, easy ordering, and quick delivery. Take a look at their PCB Assembly, for an inexpensive population of the components on your PCBs. For a holiday season discount, check out https://www.pcbway.com/activity/xmas2020sales.html This video explores the inner workings of wireless earbuds and specifically, we'll explore these Apple AirPods 2. We'll give you a general overview of how these earbuds work, and then dive into how Audio is represented digitally. We'll dive even deeper into Audio sampling rates, and audio bit depth. Finally, we'll give a brief overview of audio file formats. Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join Modeling, Animation- Victor Duarte (@victorvdr9) Digital Artist. http://www.victorvdr9.artstation.com Script, Editing- Teddy Tablante Twitter: @teddytablante Voice Over- Phil Lee Table of Contents: 00:00 - Exploring Wireless Earbuds 02:18 - All the Components inside Apple AirPods 2 04:41 - How Wireless Earbuds Work 06:14 - What are Codecs? 08:47 - Sampling Frequency & Bit depth 15:21 - Audio File Formats .mp3 .flac 16:46 - Wrap Up! Key Branches from this video are: Speakers, How does sound work?, How does sound travel? Erratum: Animation built using Blender 2.90.1 https://www.blender.org/ Post with Adobe Premiere Pro Internet References: Audio Codecs and Audio Data Converter Ics www.maximintegrated.com/en/products/analog/audio/audio-codecs-and-audio-data-converter-ics.html Audio File Size Calculator toolstud.io/video/audiosize.php?samplerate=44100&sampledepth=24&channelcount=2&timeduration=60&timeunit=seconds Dempsey, Joe. "How do MP3 and WAV Files differ?" Studio . www.dawsons.co.uk/blog/how-do-mp3-and-wav-files-differ Wikipedia contributors. "Analog Signal". "Audio Bit Depth". "Audio Coding Format". "Bit Rate". "Codec". "Compact Disc Digital Audio". "Digital Audio". "MP3". "Nyquist-Shannon Sampling Theorem". "Pulse-Code Modulation". "Sampling Rate". "Sampling (Signal processing)". Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited November, 2020 #Wireless #Earbuds #AirPods

Ever wonder how the operator in your smartphone works? For your next PCB design, check out Gerber Labs: They provide high quality, quick turnaround PCBs https://www.gerberlabs.com/ Use the discount code BranchEducation15 to save 15% on your next order! In this video we explore the primary processor or the System on a Chip or SoC which is essentially the brain of your smartphone. We'll explore the different sections of the SoC and then see how data moves around. Next, we'll explore what happens when you take a picture, and how the SoC processes this data. Following that, we'll take a look at the CPU section, and finally, we'll see how these SoC are designed and manufactured. Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join Script, Modelling, Animation, Editing- Teddy Tablante Twitter: @teddytablante Voice Over- Phil Lee Table of Contents: 00:00 - The Magic of the SoC 01:13 - Layout of this Episode 02:07 - Notes & Details of the SoC 05:15 - All the Sections of the System on a Chip 08:47 - Processing an Image on the SoC 15:54 - Thank you Gerber Labs 16:40 - Inside the CPU Block 18:59 - Designing and Manufacturing the System on a Chip 22:41 - What it looks like form a nanoscopic view 23:38 - Wrap-up Key Branches from this video are: Microchips, CPUs, Integrated Circuits, Erratum: 12min 10sec- Enligsh should be English! Ugh such a blunder. Maybe it's a test to see who reads the footnotes. And then another test to see who reads the erratum... Animation built using Blender 2.90.1 https://www.blender.org/ Post with Adobe Premiere Pro Model References: Blend Swap: Yohello Book References: Abderazek, Ben Abdallah. Advanced Multicore System-On-Chip, Architecture, on-Chip Network, Design. Springer ARM, Arm Cortex-177 Core Technical Reference Manual Revisions r1p1 Birger, Maxim. Snapdragon Platforms overview feat. MSM7x30 chipset. Codrescu, Lucian. Qualcomm Hexagon DSP: An Architecture optimized for mobile multimedia and communications. Qualcomm Technologies Pulli, Kari. VP Computational Imaging Light. Camera Processing Pipeline Santanu, Kundu. Santanu, Chattopadhyay. Network-On-Chip. CRC Press. Veena S. Chakravarthi. A Practical Approach to VLSI System on Chip (SoC) Design. Springer Yang, Kent. PoP Details. Music Attribution: Sunburst, Tobu & Itro is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License http://www.7obu.com https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lXBHD5C8do Internet References: Tech Insights, Apple iPhone 11 Pro Max Teardown: https://www.techinsights.com/blog/apple-iphone-11-pro-max-teardown Anand Tech https://www.anandtech.com/ Die Photos from Birdman 86, Pauli Rautakorpi: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:ListFiles/Birdman86 Wiki Chips: https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/apple/ax/a12 Processor Die Photos: http://www.qdpma.com/CPU/CPU.html Wikipedia contributors. "System on A Chip" "ARM" "Samsung Electronics." "ARM Architecture" "Reduced Instruction Set Computer" "Dynamic Random Access Memory" "Semiconductor device fabrication" "Color Depth" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited November 2020 Model Attribution: Blend Swap: Clock Creator Yohello #CPU #TRANSISTOR #SoC

