Dig deeper here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZHQObOWTQDNU6R1_67000Dx_ZCJB-3pi Technical details as a talk: https://youtu.be/KJtZARuO3JY Made for an exhibit at the Computer History Museum: https://computerhistory.org/ Instead of sponsored ad reads, these lessons are funded directly by viewers: https://3b1b.co/support Timestamps: 0:00 - Who this was made for 0:41 - What are large language models? 7:48 - Where to learn more No secret end-screen vlog for this one, the end-screen real estate was all full! ------------------ These animations are largely made using a custom Python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://3b1b.co/faq#manim https://github.com/3b1b/manim https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/ All code for specific videos is visible here: https://github.com/3b1b/videos/ The music is by Vincent Rubinetti. https://www.vincentrubinetti.com https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. If you're reading the bottom of a video description, I'm guessing you're more interested than the average viewer in lessons here. It would mean a lot to me if you chose to stay up to date on new ones, either by subscribing here on YouTube or otherwise following on whichever platform below you check most regularly. Mailing list: https://3blue1brown.substack.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com

A series of delightful geometry puzzles Bonus video with extra puzzles: https://www.patreon.com/posts/115570453 The artwork at the end is by Kurt Bruns Thanks to Daniel Kim for sharing the first two puzzles with me. He mentioned the earliest reference he knows for the tile puzzles is David and Tomei's AMM article titled "The problem of Calissons." The idea to include the tetrahedron volume example was based on a conversation with Po Shen Lo about these puzzles, during which he mentioned the case of one dimension lower. I received the cone correction to the proof of Monge's theorem from Akos Zahorsky via email. Also, the Bulgarian team leader Velian Velikov brought up the same argument to me and mentioned " I came across it in a book I found online titled 'Mathematical Puzzles' by Peter Winkler. There, it is attributed to Nathan Bowler" I referenced quaternions at the end, and if you're curious to learn more, here are a few options. This is a nice talk targetted at game developers: https://youtu.be/en2QcehKJd8 This video walks through concretely what the computation is for using quaternions to compute 3d rotations: https://youtu.be/-zsnHbQyRnc My own video on the topic is mainly focused on understanding what they do up in four dimensions, which is not strictly necessary for using them, but for math nerds like me may be satisfying: https://youtu.be/d4EgbgTm0Bg Also, one of the coolest projects I've ever done was a collaboration with Ben Eater to make interactive videos based on that topic: https://eater.net/quaternions Timestamps - 0:00 - Intro - 0:32 - Twirling tiles - 6:45 - Tarski Plank Problem - 10:24 - Monge’s Theorem - 17:26 - 3D Volume, 4D answer - 18:51 - The hypercube stack - 25:52 - The sadness of higher dimensions Corrections: 18:49 - The formula for the 3x3 shown is messed up. The "c" got swapped out for a second "d", and the signs are wrong. (There was a silly bug in the code generating it) 25:10 - I mention the "squished cube" shape involves 6 copies of the 60-degree, 120-degree rhombus from the beginning. This is not true, the rhombuses in that projection of the hypercube cell will have internal angles of ~109.5 and 70.5 SEV#3: https://youtu.be/vXBtyYvMx24 ------------------ These animations are largely made using a custom Python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://3b1b.co/faq#manim https://github.com/3b1b/manim https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/ All code for specific videos is visible here: https://github.com/3b1b/videos/ The music is by Vincent Rubinetti. https://www.vincentrubinetti.com https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. If you're reading the bottom of a video description, I'm guessing you're more interested than the average viewer in lessons here. It would mean a lot to me if you chose to stay up to date on new ones, either by subscribing here on YouTube or otherwise following on whichever platform below you check most regularly. Mailing list: https://3blue1brown.substack.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com

A behind-the-scenes look at how I animate videos. Code for all the videos: https://github.com/3b1b/videos Manim: https://github.com/3b1b/manim Community edition: https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/ Example scenes shown near the end: https://github.com/3b1b/manim/blob/master/example_scenes.py I added some more details about the workflow shown in this video to the readme of the videos repo: https://github.com/3b1b/videos?tab=readme-ov-file#workflow These lessons are funded directly by viewers: https://3b1b.co/support Timestamp: 0:00 - Intro 2:39 - Hello World 10:32 - Coding up a Lorenz attractor 23:46 - Add some tracking points 28:52 - The globals().update(locals()) hack 32:57 - Final styling on the scene 41:42 - Rending the scene 44:35 - Adding equations 48:43 - Where to start SEV2: https://youtu.be/XEafCqcwBLs ------------------ These animations are largely made using a custom Python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://3b1b.co/faq#manim https://github.com/3b1b/manim https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/ All code for specific videos is visible here: https://github.com/3b1b/videos/ The music is by Vincent Rubinetti. https://www.vincentrubinetti.com https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. If you're reading the bottom of a video description, I'm guessing you're more interested than the average viewer in lessons here. It would mean a lot to me if you chose to stay up to date on new ones, either by subscribing here on YouTube or otherwise following on whichever platform below you check most regularly. Mailing list: https://3blue1brown.substack.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com