You can hold all the data in the American Library of Congress AND all the data from Wikipedia on a small stack of solid-state drives especially considering a single SSD's capacity can reach up to 30 TB of data. In this video, we'll explore how tens of terabytes can be crammed into such a small space. This technology is called 3D NAND, and specifically, we'll explore the physics and concepts on how 3 bits of information can be written to and read from individual cells. Video Sponsor: Visit KIOXIA's website to see their lineup of solid-state drives: https://business.kioxia.com/en-us/ssd/enterprise-ssd/cm6-r.html Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join Script, Modelling, Animation, Editing- Teddy Tablante Twitter: @teddytablante Voice Over- Phil Lee Table of Contents: 00:00 - Setting up the Puzzle 01:26 - Microchips in the SSD 02:00 - Layout of Millions of Memory Cells 03:20 - What's a Threshold Voltage? 04:53 - Function of the Charge Trap 06:05 - Quick Recap 06:37 - Storing 1 Bit of Info 08:12 - Exploring a KIOXIA SSD 09:21 - Storing 3 Bits of Information 11:04 - Storing Information in Pages 12:16 - Wrap-up This video is part of a series that intends to thoroughly explain how SSDs, and more specifically how 3D NAND works. These are the episodes in the series: 1) Overview of SSDs and 3D NAND: https://youtu.be/5Mh3o886qpg 2) Abridged overview of SSDs: https://youtu.be/E7Up7VuFd8A 3) How information is written to a cell: https://youtu.be/5f2xOxRGKqk Key Branches from this video are Microchips, CPUs, Integrated Circuits, Erratum: 6min 49sec: Right side note should be "A LOT of extra" Animation built using Blender 2.82a https://www.blender.org/ Post with Adobe Premiere Pro Book References: Aritome, Seiichi. (2015). NAND flash memory technologies. IEEE Press Series on Microelectronic Systems. Wiley. [2nd most useful resource] Cai, Yu et al. (2013) Threshold Voltage Distribution in MLC NAND Flash Memory: Characterization Analysis, and Modeling. 2013 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition. IEEE. Micheloni, Rino. Marelli, Alessia. Eshghi, Kam. (2018) Inside solid state drives (SSDs) Second edition. Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics Volume 37. Springer. [Most useful resource] Micheloni, Rino. (2017) Solid-state-drives (SSDs) Modeling, Simulation tools & strategies. Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics Volume 58. Springer Micheloni, Rino (2016) 3D flash memories. Springer. Pierret, Robert F. (1996) Semiconductor Device Fundamentals. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Prince, Betty. (2014) Vertical 3D Memory Technologies. Wiley Internet References: Crisp, Simon. (29/01/2018) Samsung SSD860 PRO 4TB SSD Review. Kitguru.net https://www.kitguru.net/components/ssd-drives/simon-crisp/samsung-ssd860-pro-4tb-ssd-review/all/1/ (Accessed 07/05/2020) KIOXIA, Business Products, Enterprise SSD. https://business.kioxia.com/en-us/ssd/enterprise-ssd.html (Accessed09/30/2020) Mellor, Chris. (28/07/2016) QLC flash istricky stuff to make and use, so here's a primer. TheRegister.co.uk https://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/07/28/qlc_flash_primer/ (Accessed 07/05/2020) Samsung Website. Samsung 1TB Details and Specifications www.samsung.com https://www.samsung.com/us/computing/memory-storage/solid-state-drives/ssd-860-evo-2-5--sata-iii-1tb-mz-76e1t0b-am/ (Accessed 07/05/2020) Shah, Dhiram. (27/02/2019) Samsung Begins Mass Production of Frist 512 GB eUFS3.0 for Next-Generation Mobile Devices. Fareastgizmos.com https://fareastgizmos.com/smartphone/samsung-begins-mass-production-of-first-512gb-eufs-3-0-for-next-generation-mobile-devices.php (Accessed 07/05/2020) Wikipedia contributors. "Charge Trap Flash." "Flash Memory." "Floating-gate Mosfet." "Samsung Electronics." "Solid-State drive." "Solid-state storage." "Three-dimensional integrated circuit." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited May, 2020 Yoon, Alex. (15/02/2018) Understanding Memory, An inside look at different memory types and how they work. Semiengineering.com https://semiengineering.com/whats-really-happening-inside-memory/ (Accessed 07/05/2020) #SSD #VNAND #3DNAND

Almost all the console video games you play use this small metal disk. But where is it located and what does it do? In this video, we will open a PlayStation 4 Dualshock video game controller and see how the buttons and analog sticks work! This controller is similar to a PlayStation 5 [PS5], a Nintendo Switch Joy Con, or an Xbox X Series video game controller. Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join Timestamps: 00:00 - Intro 01:10 - Parts of a PS4/PS5 Video Game Controller 03:08 - How do Buttons Work? 04:51 - How do Analog Sticks Work? 08:08 - Outro You can find additional Creator's Comments in the English (Canada) Subtitles You can find an additional puzzle in the English (Ireland) Subtitles. Prizes will be awarded to those who successfully submit their solution of this additional puzzle to [email protected] If you're interested in modeling, making animated videos, or playing around with this PS4 video game controller model, you can purchase the models here: https://blendermarket.com/products/ps4-controller-teardown To use the models you will also have to install Blender, a free animation software which you can find here: https://www.blender.org/ Animation built using Blender 2.82a Website: www.branch.education Written, animated, and edited- Teddy Tablante Twitter: @teddytablante Voice Over- Phil Lee Controller Modelling - Victor Duarte https://www.artstation.com/victorvdr9 https://www.youtube.com/user/victormen9 Key Branches from this video are: PCBs, Electronics, Resistors, Potentiometers, Push Buttons Erratum: Housing is misspelled as Houseing 5min 10sec in. Work Cited: Eleccelerator Wiki. "DualShock4". http://eleccelerator.com/wiki/index.php?title=DualShock_4#Flexible_Film_Pin_Mapping PS4's DualShock 4 Controller Teardown. https://imgur.com/a/ytRW5 PSDevWiki. "DualShock 4" https://www.psdevwiki.com/ps4/DualShock_4 Active-High Vs Active-Low Button. Vinctronics http://vinduino.blogspot.com/2013/07/active-high-vs-active-low-button.html Wikipedia contributors. "Dual Shock." "Potentiometer." "Push Button." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited August, 2020 #PlayStation #Controller #Engineering

It's a puzzle as to how your smartphone or the solid-state drive in your laptop can store gigabytes to terabytes of data by the click of a button! It's amazing that your devices work flawlessly, and the information doesn't leak out. In this video, we'll learn how scientists and engineers use quantum mechanics to store this information reliably. We'll take a look on the inside of the 3D NAND technology, and see an application of quantum mechanics- specifically quantum tunneling. Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join 0:35 - Where is the storage microchip in your Smartphone? 1:12 - Inside the memory storage microchip. 2:08 - Exploring the walls of the charge trap. 3:00 - Writing information to a memory cell. 3:48 - How Quantum Mechanics is applied to writing to a memory cell. 5:30 - Dimensions of a memory cell. 6:24 - Memory cells DO lose their data... over time. 6:49 - Wrapping up Written, animated, and edited- Teddy Tablante Twitter: @teddytablante Voice Over- Phil Lee This video is part of a series that intends to thoroughly explain how SSDs, and more specifically how VNAND works. These are the episodes in the series: 1) [18min] Overview on how SSDs / VNAND / Smartphone storage works. 2) [3min] Quick/Abridged episode of the overview 3) [7.5min] Writing to a memory cell using Quantum Mechanics 4) Reading from a charge trap flash memory cell. 5) How strings of memory cells work (details on a stack of memory cells) 6) How a massive array of memory cells are organized. (Terabit Cell Array Transistor, TCAT) 7) SSD Architecture 8) How is VNAND manufactured? Key Branches from this video are: Microchips, CPUs, Integrated Circuits, SSDs Erratum: Animation built using Blender 2.82a https://www.blender.org/ Post with Adobe Premiere Pro Book References: Aritome, Seiichi. (2015). NAND flash memory technologies. IEEE Press Series on Microelectronic Systems. Wiley. [2nd most useful resource] Cai, Yu et al. (2013) Threshold Voltage Distribution in MLC NAND Flash Memory: Characterization Analysis, and Modeling. 2013 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition. IEEE. Micheloni, Rino. Marelli, Alessia. Eshghi, Kam. (2018) Inside solid state drives (SSDs) Second edition. Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics Volume 37. Springer. [Most useful resource] Micheloni, Rino. (2017) Solid-state-drives (SSDs) Modeling, Simulation tools & strategies. Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics Volume 58. Springer Micheloni, Rino (2016) 3D flash memories. Springer. Pierret, Robert F. (1996) Semiconductor Device Fundamentals. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Prince, Betty. (2014) Vertical 3D Memory Technologies. Wiley Internet References: Crisp, Simon. (29/01/2018) Samsung SSD860 PRO 4TB SSD Review. Kitguru.net https://www.kitguru.net/components/ssd-drives/simon-crisp/samsung-ssd860-pro-4tb-ssd-review/all/1/ (Accessed 07/05/2020) Mellor, Chris. (28/07/2016) QLC flash istricky stuff to make and use, so here's a primer. TheRegister.co.uk https://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/07/28/qlc_flash_primer/ (Accessed 07/05/2020) Samsung Website. Samsung 1TB Details and Specifications www.samsung.com https://www.samsung.com/us/computing/memory-storage/solid-state-drives/ssd-860-evo-2-5--sata-iii-1tb-mz-76e1t0b-am/ (Accessed 07/05/2020) Shah, Dhiram. (27/02/2019) Samsung Begins Mass Production of Frist 512 GB eUFS3.0 for Next-Generation Mobile Devices. Fareastgizmos.com https://fareastgizmos.com/smartphone/samsung-begins-mass-production-of-first-512gb-eufs-3-0-for-next-generation-mobile-devices.php (Accessed 07/05/2020) Wikipedia contributors. "Charge Trap Flash." "Flash Memory." "Floating-gate Mosfet." "Samsung Electronics." "Solid-State drive." "Solid-state storage." "Three-dimensional integrated circuit." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited May, 2020 Yoon, Alex. (15/02/2018) Understanding Memory, An inside look at different memory types and how they work. Semiengineering.com https://semiengineering.com/whats-really-happening-inside-memory/ (Accessed 07/05/2020) #SSD #VNAND #Quantum