3d scenes on 2d film, and a diffraction lesson along the way. Instead of sponsored ad reads, these lessons are funded directly by viewers: https://3b1b.co/support An equally valuable form of support is to share the videos. Thanks to everyone who helped with this project: Paul Dancstep, for help writing, and for all the 3d modeling Craig Newswanger and Sally Weber, for making the central hologram shown Kurt Bruns, for the artwork of Dennis Gabor Phoebe Tooke, Wayne Grim, and Rick Danielson, for filming at the exploratorium Quinn Brodsky and Mithuna Yoganathan, for footage of lasers through diffraction gratings Vince Rubinetti, for writing the music Cliff Stoll for the Klein Bottle Hologram credits (thanks to the commenter tovedelenius1228): The Microscope is by Walter Spierings, 1984 Lucy in a Tin Hat is by Patrick Keown Boyd, 1988 The Star Wars-themed Direct-Write Digital Holograms were produced by Zebra Imaging. The 'Shakespeare' embossed animated integral hologram was made by Applied Holographics. Mathematical corrections: 1) In the analysis for the distance between zone plate fringes, we should do a Taylor approximation about d=0, not about x=0. If you this right, the result at the bottom will look like x / sqrt(L^2 + x^2), which conveniently cancels out another (much sillier) mistake, which is how x / L in this case is not sin(theta'), but tan(theta'). Thanks to those who spotted that, I guess I must have been happy enough to see the desired sin(theta') at the end that I didn't properly double-check how we got there. 2) In the end, I referenced treating |R^2| as "some real number", so that it's only scaling O. This only makes sense to do because the amplitude of R is constant. Or at least, it varies only very slowly around a point. In this way, what I say a few moments later about making no assumptions about R is not quite right, we do need to assume it's a wave with relatively constant magnitude across the film. Gabor's Nobel Prize lecture: https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/gabor-lecture.pdf A few resources we found helpful for this video Seeing the Light, by Falk, Brill, and Stork https://amzn.to/3Ngdiqh Practical Holography, by Saxby and Zarcharovas https://amzn.to/3ZR2MNN Principles of Holography by Howard Smith https://amzn.to/3ZOihFZ Timestamps 0:00 - What is a Hologram? 3:28 - The recording process 11:45 - The simplest hologram 17:12 - Diffraction gratings 25:15 - Reconstructing the simplest hologram 28:24 - Conjugate image 31:11 - More complex scenes 35:58 - The bigger picture of holography 38:27 - The formal explanation SEV1: https://youtu.be/iBYotKfYRQ0 ------------------ These animations are largely made using a custom Python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://3b1b.co/faq#manim https://github.com/3b1b/manim https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/ All code for specific videos is visible here: https://github.com/3b1b/videos/ The music is by Vincent Rubinetti. https://www.vincentrubinetti.com https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. If you're reading the bottom of a video description, I'm guessing you're more interested than the average viewer in lessons here. It would mean a lot to me if you chose to stay up to date on new ones, either by subscribing here on YouTube or otherwise following on whichever platform below you check most regularly. Mailing list: https://3blue1brown.substack.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com

Unpacking the multilayer perceptrons in a transformer, and how they may store facts Instead of sponsored ad reads, these lessons are funded directly by viewers: https://3b1b.co/support An equally valuable form of support is to share the videos. AI Alignment forum post from the Deepmind researchers referenced at the video's start: https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/iGuwZTHWb6DFY3sKB/fact-finding-attempting-to-reverse-engineer-factual-recall Anthropic posts about superposition referenced near the end: https://transformer-circuits.pub/2022/toy_model/index.html https://transformer-circuits.pub/2023/monosemantic-features Sections: 0:00 - Where facts in LLMs live 2:15 - Quick refresher on transformers 4:39 - Assumptions for our toy example 6:07 - Inside a multilayer perceptron 15:38 - Counting parameters 17:04 - Superposition 21:37 - Up next ------------------ These animations are largely made using a custom Python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://3b1b.co/faq#manim https://github.com/3b1b/manim https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/ All code for specific videos is visible here: https://github.com/3b1b/videos/ The music is by Vincent Rubinetti. https://www.vincentrubinetti.com https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. If you're reading the bottom of a video description, I'm guessing you're more interested than the average viewer in lessons here. It would mean a lot to me if you chose to stay up to date on new ones, either by subscribing here on YouTube or otherwise following on whichever platform below you check most regularly. Mailing list: https://3blue1brown.substack.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com

I had the pleasure of being invited to give Harvey Mudd's commencement speech this year. Reposted here with permission from the University Timestamps: 0:00 - End of Harriet Nembhard's introduction 0:45 - The cliché 2:28 - The shifting goal 5:57 - Action precedes motivation 7:02 - Timing 10:47 - Know your influence 12:05 - Anticipate change ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. If you're reading the bottom of a video description, I'm guessing you're more interested than the average viewer in lessons here. It would mean a lot to me if you chose to stay up to date on new ones, either by subscribing here on YouTube or otherwise following on whichever platform below you check most regularly. Mailing list: https://3blue1brown.substack.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com