Have you spent the last 3 weeks binging TV shows? How do microchips inside your smartphone, laptop, or table store 3 weeks [1 Terabyte] of information in a space the size of a dime? This quick explanation is an abridged version of the full 18 minute video found here: https://youtu.be/5Mh3o886qpg Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join Written, animated, and edited- Teddy Tablante Twitter: @teddytablante Voice Over- Phil Lee This video is part of a series that intends to thoroughly explain how SSDs, and more specifically how VNAND works. These are the episodes in the series: 1) [18min] Overview on how SSDs / VNAND / Smartphone storage works. 2) [3min] Quick/Abridged episode of the overview 3) How charge trap flash works. (details on a single memory cell) 4) How strings of memory cells work (details on a stack of memory cells) 5) How a massive array of memory cells are organized. (Terabit Cell Array Transistor, TCAT) 6) How is VNAND manufactured? 7) Possible episode on an analogy using a city & apartments to explain VNAND. Key Branches from this video are: Microchips, CPUs, Integrated Circuits, Erratum: Animation built using Blender 2.82a https://www.blender.org/ Post with Adobe Premiere Pro Book References: Aritome, Seiichi. (2015). NAND flash memory technologies. IEEE Press Series on Microelectronic Systems. Wiley. [2nd most useful resource] Cai, Yu et al. (2013) Threshold Voltage Distribution in MLC NAND Flash Memory: Characterization Analysis, and Modeling. 2013 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition. IEEE. Micheloni, Rino. Marelli, Alessia. Eshghi, Kam. (2018) Inside solid state drives (SSDs) Second edition. Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics Volume 37. Springer. [Most useful resource] Micheloni, Rino. (2017) Solid-state-drives (SSDs) Modeling, Simulation tools & strategies. Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics Volume 58. Springer Micheloni, Rino (2016) 3D flash memories. Springer. Pierret, Robert F. (1996) Semiconductor Device Fundamentals. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Prince, Betty. (2014) Vertical 3D Memory Technologies. Wiley Internet References: Crisp, Simon. (29/01/2018) Samsung SSD860 PRO 4TB SSD Review. Kitguru.net https://www.kitguru.net/components/ssd-drives/simon-crisp/samsung-ssd860-pro-4tb-ssd-review/all/1/ (Accessed 07/05/2020) Mellor, Chris. (28/07/2016) QLC flash istricky stuff to make and use, so here's a primer. TheRegister.co.uk https://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/07/28/qlc_flash_primer/ (Accessed 07/05/2020) Samsung Website. Samsung 1TB Details and Specifications www.samsung.com https://www.samsung.com/us/computing/memory-storage/solid-state-drives/ssd-860-evo-2-5--sata-iii-1tb-mz-76e1t0b-am/ (Accessed 07/05/2020) Samsung Newsroom, Korea. (08/06/2019) Samsung Electronics Takes 3D Memory to New Heights with Sixth-Generation V-NAND SSDs for Client Computing. News.samsung.com https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-takes-3d-memory-to-new-heights-with-sixth-generation-v-nand-ssds-for-client-computing (Accessed 07/05/2020) Samsung Newsroom, Korea. (07/08/2018) Samsung Electronics Starts Mass Production of Industry's First 4-bit Consumer SSD. News.Samsung.com https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-starts-mass-production-of-industrys-first-4-bit-consumer-ssd (Accessed 07/05/2020) Shah, Dhiram. (27/02/2019) Samsung Begins Mass Production of Frist 512 GB eUFS3.0 for Next-Generation Mobile Devices. Fareastgizmos.com https://fareastgizmos.com/smartphone/samsung-begins-mass-production-of-first-512gb-eufs-3-0-for-next-generation-mobile-devices.php (Accessed 07/05/2020) Wikipedia contributors. "Charge Trap Flash." "Flash Memory." "Floating-gate Mosfet." "Samsung Electronics." "Solid-State drive." "Solid-state storage." "Three-dimensional integrated circuit." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited May, 2020 Yoon, Alex. (15/02/2018) Understanding Memory, An inside look at different memory types and how they work. Semiengineering.com https://semiengineering.com/whats-really-happening-inside-memory/ (Accessed 07/05/2020) #SSD #VNAND #Microchip