Demystifying attention, the key mechanism inside transformers and LLMs. Instead of sponsored ad reads, these lessons are funded directly by viewers: https://3b1b.co/support Special thanks to these supporters: https://www.3blue1brown.com/lessons/attention#thanks An equally valuable form of support is to simply share the videos. Demystifying self-attention, multiple heads, and cross-attention. Instead of sponsored ad reads, these lessons are funded directly by viewers: https://3b1b.co/support The first pass for the translated subtitles here is machine-generated, and therefore notably imperfect. To contribute edits or fixes, visit https://translate.3blue1brown.com/ ------------------ Here are a few other relevant resources Build a GPT from scratch, by Andrej Karpathy https://youtu.be/kCc8FmEb1nY If you want a conceptual understanding of language models from the ground up, @vcubingx just started a short series of videos on the topic: https://youtu.be/1il-s4mgNdI?si=XaVxj6bsdy3VkgEX If you're interested in the herculean task of interpreting what these large networks might actually be doing, the Transformer Circuits posts by Anthropic are great. In particular, it was only after reading one of these that I started thinking of the combination of the value and output matrices as being a combined low-rank map from the embedding space to itself, which, at least in my mind, made things much clearer than other sources. https://transformer-circuits.pub/2021/framework/index.html Site with exercises related to ML programming and GPTs https://www.gptandchill.ai/codingproblems History of language models by Brit Cruise,  @ArtOfTheProblem  https://youtu.be/OFS90-FX6pg An early paper on how directions in embedding spaces have meaning: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1301.3781.pdf ------------------ Timestamps: 0:00 - Recap on embeddings 1:39 - Motivating examples 4:29 - The attention pattern 11:08 - Masking 12:42 - Context size 13:10 - Values 15:44 - Counting parameters 18:21 - Cross-attention 19:19 - Multiple heads 22:16 - The output matrix 23:19 - Going deeper 24:54 - Ending ------------------ These animations are largely made using a custom Python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://3b1b.co/faq#manim https://github.com/3b1b/manim https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/ All code for specific videos is visible here: https://github.com/3b1b/videos/ The music is by Vincent Rubinetti. https://www.vincentrubinetti.com https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. If you're reading the bottom of a video description, I'm guessing you're more interested than the average viewer in lessons here. It would mean a lot to me if you chose to stay up to date on new ones, either by subscribing here on YouTube or otherwise following on whichever platform below you check most regularly. Mailing list: https://3blue1brown.substack.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com

An introduction to transformers and their prerequisites Early view of the next chapter for patrons: https://3b1b.co/early-attention Special thanks to these supporters: https://3b1b.co/lessons/gpt#thanks To contribute edits to the subtitles, visit https://translate.3blue1brown.com/ Other recommended resources on the topic. Richard Turner's introduction is one of the best starting places: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2304.10557.pdf Coding a GPT with Andrej Karpathy https://youtu.be/kCc8FmEb1nY Introduction to self-attention by John Hewitt https://web.stanford.edu/class/cs224n/readings/cs224n-self-attention-transformers-2023_draft.pdf History of language models by Brit Cruise: https://youtu.be/OFS90-FX6pg ------------------ Timestamps 0:00 - Predict, sample, repeat 3:03 - Inside a transformer 6:36 - Chapter layout 7:20 - The premise of Deep Learning 12:27 - Word embeddings 18:25 - Embeddings beyond words 20:22 - Unembedding 22:22 - Softmax with temperature 26:03 - Up next ------------------ These animations are largely made using a custom Python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://3b1b.co/faq#manim https://github.com/3b1b/manim https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/ All code for specific videos is visible here: https://github.com/3b1b/videos/ The music is by Vincent Rubinetti. https://www.vincentrubinetti.com https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. If you're reading the bottom of a video description, I'm guessing you're more interested than the average viewer in lessons here. It would mean a lot to me if you chose to stay up to date on new ones, either by subscribing here on YouTube or otherwise following on whichever platform below you check most regularly. Mailing list: https://3blue1brown.substack.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com

Answering a few viewer questions about the refractive index. Lessons are primarily funded directly by viewers, who get early access to new videos: https://3b1b.co/support An equally valuable form of support is to simply share the videos. Much of the last video, as well as this one, is based on the following Feynman Lecture: https://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/I_31.html Looking Glass Universe videos on the refractive index: https://youtu.be/uo3ds0FVpXs?si=Q12Rgz9vN1JMo_di Timestamps: 0:00 - Why slowing implies bending 3:36 - Recap for how slowing happens 5:08 - Birefringence 6:19 - The barber pole 8:20 - When the refractive index is less than 1 ------------------ These animations are largely made using a custom Python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://3b1b.co/faq#manim https://github.com/3b1b/manim https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/ All code for specific videos is visible here: https://github.com/3b1b/videos/ The music is by Vincent Rubinetti. https://www.vincentrubinetti.com https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. If you're reading the bottom of a video description, I'm guessing you're more interested than the average viewer in lessons here. It would mean a lot to me if you chose to stay up to date on new ones, either by subscribing here on YouTube or otherwise following on whichever platform below you check most regularly. Mailing list: https://3blue1brown.substack.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com

How the index of refraction arises, and why it depends on color. Quotebook Notebooks: https://3b1b.co/store These lessons are primarily funded directly by viewers: https://3b1b.co/support An equally valuable form of support is to simply share the videos. Looking Glass Universe videos on the index of refraction: https://youtu.be/uo3ds0FVpXs Much of this video is based on the following Feynmann lecture https://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/I_31.html The explanation for why the phase of a wave produced by a plane of oscillating charges is a quarter phase behind the wave of a charge in the center of that plane, and hence a quarter phase behind that of a light wave inducing the oscillations, is given in the previous chapter: https://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/I_30.html Sections: 0:00 - The standard explanation 3:14 - The plan 5:09 - Phase kicks 8:25 - What causes light? 13:20 - Adding waves 16:40 - Modeling the charge oscillation 20:59 - The driven harmonic oscillator 26:57 - End notes ------------------ These animations are largely made using a custom Python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://3b1b.co/faq#manim https://github.com/3b1b/manim https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/ All code for specific videos is visible here: https://github.com/3b1b/videos/ The music is by Vincent Rubinetti. https://www.vincentrubinetti.com https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. If you're reading the bottom of a video description, I'm guessing you're more interested than the average viewer in lessons here. It would mean a lot to me if you chose to stay up to date on new ones, either by subscribing here on YouTube or otherwise following on whichever platform below you check most regularly. Mailing list: https://3blue1brown.substack.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com