Have you ever wondered how your smartphone can store countless pictures, songs, or videos? Or, have you wondered when you download a podcast to your smartphone, where does it actually get stored? In this video, we will open up your smartphone and take a look at the inside of the memory storage microchip. This same microchip is also used to store data in solid-state drives, or SSDs in your computer, in tablets, and inside flash drives. The technology is called VNAND or V-NAND, and it's incredible how engineers were able to fit such an insane amount of memory storage capacity in such a small space. Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join Written, animated, and edited- Teddy Tablante Twitter: @teddytablante Voice Over- Phil Lee Timestamps: 0:00 - Intro into SSDs 2:06 - Example of Saving a Picture 4:17 - Pixel Calculations 5:19 - Single Memory Cell 7:59 - Vertical Strings and Pages 10:34 - Control Gates of VNAND 12:00 - Calculations of Example Array 13:09 - True size of an SSD microchip 14:50 - Overall chip in an SSD 16:07 - Outro 16:32 - Creator's comments 16:54 - Future Episodes This video is part of a series that intends to thoroughly explain how SSDs, and more specifically how VNAND works. These are the episodes in the series: 1) [18min] Overview on how SSDs / VNAND / Smartphone storage works. 2) [3min] Quick/Abridged episode of the overview 3) How charge trap flash works. (details on a single memory cell) 4) How strings of memory cells work (details on a stack of memory cells) 5) How a massive array of memory cells are organized. (Terabit Cell Array Transistor, TCAT) 6) How is VNAND manufactured? 7) Possible episode on an analogy using a city & apartments to explain VNAND. Key Branches from this video are: Microchips, CPUs, Integrated Circuits, Erratum: Animation built using Blender 2.82a https://www.blender.org/ Post with Adobe Premiere Pro Book References: Aritome, Seiichi. (2015). NAND flash memory technologies. IEEE Press Series on Microelectronic Systems. Wiley. [2nd most useful resource] Cai, Yu et al. (2013) Threshold Voltage Distribution in MLC NAND Flash Memory: Characterization Analysis, and Modeling. 2013 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition. IEEE. Micheloni, Rino. Marelli, Alessia. Eshghi, Kam. (2018) Inside solid state drives (SSDs) Second edition. Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics Volume 37. Springer. Micheloni, Rino. (2017) Solid-state-drives (SSDs) Modeling, Simulation tools & strategies. Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics Volume 58. Springer Micheloni, Rino. Crippa, Luca. (2016) 3D flash memories. Springer. [Chapter 4- Most useful resource] Pierret, Robert F. (1996) Semiconductor Device Fundamentals. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Prince, Betty. (2014) Vertical 3D Memory Technologies. Wiley Internet References: Crisp, Simon. (29/01/2018) Samsung SSD860 PRO 4TB SSD Review. Kitguru.net https://www.kitguru.net/components/ssd-drives/simon-crisp/samsung-ssd860-pro-4tb-ssd-review/all/1/ (Accessed 07/05/2020) Mellor, Chris. (28/07/2016) QLC flash istricky stuff to make and use, so here's a primer. TheRegister.co.uk https://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/07/28/qlc_flash_primer/ (Accessed 07/05/2020) Samsung Website. Samsung 1TB Details and Specifications www.samsung.com https://www.samsung.com/us/computing/memory-storage/solid-state-drives/ssd-860-evo-2-5--sata-iii-1tb-mz-76e1t0b-am/ (Accessed 07/05/2020) Shah, Dhiram. (27/02/2019) Samsung Begins Mass Production of Frist 512 GB eUFS3.0 for Next-Generation Mobile Devices. Fareastgizmos.com https://fareastgizmos.com/smartphone/samsung-begins-mass-production-of-first-512gb-eufs-3-0-for-next-generation-mobile-devices.php (Accessed 07/05/2020) Wikipedia contributors. "Charge Trap Flash." "Flash Memory." "Floating-gate Mosfet." "Samsung Electronics." "Solid-State drive." "Solid-state storage." "Three-dimensional integrated circuit." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited May, 2020 Yoon, Alex. (15/02/2018) Understanding Memory, An inside look at different memory types and how they work. Semiengineering.com https://semiengineering.com/whats-really-happening-inside-memory/ (Accessed 07/05/2020) #SSD #VNAND #Microchip

Have you ever wondered what is inside the hinge in a foldable smartphone? With the release of the Samsung Galaxy Z Flip, and the Motorola Razr, foldable smartphones are becoming more popular, and soon every company will have their own version of a foldable smartphone! In here we explore the engineering inside foldable smartphones. Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join Twitter: @teddytablante Made by Teddy Tablante Most of the findings and interior elements were done using a teardown from Zack at the channel JerryRigEverything https://www.youtube.com/user/JerryRigEverything . Much thanks to his hard work at opening up and showing us the details inside smartphones. Key Branches from this video are: Touchscreen Displays Erratum: Animation built using Blender 2.81a https://www.blender.org/ Post with Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects Sound editing with Reaper Work Cited: ALON: http://www.surmet.com/technology/alon-optical-ceramics/index.php Samsung Galaxy Fold: https://www.samsung.com/global/galaxy/galaxy-fold/ Smart Glass: https://www.smartglassinternational.com/electric-switchable-glass/ Motorola RaZR: https://www.motorola.com/us/home Wikipedia Commons. "Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Ultrabook" from Intell Free Press. "The Nintendo Dsi XL in burgundy" from Evan-Amos. "A Motorola flip phone, open" from Jud McCranie. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited February, 2020 #FoldableSmartphone #SamsungFold #Engineering

Have you ever heard that explosions in space don't make a sound? When the Death Star from Star Wars explodes what would happen? Would you be able to hear it? And what would it actually sound like? Well, explosions in space actually do make sounds, and in this video, we will explore it using a battle in Star Wars! Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join Twitter: @teddytablante Made by Teddy Tablante Key Branches from this video are: Sound, Vacuums, Atmosphere, Star Wars Erratum: Animation built using Blender 2.81a https://www.blender.org/ Post with Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects Sound editing with Reaper Work Cited: Cody's Lab "Sound of Explosions in Space? Part 1" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l8MljsHpYRk&t=93s Note: Strange enough, there are very few scientific papers or articles on the effects of explosions in vacuums. People should remedy this and publish a paper on it. Music Attribution in Order: Divider by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ Action Time by Biz Baz Studio from YouTube Audio Library #StarWars #SoundInSpace #VacuumScience

What is inside of PCBs? Smartphones have dozens of components, and they are all connected thru a vast labyrinth of wires inside the PCB! So how exactly do PCBs work? PCBs may be incredibly complex, however, they are rather easy to design and order. For a quick turnaround and inexpensive option for buying any variety of PCB, consider PCBWay: https://www.pcbway.com/ Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join Twitter: @teddytablante Made by Teddy Tablante Table of Contents: 0:00 Intro: Enter the PCB 01:11 Section 1: What is a motherboard? 01:45 Section 2: X-Ray Image of PCB & Wires from the SoC 03:38 Section 3: What are the layers of a PCB? 05:00 Section 4: Pursue STEM Careers! 06:29 Section 5: Vias and holes in the PCB 07:55 Section 6: Different designs of PCBs, Sizes, Weights, and Thru hole 09:22 Outro: Summary and Branches Background Understanding: Wires, Power, Ground Key Branches from this video are: PCB Design, PCB Manufacturing, Solid State Drive, Supporting Chips, System on a Chip, Wifi Chip Erratum: Via is a backronym or apronym. 99% (except the Wikipedia article about them) of people don't use the phrase Vertical Interconnect Access, it's just called a via. 10:06 Manufacturing misspelled as Manufacutring #PCB #Smartphone #Howitworks Animation built using Blender 2.79b https://www.blender.org/ Post with Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects Sound editing with Reaper Work Cited: "PCB Layout Recommendations for BGA Packages." Lattice Semiconductor. March 2017 "Printed Circuit Boards, Technical Engineering Guide." EPEC. "Rigid PCB Design For Assembly Guide." Bittele Electronics Inc. September 13th, 2018 "Rigit PCB Design For Manufacturability Guide." Bittele Electronics Inc. October 04, 2017 "Qualcomm Snapdragon 808 MSM8992. Notebook Check. Schweitzer, Albert. "PCB Layer Stack-up" Fineline Technical Workshop. September 2015 Wikipedia contributors. "Computer" , "Electronics" , "Flea","Printed circuit Board", "Surface Mount Technology", "System on a Chip", "Through-Hole Technology"  Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, November 26th, 2019. Yap, Charley. "How to Successfully Design a BGA." Altium, October 26th, 2016 Image Attribution: An entry-level IBM System/360 system, on display at the Computer History Museum. Dave Ross Flickr, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IBM_System360_Model_30.jpg Ifixit Smartphone Teardowns for: https://www.ifixit.com/ Google Pixel 4XL: Jeff Suovanen Samsung Galaxy Note 9: Arthur Shi Iphone 8: Andrew Optimus Goldheart Huawei P30 Pro Teardown: Dominik Schnabelrauch OnePlus6: Jeff Suovanen LGV20: Dominik Schnabelrauch LGV10: Me! Teddy Tablante Nintendo Switch: Jeff Suovanen Samsung Galaxy S8: Sam Goldheart Iphone X PCB: Andrew Optimus Goldheart Iphone X X-Ray: Sam Goldheart Music Attribution in Order: Morning Dew from YouTube Audio Library Above Planets by Patrick Patrikios from YouTube Audio Library Stars and Constellations by Sarah the Instrumentalist from YouTube Audio Library Gently Onwards from YouTube Audio Library Sunburst, Tobu & Itro is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License http://www.7obu.com https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lXBHD5C8do