Playlist of all entries: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLnQX-jgAF5pQS2GUFCsatSyZkSH7e8UM8 All non-video entries: https://some.3b1b.co/non-videos Thank you to Jane Street, both for funding the event, and providing eager and able guest judges to the final stages of the process. Organization and logistics were handled by James Schloss, aka @LeiosLabs Web development by Frédéric Crozatier 0:00 - The event 1:34 - Pixel Art Anti-aliasing 2:26 - The Enola Gay 3:40 - Pitch shifter 4:14 - Cayley Graphs 4:51 - Longest Increasing Subsequence 5:49 - Matrix Arcade 6:37 - Watching Neural Networks Learn 7:18 - Functions are vectors 7:38 - The art of linear programming 8:13 - Backburner problems 9:24 - Affording a planet 9:56 - When can’t math be generalized 10:49 - Rotation + Translation = Rotation 11:33 - Rethinking the real line 12:16 - Egyptian volumes 13:05 - A circular motion quirk 13:40 - Minimal surfaces 14:47 - Computing logs 15:19 - Mediants 16:17 - The shadow game 16:43 - Chasing Fixed Points 17:24 - Representing numbers 18:11 - Mirror ball 18:34 - String art 19:36 - Infinity 20:52 - Thanks ------------------ These animations on this channel largely made using a custom Python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://3b1b.co/faq#manim https://github.com/3b1b/manim https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/ All code for specific videos is visible here: https://github.com/3b1b/videos/ The music is by Vincent Rubinetti. https://www.vincentrubinetti.com https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. If you're reading the bottom of a video description, I'm guessing you're more interested than the average viewer in lessons here. It would mean a lot to me if you chose to stay up to date on new ones, either by subscribing here on YouTube or otherwise following on whichever platform below you check most regularly. Mailing list: https://3blue1brown.substack.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com

Explaining the barber pole effect from the last video: https://youtu.be/QCX62YJCmGk Help fund future projects: https://www.patreon.com/3blue1brown An equally valuable form of support is to simply share the videos. Timestamps: 0:00 - Recap 0:44 - The radiation law 6:10 - Simulating the radiation law 11:11 - Why the diagonal stripes? 16:31 - Why does it twist? ------------------ These animations are largely made using a custom python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://www.3blue1brown.com/faq#manim https://github.com/3b1b/manim https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/ You can find code for specific videos and projects here: https://github.com/3b1b/videos/ Music by Vincent Rubinetti. https://www.vincentrubinetti.com/ Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Optical rotation, but with a twist Next video: https://youtu.be/aXRTczANuIs Steve Mould'd video on the topic: https://youtu.be/975r9a7FMqc Help fund future projects: https://www.patreon.com/3blue1brown An equally valuable form of support is to simply share the videos. Thanks to Quinn Brodsky for setting up the demo and to the MIT Physics Instructional Resources Lab for their help and materials, especially Josh Wolfe and Caleb Bonyun. ------------------ These animations are largely made using a custom python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://www.3blue1brown.com/faq#manim https://github.com/3b1b/manim https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/ You can find code for specific videos and projects here: https://github.com/3b1b/videos/ Music by Vincent Rubinetti. https://www.vincentrubinetti.com/ Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Enter as a judge here: https://some.3b1b.co/ Last year's video about the Summer of Math Exposition: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDofhN-RJqg ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

A visual trick to compute the sum of two normally-distributed variables. 3b1b mailing list: https://3blue1brown.substack.com/ Help fund future projects: https://www.patreon.com/3blue1brown For the technically curious who want to go deeper, here's a proof of the central limit theorem using Moment generating functions: https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~yuvalf/CLT.pdf And here's a nice discussion of methods using entropy: https://mathoverflow.net/questions/182752/central-limit-theorem-via-maximal-entropy Relevant previous videos Central limit theorem https://youtu.be/zeJD6dqJ5lo Why π is there, and the Herschel-Maxwell derivation https://youtu.be/cy8r7WSuT1I Convolutions and adding random variables https://youtu.be/IaSGqQa5O-M Time stamps 0:00 - Recap on where we are 2:10 - What direct calculation would look like 3:38 - The visual trick 8:27 - How this fits into the Central Limit Theorem 12:30 - Mailing list ------------------ These animations are largely made using a custom Python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://www.3blue1brown.com/faq#manim https://github.com/3b1b/manim https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/ You can find code for specific videos and projects here: https://github.com/3b1b/videos/ Music by Vincent Rubinetti. https://www.vincentrubinetti.com/ Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

An apparent pattern that breaks, and the reason behind it. Summer of math exposition: https://3blue1brown.substack.com/p/some3-begins Learn more at https://some.3b1b.co/ Help fund future projects: https://www.patreon.com/3blue1brown An equally valuable form of support is to simply share the videos. For the long-time viewers among you, if this sounds familiar, it's because it's a remake of one of the earliest videos on the channel. It's such a wonderful problem, and the audio/pacing in earlier videos was really suboptimal, so I wanted to freshen it up a little here. Timestamps 0:00 - The pattern 2:20 - Counting chords 4:03 - Counting intersection points 6:20 - Euler's characteristic formula 11:30 - Connection with Pascal's triangle 15:10 - Reflections 15:55 - SoME3 ------------------ These animations are largely made using a custom python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://www.3blue1brown.com/faq#manim https://github.com/3b1b/manim https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/ You can find code for specific videos and projects here: https://github.com/3b1b/videos/ Music by Vincent Rubinetti. https://www.vincentrubinetti.com/ Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Happy Tau Day! Here's something a bit out of the ordinary for you. Thanks to Matt Parker, @standupmaths, for the invite. More about the event: https://festivalofthespokennerd.com/show/an-evening-of-unnecessary-detail/ Thanks to Tim Blais, @acapellascience, for helpful thoughts on the song, including the key phrase "How they fool ya" Video about those integrals https://youtu.be/851U557j6HE Video about the primes in base 4 https://youtu.be/jhObLT1Lrfo One of the earliest videos on this channel was about the circle pattern https://youtu.be/K8P8uFahAgc Timestamps: 0:00 - Intro 1:20 - Song ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Mailing list: https://3blue1brown.substack.com/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Adding random variables, with connections to the central limit theorem. Help fund future projects: https://www.patreon.com/3blue1brown An equally valuable form of support is to simply share the videos. 0:00 - Intro quiz 2:24 - Discrete case, diagonal slices 6:49 - Discrete case, flip-and-slide 8:41 - The discrete formula 10:58 - Continuous case, flip-and-slide 15:53 - Example with uniform distributions 18:42 - Central limit theorem 20:50 - Continuous case, diagonal slices 25:26 - Returning to the intro quiz ------------------ These animations are largely made using a custom python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://www.3blue1brown.com/faq#manim https://github.com/3b1b/manim https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/ You can find code for specific videos and projects here: https://github.com/3b1b/videos/ Music by Vincent Rubinetti. https://www.vincentrubinetti.com/ Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Where's the circle? And how does it relate to where e^(-x^2) comes from? Help fund future projects: https://www.patreon.com/3blue1brown An equally valuable form of support is to simply share the videos. The artwork in this video is by Kurt Bruns, aided by Midjourney Here are several other good posts about the classic Poisson proof vcubingx: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9CgOthUUdw4 BriTheMathGuy: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S79KPrIm_Gc Dr. Alter's math library: https://idan-alter.github.io/2023/02/20/Gaussian-Integral.html And if you'd like to see many other variations on approaching this integral, take a look at this expository paper from Keith Conrad: https://kconrad.math.uconn.edu/blurbs/analysis/gaussianintegral.pdf Timestamps: 0:00 - The statistician's friend 3:44 - The classic proof 12:47 - The Herschel-Maxwell derivation 21:55 - Reflecting back on the proof 24:39 - A bonus problem ------------------ These animations are largely made using a custom python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://www.3blue1brown.com/faq#manim https://github.com/3b1b/manim https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/ You can find code for specific videos and projects here: https://github.com/3b1b/videos/ Music by Vincent Rubinetti. https://www.vincentrubinetti.com/ Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

A visual introduction to probability's most important theorem Help fund future projects: https://www.patreon.com/3blue1brown Special thanks to these lovely supporters: https://www.3blue1brown.com/lessons/clt#thanks An equally valuable form of support is to simply share the videos. ----------------- Timestamps 0:00 - Introduction 1:53 - A simplified Galton Board 4:14 - The general idea 6:15 - Dice simulations 8:55 - The true distributions for sums 11:41 - Mean, variance, and standard deviation 15:54 - Unpacking the Gaussian formula 20:47 - The more elegant formulation 25:01 - A concrete example 27:10 - Sample means 28:10 - Underlying assumptions ------------------ These animations are largely made using a custom python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://www.3blue1brown.com/faq#manim https://github.com/3b1b/manim https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/ You can find code for specific videos and projects here: https://github.com/3b1b/videos/ Music by Vincent Rubinetti. https://www.vincentrubinetti.com/ Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Discrete convolutions, from probability, to image processing and FFTs. Help fund future projects: https://www.patreon.com/3blue1brown​ An equally valuable form of support is to simply share the videos. ------------------ Other videos I referenced Live lecture on image convolutions for the MIT Julia lab https://youtu.be/8rrHTtUzyZA Lecture on Discrete Fourier Transforms https://youtu.be/g8RkArhtCc4 Reducible video on FFTs https://youtu.be/h7apO7q16V0 Veritasium video on FFTs https://youtu.be/nmgFG7PUHfo These animations are largely made using a custom python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://www.3blue1brown.com/faq#manim https://github.com/3b1b/manim https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/ You can find code for specific videos and projects here: https://github.com/3b1b/videos/ Music by Vincent Rubinetti. https://www.vincentrubinetti.com/ Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u Timestamps 0:00 - Where do convolutions show up? 2:07 - Add two random variables 6:28 - A simple example 7:25 - Moving averages 8:32 - Image processing 13:42 - Measuring runtime 14:40 - Polynomial multiplication 18:10 - The fast algorithm 21:22 - Concluding thoughts ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