How exactly do trees extract CO2 from the atmosphere? And in general, how do they fight climate change? #TeamTrees We know that one way to combat climate change is by planting trees. But why? Let's explore the mechanism by which trees fight climate change! #TeamTrees wants to raise $20,000,000 for the Arbor Day Foundation so that they can plant 20,000,000 trees! Donate here: https://www.arborday.org/ Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join Table of Contents: 0:22 Graph of Temperature Anomaly vs CO2 in atmosphere vs Fossil Fuels 1:05 Structure of Cellulose in trees 1:43 How do trees extract CO2 2:48 Let's plant 20,000,000 Trees! Support the Arbor Day Foundation Made by Teddy Tablante Background Understanding: Molecules Animation built using Blender 2.79b Post with Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects Sound editing with Reaper Work Cited:  Wikipedia contributors. "Cellulose." "Wood." "Photosynthesis."  Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited September, 2019 https://science.sciencemag.org/content/365/6448/76 Data of CO2 ppm https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/graph.html Data of Temperature Anomaly for each year https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/global-temperature/ Data of Fossil Fuels Burnt https://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels Global Tree Restoration Potential https://science.sciencemag.org/content/365/6448/76 #TeamTrees #ClimateChange #CO2

We make steam every morning while preparing our morning coffee. But how can it be used to move this massive machine? In this episode, we explore how engineers designed steam engines to turn fire, water, and steam into tremendous amounts of force. This video series is the winning project of the Europeana STEM challenge 2019 and was awarded funding for its production.  I’m grateful to the Europeana team for support in creating this series and providing invaluable educational resources.   If you were inspired to learn more and explore more about early ancestors of  modern technology, or about thousands of other facets of the rich and diverse heritage of Europe, be sure to check out the Europeana Collections at www.europeana.eu/ Their extensive digital platform includes over 3,700 museums, libraries, institutes, and archives which have contributed over 50 million digitized images, artifacts, audio clips, artwork, books, films, and music. www.europeana.eu/ Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join Table of Contents: 1:54 Exploring the traction engine. 4:30 What is high pressure steam and how is it generated? 6:51 Just how much force is in a steam engine? 8:04 Let's think about the impact of steam engines. Twitter: @teddytablante Made by Teddy Tablante Background Understanding: Steam, Boiling Water, Particles Branches to: Newcomen Steam Engine. Understanding Air. Temperature Animation built using Blender 2.79b Post with Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects Sound editing with Reaper Image usage from Europeana www.europeana.eu/ in order: Engineering: a steam engine. Lithograph 1852 - Wellcome Collection Ma Robert, D. Livingstone's steam boat on which he explored the River Zambezi. Lithograph by T. Picken after S. Walters, 1858 - Wellcome Collection (ca) 27 - Sociedad Anónima Grober.-Fábrica de Gerona. Telares mecánicos con Jacquard, para la fabricación de galones, agremanes, etc. - (ca) Desconegut. Ajuntament de Girona - A steam-driven carriage with passengers passes through the streets of a village as bystanders watch its progress. Coloured process print after Pyall after G. Morton - Wellcome Collection An express locomotive in a railway line. Colour lithograph - Wellcome Collection Engineering: a steam traction engine, and a stationary steam engine. Engraving c.1861 -Wellcome Collection Lokomotiv No 95, tillverkat vid Pittsburgh Locomotive Works."The heaviest and most powerful locomotive in the world", oktober 1898 - Okänd. Tekniska museet - traction engine from "The Traveller's Album and Hotel Guide: containing views of places and buildings of historical and general interest, with descriptive letterpress; an account of the principal railways out of London, etc" - The British Library traction engine from "The Traveller's Album and Hotel Guide: containing views of places and buildings of historical and general interest, with descriptive letterpress; an account of the principal railways out of London, etc" - The British Library Portrait of The Honourable Robert Boyle (1627 - 1691), Irish natural philosopher - Wellcome Collection Portrait of Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac [1778 - 1850] chemist - Wellcome Collection Work Cited:  Wikipedia contributors. "History of the Steam Engine." "James Watt." "Thomas Newcomen." "Steam." "Steam Engine." "Thomas Savery." "Traction Engine."  Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited September, 2019 https://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/steam1.htm https://www.stationroadsteam.com/2-inch-scale-dny-traction-engine-stock-code-2965/ http://vintagemachinery.org/mfgindex/imagedetail.aspx?id=3967 #HowDoes #SteamEngine #Train

How does water, fire, steam, and metalworking ignite a revolution? Here we explore exactly how the first steam engine, The Newcomen Atmospheric Engine works, and why it was revolutionary! This video series is the winning project of the Europeana STEM challenge 2019 and was awarded funding for its production.  I’m grateful to the Europeana team for support in creating this series and providing invaluable educational resources.   If you were inspired to learn more and explore more about early ancestors of  modern technology, or about thousands of other facets of the rich and diverse heritage of Europe, be sure to check out the Europeana Collections at www.europeana.eu/ Their extensive digital platform includes over 3,700 museums, libraries, institutes, and archives which have contributed over 50 million digitized images, artifacts, audio clips, artwork, books, films, and music.  www.europeana.eu/ Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join Table of Contents: 1:16 Components and Function of the Newcomen Engine 3:55 How a vacuum can generate power 6:17 How much does water expand when evaporated? 7:37 Igniting a revolution in technology Background Understanding: Steam, Boiling Water, Air/ Steam Particles Branches to: Traction Engines. Understanding Air. Animation built using Blender 2.79b Post with Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects Sound editing with Reaper Website: www.branch.education Twitter: @teddytablante Made by Teddy Tablante Work Cited: Carl Lira. "Brief History of the Steam Engine" https://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/ Visited September 2019 Black Country Living Museum. https://www.bclm.co.uk/locations/newcomen-engine/8.htm#.XZNVOEZKguU Visited September 2019 Animated Engines. "Newcomen Atmospheric Engine" http://www.animatedengines.com/newcomen.html Visited September 2019 "Thomas Newcomen and the Steam Engine Engineering and Technology History" December 2003. https://ethw.org/Thomas_Newcomen_and_the_Steam_Engine Visited September 2019 Wikipedia contributors. "Beam Engine." "History of the Steam Engine." "James Watt." "Newcomen Atmospheric Engine." "Thomas Newcomen." "Steam." "Steam Engine." "Thomas Savery."  Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited September 2019 Image usage from Europeana www.europeana.eu/ in order: Map of England and Wales and surrounding seas Mine from "Popular Lectures on Geology, treated in a comprehensive manner ... Translated by ... J. G. Morris, and edited by Professor F. Hall" Engineering: a Newcomen steam-engine. Engraving, 174 James Watt from "The first century of the Republic. A review of American progress. By ... T. D. W., ... F. A. P. Barnard [and others]" (fi) valokuva kuvasta, jossa höyrymoottori konehallissa; taulussa teksti: 3400 I.H.P. steam engine built by Engineering Works "Nederland" at Ysselmonde Elektriska maskiner. The complete turbine generators ready - Lokomotiv No 95, tillverkat vid Pittsburgh Locomotive Works."The heaviest and most powerful locomotive in the world", oktober 1898 Utställningen Bygga & Bo i Uddevalla år 1936 traction engine from "The Traveller's Album and Hotel Guide: containing views of places and buildings of historical and general interest, with descriptive letterpress; an account of the principal railways out of London, etc" - Skærbækværket, Turbiner (nl) Vliegtuig van de gebroeders Wright in vlucht; Aéroplane Wright - Norra Droskstationen.Två automobiler och fyra hästdrosker.I bil nr.2 från vänster sitter Carl Johan Johansson (född 1885) - Locomotivă cu aburi tip 50065 - (de) Flugzeug Arado (Ar) 79 B Adler Trumpf An express locomotive in a railway line. Colour lithograph Lokomotiv No 95, tillverkat vid Pittsburgh Locomotive Works."The heaviest and most powerful locomotive in the world", oktober 1898 #Steam #Engine #FirstEver