A curious pattern of integrals that all equal pi...until they don't. Help fund future projects: https://www.patreon.com/3blue1brown​ Special thanks to these patrons: https://3b1b.co/lessons/borwein#thanks An equally valuable form of support is to simply share the videos. ------------------ Original paper from David and Jonathan Borwein https://carma.edu.au/resources/db90/pdfs/db90-119.00.pdf Timestamps 0:00 - The pattern 4:45 - Moving average analogy 10:41 - High-level overview of the connection 16:14 - What's coming up next These animations are largely made using a custom python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://www.3blue1brown.com/faq#manim https://github.com/3b1b/manim https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/ You can find code for specific videos and projects here: https://github.com/3b1b/videos/ Music by Vincent Rubinetti. https://www.vincentrubinetti.com/ Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Winners and honorable mentions for the SoME2 contest Help fund future projects: https://www.patreon.com/3blue1brown​ An equally valuable form of support is to simply share the videos. Winners https://explanaria.github.io/crystalgroups https://youtu.be/5M2RWtD4EzI https://youtu.be/gsZiJeaMO48 https://youtu.be/a-767WnbaCQ https://youtu.be/6hVPNONm7xw Honorable mentions: https://youtu.be/v_HeaeUUOnc https://youtu.be/piF6D6CQxUw https://youtu.be/QC3CjBZLHXs https://thenumb.at/Autodiff/ https://youtu.be/KufsL2VgELo http://xperimex.com/blog/panorama-homography/ https://youtu.be/zR_hpai3XkY https://youtu.be/HeBP3MG-WHg https://youtu.be/2dwQUUDt5Is https://youtu.be/3gyHKCDq1YA https://youtu.be/nK2jYk37Rlg https://youtu.be/l7bYY2U5ld8 https://calmcode.io/blog/inverse-turing-test.html https://youtu.be/dwNxVpbEVcc https://youtu.be/CFBa2ezTQJQ https://youtu.be/gnUYoQ1pwes https://www.summbit.com/blog/bezier-curve-guide/ https://almostsurelymath.blog/2022/07/28/does-every-game-have-a-winner/ https://youtu.be/LUCvSsx6-EU https://youtu.be/-vxW42R47bc Playlist of all submissions: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLnQX-jgAF5pTZXPiD8ciEARRylD9brJXU Timestamps: 0:00 - The rising tide 2:08 - Choosing winners 2:54 - Motivation (macro) 8:09 - Motivation (micro) 10:55 - Clarity 12:57 - Novelty 14:26 - Memorability 15:07 - Winners ------------------ These animations are largely made using a custom python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://www.3blue1brown.com/faq#manim https://github.com/3b1b/manim https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/ You can find code for specific videos and projects here: https://github.com/3b1b/videos/ Music by Vincent Rubinetti. https://www.vincentrubinetti.com/ Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Three false proofs, and what lessons they teach. New notebooks: https://store.dftba.com/collections/3blue1brown/products/mathematical-quotebook-notebook Help fund future projects: https://www.patreon.com/3blue1brown​ An equally valuable form of support is to simply share the videos. Time stamps: 0:00 - Fake sphere proof 1:39 - Fake pi = 4 proof 5:16 - Fake proof that all triangles are isosceles 9:54 - Sphere "proof" explanation 15:09 - pi = 4 "proof" explanation 16:57 - Triangle "proof" explanation and conclusion ------------------ These animations are largely made using a custom python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://www.3blue1brown.com/faq#manim https://github.com/3b1b/manim https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/ You can find code for specific videos and projects here: https://github.com/3b1b/videos/ Music by Vincent Rubinetti. https://www.vincentrubinetti.com/ Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Mailing-list: https://summerofmathexposition.substack.com/p/the-summer-of-math-exposition-is?s=r Find collaborators here: https://github.com/leios/SoME_Topics/ Join the discord: https://discord.gg/dsp3zgB4qQ Submission form: https://forms.gle/sNqosxqwCW2EjPVu5 Last year’s results: https://3b1b.co/blog/some1-results ------------------ Music by Vincent Rubinetti. https://www.vincentrubinetti.com/ ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Generating functions, as applied to a hard puzzle used for IMO training. Help fund future projects: https://www.patreon.com/3blue1brown​ An equally valuable form of support is to simply share the videos. Books mentioned 102 Combinatorial problems, by Titu Andreescu and Zuming Feng https://amzn.to/3wAPoNq Generatingfunctionology by Herbert Wilf https://amzn.to/3sPJ8Al Visualizing the Riemann zeta function https://youtu.be/sD0NjbwqlYw Fourier series https://youtu.be/r6sGWTCMz2k Timestamps 0:00 - Puzzle statement and motivation 4:31 - Simpler example 6:51 - The generating function 11:52 - Evaluation tricks 17:24 - Roots of unity 26:31 - Recap and final trick 30:13 - Takeaways ------------------ These animations are largely made using a custom python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://www.3blue1brown.com/faq#manim https://github.com/3b1b/manim https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/ You can find code for specific videos and projects here: https://github.com/3b1b/videos/ Music by Vincent Rubinetti. https://www.vincentrubinetti.com/ Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