Let's open up your smartphone and fly through it. It's like a teardown but fully animated using accurate models and images from my former smartphone. This video doesn't have a script or me reading anything but rather it can be used to get a general sense of the components in your smartphone. Speed up or slow down the video to fly through at your own pace! Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Join the Branch Education community on our Patreon page found here: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation We need more engineers throughout the world, and to do that we need better engineering education! Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join Made by Teddy Tablante Table of Contents: Background Understanding: General Functions of Smartphones Erratum: 02:57 Separator misspelled as Seperator Music in Order: Dream of a Day by Density & Time from YouTube Music Library Sunburst, Tobu & Itro is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License http://www.7obu.com https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lXBHD5C8do #WhatsInside #Smartphone #Flythrough

How does electricity even do stuff? How do all the LEDs around us work? How do Batteries work? We know it powers everything around us, but what are the mechanics behind it doing something like- producing light? In this episode, we explore how Lemon Batteries produce electricity, and then how we can use that electricity with an LED to generate light! Let's dive into some of the fundamentals around electricity, and learn something fascinating today! Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join Made by Teddy Tablante Table of Contents: 0:22 Exploring the Lemon Battery 1:23 Watching a the chemical reaction 1:57 What's the copper wire for? 3:00 What's the speed of an electron? What about electricity? 4:15 How does an LED create light? 8:38 Outro Background Understanding: Electrons, Charges Key Branches from this video are: Exploring Lemon Batteries, Voltage & Current, Solar Cells, Understanding Electricity Erratum: Animation built using Blender 2.79b Post with Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects Sound editing with Reaper Work Cited: Goodisman, Jerry (2001). "Observations on Lemon Cells". Journal of Chemical Education. 78 (4): 516–518 Hyperphysics Contributors. "P-N Energy Bands." "Semiconductor Concepts." Hyperphysics 2016 Georgia State University. May 30th 2019  "Lemon Battery". Pembroke, Ontario: Hila Science Camp. Wikipedia contributors. "Albert Einstein." "Charge-coupled Device. " "George E. Smith." "Lemon Batteries." "Light-Emitting Diode." "List of Nobel Laureates in Physics." "Semiconductor." "William Shockley."  Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, May 30th, 2019. "The Components of LEDs and How They Work." June 29, 2017 Beaconlamps.com Blendswap Models: Fancy TV + Extras - biozz LED Light Bulb- Sadaj70 SciFi Pedestal Turntable - bill1411 Music Attribution in Order: Easy Lemon by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200076 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Daydream Bliss from YouTube Audio Library Morning Dew from YouTube Audio Library Plaidness by Francis Preve https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YYh4HkYKnOo Sunburst, Tobu & Itro is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License http://www.7obu.com https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lXBHD5C8do

Got some lemons? Let's make a lemon battery! With just a few household items, you can generate electricity and light an LED. Join in this hands-on activity to learn about electricity. It is great for all ages and cheap to build. You need 3x lemons, copper pennies, galvanized nails, copper wire, and an LED to light up. Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join Twitter: @teddytablante Made by Teddy Tablante Table of Contents: 00:35 Section 1: Lemon Battery Build Steps 04:10 Outro: Questions & Branches FAQ, Tips & Issues building the Lemon Battery: Top reasons why it doesn't light up an LED: 1) Your coins really should be made of 100% copper, meaning they should be minted before 1982. Coins minted after 1982 are copper plated zinc (2.5% copper, 97.5% zinc). I have had success with these current coins, however very unreliable success. 2) The copper pennies should be clean. Use steel wool or a brillo pad, or the rough side of a sponge and some vinegar to clean them. ALTERNATIVELY: You can just use a good amount of copper wire inside the lemon instead of the copper pennies, but if you aren't using enough copper wire, your lemon battery won't generate enough current. 3) Your LED legs are facing the wrong direction. 4) Inside the lemon the copper pennies and zinc nails are touching. 5) The connection from copper wire to zinc nails isn't good. Background Understanding: Lemons & Activities Key Branches from this video are: Exploring Lemon Batteries, Voltage & Current, Li-Ion Batteries, Understanding Electricity Erratum: Animation built using Blender 2.79b https://www.blender.org/ Post with Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects Sound editing with Reaper Work Cited: Goodisman, Jerry (2001). "Observations on Lemon Cells". Journal of Chemical Education. 78 (4): 516–518  "Lemon Battery". Pembroke, Ontario: Hila Science Camp. Wikipedia contributors. "Lemon Batteries."  Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, March 3rd, 2019. Music Attribution in Order: Easy Lemon by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200076 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Away by Geographer from YouTube Audio Library Lightning Bugs by Geographer from YouTube Audio Library Water Lillies by Density & Time from YouTube Audio Library Wind Marching For Rain by Puddle of Infinity from YouTube Audio Library

How many lithium-ion [Li-ion] batteries have you used today? Lithium-ion batteries are practically everywhere, but how do they work? Why are they rechargeable? And why do they die earlier and earlier in the day the more you use them? This episode will go deep into detail and explore the lithium-ion battery in your smartphone and answer each of these questions. Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join Question: "I learned that the Anode is + and the Cathode is -. Why do you say the reverse?" Answer: Well, in electronic devices, by definition: the anode is where electrons leave the component. In a diode or LED, the anode, the anode is the + terminal, the cathode is - and current goes from + to -, and electrons go from - to +. However now, think of the battery that is powering that LED. When operating, electrons come out of the negative side, and by the definition that makes this the anode. Thus, for batteries the anode is - and the cathode is +. But, chemistry uses a different definition of 'the cathode is where species are reduced, and the anode is where species are oxidized'. And for a battery function vs recharging the anode and cathodes switch sides, but + and - designations stay the same. TLDR: Anode and cathode are defined by more than just Anode is + and cathode is -. Erratum: 9:29 Separator misspelled as Seperator Website: www.branch.education Twitter: @teddytablante Made by Teddy Tablante Table of Contents: 00:43 Section 1: How do Li-ion batteries work? 04:53 Section 2: How do Li-ion batteries recharge? 05:36 Section 2B: Additional details about Li-ion batteries. 07:18 Section 3: Why does your battery's max capacity reduce over time? Background Understanding: Electrons Key Branches from this video are: Electric Vehicle Batteries, Galvanic and Voltaic Cells, Chemical bonds & Electronegativity, and Lemon Batteries. Animation built using Blender 2.79b https://www.blender.org/ Post with Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects Sound editing with Reaper Work Cited: J.B. Goodenough and Y. Kim, Chem. Mater., 22, 587 (2010). Julien, Christian. And Alain Mauger and Ashok Vijh and Karim Zaghib, Lithium Batteries Science and Technology Springer, 2016. Kazda, Tomas. Vanysek, Petr. "Lithium Batteries as Electrochemical Sources of Energy". The Electro Chemical Society. Fall 2016 Pinson, Matthew B. Bazant, Martin Z. "Theory of FEI Formation in Rechargeable Batteries, Capacity Fade, Accelerated Aging and Lifetime Prediction" MIT. Romano, Linda Ph.D., "Improving Performance and Safety of Lithium-Ion Batteries: Characterizing Materials and Interfaces." EAG Laboratories 2017. Strand, Dee. And Mark Jones (2016) "Chemistry of Hello: Lithium Ion Batteries" ACS Webinars Presentation 2016 Material Science Series Wikipedia contributors. "Li-Ion Batteries." "Electrolyte." "Intercalation." "Electrical Energy." "Battery Electric Vehicle." "Battery Charger." "Rechargeable Battery." "Research in Lithium-ion Batteries." "Lithium-Silicon Battery." "Lithium Cobalt Oxide"  Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, March 3rd, 2019. Blend Swap Model used: https://www.blendswap.com/ Blender Battery by Jafrem Music Attribution in Order: Morning Dew from YouTube Audio Library Plaidness by Francis Preve https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YYh4HkYKnOo Water Lillies from YouTube Audio Library Marxist Arrow by Twin Musicom is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBlLC... Under Cover by Wayne Jones from YouTube Audio Library Timelapsed Tides from YouTube Audio Library Sunburst, Tobu & Itro is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License http://www.7obu.com https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lXBHD5C8do #How #LithiumIon #Batteries

Have you ever thought of your smartphone's multitouch as similar to your skins ability to sense touch? We take for granted being able to sense our environment, but designing an electronic device's ability to sense the environment is no trivial task. Learn about how multitouch works in this video! Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join Made by Teddy Tablante Table of Contents: 00:06 Electronics Sensing the Environment 01:08 Section 1: Understanding the Grid 01:59 Section 2: Sensing at one intersection. 02:52 Section 3: Issues with the touchscreen 03:57 Section 4: Scanning Rows 05:12 Section 5: Outro Background Understanding: Electrons & Electric Fields, Capacitance Key Branches from this video are: Touchscreen Displays, Capacitors, Measuring Capacitance, Electric Fields Erratum: None… yet? Animation built using Blender 2.79b https://www.blender.org/ Post with Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects Sound editing with Reaper Work Cited: 3M Touch Technology Brief. (2013). “Projected Capacitive Technology”  Barrett, Gary. Omote, Ryomei (March, 2010) Projected-Capacitive Touch Technology. Frontline Technology Fujitsu. (2012). "Capacitive Touch Sensors: Application Fields, Technology Overview and Implementation Example." Geaghan, Bernard O. (2013) United States Patent No. US8363031 B2. US. Kent, Joel et. Al. (2001). United States Patent No. US6297811 B1. US. Li, Tianhao et. Al. (2014) United States Patent No. US8823678 B2. US. Walker, Geoff. (June, 2014) Fundamentals of Projected-Capacitive Touch Technology. Intel Corporation SID Display Week Wikipedia contributors. "Touchscreen." "Skin."  Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, August 30th, 2018 Music Attribution in Order: Morning Dew from YouTube Audio Library Clover from YouTube Audio Library Under Cover by Wayne Jones from YouTube Audio Library Plaidness by Francis Preve https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YYh4HkYKnOo Sunburst, Tobu & Itro is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License http://www.7obu.com https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lXBHD5C8do #Multitouch #How #Smartphone

We use touchscreen displays for hours every day, but do you know about all the intricate layers and components that make them work? This episode goes into the structure and basic function of a touchscreen display. What goes into making toughened glass strong, how do capacitive touchscreens work, and how do OLEDs work? The merging of these technologies is what arguably makes the smartphone what it is! Take a look and learn more. Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join Table of Contents: 00:53 The Layers 01:35 Section 1: Toughened Glass 03:18 Section 2: Capacitive Touchscreen 05:07 Section 3: OLED Display 07:18 Section 4: Summary 07:48 Section 8: Outro Key Branches from this video are: Multitouch, Electric Fields, Capacitors, OLEDs, LCDs, Material Transparency, Interface Aesthetics Made by Teddy Tablante Addendum & Erratum LG Prada Predated the Iphone. LG Prada was released announced December 12th 2006 and sales started in May 2007. 5:43 Most smartphones use a pentile subpixel layout which is 2x Green for 1x Red and 1x Blue. 7:25 1Pixel = 1G+1B or 1G + 1R. Thus the latest phones are closer to 6.67Million itty bitty lights. See sub-pixel details here: https://www.oled-info.com/diamond-pixel-unique-gs4-sub-pixel-arrangement --- Animation built using Blender 2.79b https://www.blender.org/ Post with Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects Sound editing with Reaper Work Cited: Wikipedia contributors. "Touchscreen." , "OLED."  Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, August 30th, 2018 3M Touch Technology Brief. (2013). “Projected Capacitive Technology”  Varshneya, A.K., Bihuniak, P.P. (2017). Cover Screens For Personal Electronic Devices: Strengthened Glaass or Sapphire. American Ceramic Society Bulletin Vol. 96, No. 5 Blankenbach Karlheinz. (2014). "Organic Light Emitting diodes (OLED)." Pforzheim University, Germany. Images of Cellphones acquired from Wikimedia Commons. "HP150" , "Motorola DynaTAC 800x" ,"Appled Newton", "IBM Simon", "Nokia 1610", "Nokia 3310" , "Ipod [1]" , "Blackberry 5810", "Motorola Razr", "IPhone [1]"  Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, August 30th, 2018 Freudenrich, Craig PH.D. (2014)." How OLEDs Work" https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/oled1.htm Music Attribution in Order: Morning Dew from YouTube Audio Library Plaidness from YouTube Audio Library Water Lillies from YouTube Audio Library Marxist Arrow by Twin Musicom is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBlLC... Sunburst, Tobu & Itro is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License http://www.7obu.com https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lXBHD5C8do Car and character models acquired from Blender Market #Touchscreen #Smartphone #HowDo