A slight correction to the previous video, with some more details about how the best first word was chosen. Special thanks to these supporters: https://3b1b.co/lessons/wordle#thanks Help fund future projects: https://www.patreon.com/3blue1brown An equally valuable form of support is to simply share the videos. Contents: 0:00 - The Bug 3:31 - How the best first guess is chosen 8:54 - Does this ruin the game? Nice post by Jonathan Olson on optimal wordle algorithms: https://jonathanolson.net/experiments/optimal-wordle-solutions More on optimal strategies: http://sonorouschocolate.com/notes/index.php?title=The_best_strategies_for_Wordle ------------------ These animations are largely made using a custom python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://www.3blue1brown.com/faq#manim https://github.com/3b1b/manim https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/ You can find code for specific videos and projects here: https://github.com/3b1b/videos/ Music by Vincent Rubinetti. https://www.vincentrubinetti.com/ Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

An excuse to teach a lesson on information theory and entropy. Help fund future projects: https://www.patreon.com/3blue1brown​ Special thanks to these supporters: https://3b1b.co/thanks An equally valuable form of support is to simply share the videos. Note, the way I wrote the rules for coloring while doing this project differs slightly from the real Wordle when it comes to multiple letters. For example, suppose in a word like "woody" the first 'o' is correct, hence green, then in the real Wordle that second 'o' would be grey, whereas the way I wrote things the rule as simply any letter which is in the word somewhere, but not in the right position, will be yellow. To be honest, even after realizing this differed from the proper rule, I stuck with it because it made the computation of the full matrix of word-combination patterns more elegant (and faster), and the normal rule has always slightly bothered me. Of course, it doesn't make any difference for the actual lesson here on entropy, which is the primary goal, and at least as I've gone back tried rerunning some of the models with the correct convention, it doesn't really change the final results. Contents: 0:00 - What is Wordle? 2:43 - Initial ideas 8:04 - Information theory basics 18:15 - Incorporating word frequencies 27:49 - Final performance Original wordle site: https://www.powerlanguage.co.uk/wordle/ Music by Vincent Rubinetti. https://www.vincentrubinetti.com/ Shannon and von Neumann artwork by Kurt Bruns. Code for this video: https://github.com/3b1b/videos/blob/master/_2022/wordle.py These animations are largely made using a custom python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://www.3blue1brown.com/faq#manim https://github.com/3b1b/manim https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/ You can find code for specific videos and projects here: https://github.com/3b1b/videos/ ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

A tale of two problem solvers. Numberphile video on Bertrand's paradox: https://youtu.be/mZBwsm6B280 Help fund future projects: https://www.patreon.com/3blue1brown​ Special thanks to these supporters: https://3b1b.co/lessons/newtons-fractal#thanks An equally valuable form of support is to simply share the videos. I first heard this puzzle in a problem-solving seminar at Stanford, but the general result about all convex solids was originally proved by Cauchy. Mémoire sur la rectification des courbes et la quadrature des surfaces courbes par M. Augustin Cauchy https://ia600208.us.archive.org/27/items/bub_gb_EomNI7m8__UC/bub_gb_EomNI7m8__UC.pdf The artwork in this video was done by Kurt Bruns ------------------- Timestamps 0:00 - The players 5:22 - How to start 9:12 - Alice's initial thoughts 13:37 - Piecing together the cube 22:11 - Bob's conclusion 29:58 - Alice's conclusion 34:09 - Which is better? 38:59 - Homework ------------------ These animations are largely made using a custom python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://www.3blue1brown.com/faq#manim https://github.com/3b1b/manim https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/ You can find code for specific videos and projects here: https://github.com/3b1b/videos/ Music by Vincent Rubinetti. https://www.vincentrubinetti.com/ Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Take a look at the full playlist (really): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJWnA4j0_ho&list=PLnQX-jgAF5pTkwtUuVpqS5tuWmJ-6ZM-Z Blog post with more details: https://3b1b.co/some1-results Thanks, as always, to the supporters of this channel for helping to make this whole project possible: http://3b1b.co/thanks ------------------ Typo at 2:00, it should read "Burkard Polster" Videos and posts mentioned here. That weird light at the bottom of a mug — ENVELOPES https://youtu.be/fJWnA4j0_ho Hiding Images in Plain Sight: The Physics Of Magic Windows https://mattferraro.dev/posts/caustics-engineering The Beauty of Bézier Curves https://youtu.be/aVwxzDHniEw What Is The Most Complicated Lock Pattern? https://youtu.be/PKjbBQ0PBCQ Pick's theorem: The wrong, amazing proof https://youtu.be/uh-yRNqLpOg Dirac's belt trick, Topology, and Spin ½ particles https://youtu.be/ACZC_XEyg9U Galois-Free Guarantee! | The Insolubility of the Quintic https://youtu.be/BSHv9Elk1MU The Two Envelope Problem - a Mystifying Probability Paradox https://youtu.be/_NGPncypY68 The Math Behind Font Rasterization | How it Works https://youtu.be/LaYPoMPRSlk What is a Spinor? https://in-theory.net/what-is-a-spinor/ Understanding e https://velipeltola.com/understanding-e/ Ancient Multiplication Trick https://youtu.be/CsMrHzp850M 对称多项式基本定理自我探究 https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV19f4y137mJ Lehmer Factor Stencils https://youtu.be/QzohwKT6TNA What is the limit of a sequence of graphs? https://youtu.be/7Gj9BH4IZ-4 Steiner's Porism: proving a cool animation https://youtu.be/fKAyaP8IzlE Wait, Probabilities can be Negative?! https://youtu.be/std9EBbtOC0 This random graph fact will blow your mind https://youtu.be/3QjZ31lj974 Why is pi here? Estimating π by Buffon's n̶e̶e̶d̶l̶e noodle! https://youtu.be/e-RUyCs9B08 Introduction to Waves https://airladon.github.io/ivid-wave/ Complex Functions https://treena.org/lesson/complex-grapher I spent an entire summer finding this spiral https://youtu.be/n-e9C8g5x68 HACKENBUSH: a window to a new world of math https://youtu.be/ZYj4NkeGPdM The Tale of the Lights Puzzle https://youtu.be/9aZsABF-Vj4 The BEST Way to Find a Random Point in a Circle https://youtu.be/4y_nmpv-9lI Secrets of the Fibonacci Tiles https://youtu.be/Ct7oltmdJrM The Tale of Three Triangles https://youtu.be/5nuYD2M2AX8 How Karatsuba's algorithm gave us new ways to multiply https://youtu.be/cCKOl5li6YM Can you change a sum by rearranging its numbers? --- The Riemann Series Theorem https://youtu.be/U0w0f0PDdPA Neural manifolds - The Geometry of Behaviour https://youtu.be/QHj9uVmwA_0 ------------------ These animations are largely made using a custom python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://www.3blue1brown.com/faq#manim https://github.com/3b1b/manim https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/ You can find code for specific videos and projects here: https://github.com/3b1b/videos/ Music by Vincent Rubinetti. https://www.vincentrubinetti.com/ Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u Timestamps: 0:00 - Introduction 2:17 - Winners 7:24 - Honorable mentions ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