Why does water sound the way it does? How do vinyl records work? Sound is everywhere, but at its core: What is sound? Also- What are sound waves? This video explains the fundamental science and key concepts behind sound using in-depth examples and animations. Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join Table of Contents: 00:14 Intro 00:55 Section 1: A Popping Balloon 02:48 Section 2: Graph of a Sound Waveform 04:40 Section 3: The Sound of Water 05:31 Section 4: Orchestra 06:08 Section 5: Clarifications 07:20 Section 6: Orchestra Continued 07:52 Section 7: Vinyl Record Basics 08:47 Section 8: Outro Key Branches from this video are: How do sound waves travel? Understanding Pressure. How ears work. How a microphone and speaker work. Understanding Air. Frequency and Amplitude. Loudness and intensity. Visit our website: www.branch.education Made by Teddy Tablante Twitter @TeddyTablante Notes: This is the fourth episode of Branch Education. Please provide comments, questions, and your thoughts. Erratum: 400Hz = 0.002273s wavelength. The animation depicts 2 wavelengths, thus it is ~0.0045s Animation built using Blender 2.79b https://www.blender.org/ Post with Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects Sound editing with Reaper Work Cited: Wikipedia contributors. "Speed of Sound." , "Sound."  Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, June 20th, 2018 Russell, Dan. (2016, August 5). “Acoustics and Vibration Animations.”  www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/demos/waves/wavemotion.html. "Speed of Sound in common Solids." , The Engineering ToolBox https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/sound-speed-solids-d_713.html Music Attribution in Order: Morning Dew from YouTube Audio Library Under Cover by Wayne Jones from YouTube Audio Library Marxist Arrow by Twin Musicom is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBlLC... Beethoven's 9th Symphony: 1895 Gustav Mahler Orchestration BlendSwap Model Attribution: https://www.blendswap.com/ Violin from Nicolas DAmore Cello from Hjolli Flute from Gnotev French Horn from GuillaumeCote Piano from Johnson Martin Trumpet from Jafem Trombone from Diabolik Gramophone from The Sage #Sound #SoundWave #WhatIs

Sound moves incredibly fast! You snap your fingers, and it can be heard almost instantly throughout an entire room. But how does sound travel so quickly? Do you know how sound travels? Also, how does pushing a table relate to sound? This video goes into the fundamental ideas behind sound wave propagation. It uses a thought experiment to help better visualize the movement of particles. Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join Table of Contents: 00:14 Intro 00:34 Section 1: Thought Experiment 02:05 Section 2: Atomic View 02:33 Section 3: Speed of Sound in Steel 04:05 Section 4: Thought Experiment- Shaking 05:35 Section 5: Analogies 05:54 Section 6: Key Concepts for understanding Sound wave Trave Key Branches from this video are: What is Sound? Understanding the movement of air. Additional branches are: Types of waves, Ears, Frequency & Loudness, Visit our website: www.branch.education This animation was my first use of low poly animation. There were a total of 5 main scenes with an intro and an outro. It took me about 5 weeks to make the scenes while rendering at night. I find this topic fascinating because most people don't realize that all your movements and actions take time to propagate to other objects. When you pick up a pencil, you think every bit of the pencil moves together, however that's just not the case. Eventually, in another episode, I'll get into the deformations related to moving and applying a force to everyday things- like when you lean on a counter, the counter height sinks- but that episode will have to wait. If you have any questions or comments, I would love to hear them! Made by Teddy Tablante Notes: This is the third episode of Branch Education. Please provide comments, questions, and your thoughts. Erratum: None… yet Animation built using Blender 2.79b https://www.blender.org/ Post with Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects Sound editing with Reaper Work Cited: Wikipedia contributors. "Speed of Sound." , "Sound."  Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, June 20th, 2018 Russell, Dan. (2016, August 5). “Acoustics and Vibration Animations.”  www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/demos/waves/wavemotion.html. "Speed of Sound in common Solids." , The Engineering ToolBox https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/sound-speed-solids-d_713.html Music Attribution in Order: Plaidness by Francis Preve https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YYh4HkYKnOo Daydream Bliss Sybs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ya84Jq1IHJ8 Marxist Arrow by Twin Musicom is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBlLC... Sunburst, Tobu & Itro is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License http://www.7obu.com https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lXBH... #SpeedOfSound #Wave #Physics

Speakers weigh less than a dime but can be heard throughout a massive room. How do they make such intricate sounds while being so small? This fundamental lesson gets into the components of a smartphone's speaker as well as their function. Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join Made by: Teddy Tablante Table of Contents: 00:14 Section 1: Intro & Component Exploded Diagram 01:40 Section 2: Diaphragm 02:20 Section 3: Voice Coil 02:38 Section 4: Magnet 03:43 Section 5: Spider 04:25 Section 6: Summary Visit our website: www.branch.education Notes: This is the second episode of Branch Education. Please provide comments, questions, and your thoughts. Erratum: None Animation built using Blender 2.79b https://www.blender.org/ Post with Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects Sound editing with Reaper Work Cited: Wikipedia contributors. "Loudspeaker." , "Sound."  Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, June 20th, 2018 Music Attribution in Order: Marxist Arrow by Twin Musicom is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBlLC... Plaidness by Francis Preve https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YYh4HkYKnOo Timelapsed Tides, Asher Fulero https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1LipR... Sunburst, Tobu & Itro is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License http://www.7obu.com https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lXBH... #HowDo #Speaker #Smartphone

Cameras are everywhere! There are probably 2 or even 3 cameras in your pocket right now. But how do they work? How can they take some of the most amazing pictures ever? Do you want to support in-depth engineering and technology education? Support us on: https://www.patreon.com/brancheducation Website: https://www.branch.education On Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BranchEducation/ On Twitter: https://twitter.com/TeddyTablante On Insta: https://www.instagram.com/brancheducation/ Or Join us on YouTube Memberships: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdp4_l1vPmpN-gDbUwhaRUQ/join Table of Contents: 0:20 Section 1: Intro 1:10 Section 2: System Layout 3:51 Section 3: Analogy between a Smartphone & a Human 7:45 Section 4: Camera and Sensor Details 11:30 Section 5: Questions & Thought Experiment Visit our website: www.branch.education Erratum: 0:52 Smartphone is misspelled as Smarphone 9:54 Audio says 4096 when it should be 4095. Text is Correct 13:54 Exoplanet is misspelled as Exoplant. Animation built using Blender 2.79b https://www.blender.org/ Post with Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects Work Cited Alphabetized: Fossum, Eric. Hondongwa, Donald "A Review of the Pinned Photodiode for CCD and CMOS Image Sensors." IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society, Vol. 2, No.3, May 2014, pp33-43 Wase, Yashashree, "CMOS Image Sensor and Quanta Image Sensors: Past, Present and Future", "Advanced CMOS Pixel Technologies." College of Engineering at University of Idaho, pp1-22 Wikipedia contributors. "Active Pixel Sensor." , "Photodiode." , "Sunlight." , "Visible Spectrum." , "Eye." , "Evolution of the Eye." , "Human Eye."  Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 25 May. 2018. Music Attribution in Order: Marxist Arrow by Twin Musicom is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBlLC... Music: Clover 3 by Vibe Mountain Video Link: https://youtu.be/GU3ABAWA-Jk Daydream Bliss Sybs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ya84Jq1IHJ8 Timelapsed Tides, Asher Fulero https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1LipRZBtqCs You Will Know, Text Me Records / Leviathe Sunburst, Tobu & Itro is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License http://www.7obu.com https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lXBHD5C8do #HowDo #Camera #Smartphone