How the right question about Newton's method results in a Mandelbrot set. Video on Newton's fractal: https://youtu.be/T_S2j5GaLRQ Special thanks: https://3b1b.co/lessons/newtons-fractal#thanks Extra special thanks to Sergey Shemyakov, of Aix-Marseille University, for helpful conversations and for introducing me to this phenomenon. ------------------ Introduction to Fatou sets and Julia sets, including a discussion of Montel's theorem and its consequences: http://www.math.stonybrook.edu/~scott/Papers/India/Fatou-Julia.pdf Numberphile with Ben Sparks on the Mandelbrot set: https://youtu.be/FFftmWSzgmk Excellent article on Acko.net, from the basics of building up complex numbers to Julia sets. https://acko.net/blog/how-to-fold-a-julia-fractal/ Bit of a side note, but if you want an exceedingly beautiful rendering of the quaternion-version of Julia fractals, take a look at this Inigo Quilez video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rQ2bnU4dkso I first saw Fatou's theorem in this article: https://projecteuclid.org/journals/communications-in-mathematical-physics/volume-91/issue-2/On-the-iteration-of-a-rational-function--computer-experiments/cmp/1103940533.pdf Moduli spaces of Newton maps: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1512.05098.pdf On Montel's theorem: https://people.ucsc.edu/~fmonard/Sp17_Math207/lecture11.pdf On Newton's Fractal: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/1633889.pdf ------------------ These animations are largely made using a custom python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://www.3blue1brown.com/faq#manim https://github.com/3b1b/manim https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/ You can find code for specific videos and projects here: https://github.com/3b1b/videos/ Music by Vincent Rubinetti. https://www.vincentrubinetti.com/ Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ Timestamps: 0:00 - Intro 3:02 - Rational functions 4:15 - The Mandelbrot set 8:12 - Fixed points and stability 12:51 - Cycles 16:25 - Hidden Mandelbrot 21:17 - Fatou sets and Julia sets 26:24 - Final thoughts ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Who knew root-finding could be so complicated? Early view of the next part: https://www.patreon.com/posts/57323044 An equally valuable form of support is to simply share the videos. Special thanks to the following supports: https://3b1b.co/lessons/newtons-fractal#thanks ------------------ Interactive for this video: https://www.3blue1brown.com/lessons/newtons-fractal On fractal dimension: https://youtu.be/gB9n2gHsHN4 Mathologer on the cubic formula: https://youtu.be/N-KXStupwsc Some of the videos from this year's Summer of Math Exposition are fairly relevant to the topics covered here. Take a look at these ones, The Beauty of Bézier Curves https://youtu.be/aVwxzDHniEw The insolubility of the quintic: https://youtu.be/BSHv9Elk1MU The math behind rasterizing fonts: https://youtu.be/LaYPoMPRSlk --- These animations are largely made using a custom python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://www.3blue1brown.com/faq#manim https://github.com/3b1b/manim https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/ You can find code for specific videos and projects here: https://github.com/3b1b/videos/ Music by Vincent Rubinetti. https://www.vincentrubinetti.com/ Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ Timestamps: 0:00 - Intro 0:48 - Roots of polynomials 5:55 - Newton’s method 11:16 - The fractal 17:56 - The boundary property 23:13 - Closing thoughts ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Learn more and submit: https://3b1b.co/SoME1 Podcast/New channel: https://youtu.be/C-i4q-Xlnis ↓↓Things referenced through the video↓↓ Join the discord channel: https://discord.gg/SRTErdZ9 James Schloss: https://www.youtube.com/user/LeiosOS Free will theorem: https://www.ams.org/notices/200902/rtx090200226p.pdf Kolmogorov complexity and primes: https://people.cs.uchicago.edu/~fortnow/papers/kaikoura.pdf Tadashi Tokieda talk: https://youtu.be/tQQ3oiB32GI Boarbarktree: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFeIEAkqvS4fJMTwUtF4OFw Mathologer: https://youtu.be/N-KXStupwsc Manim: https://github.com/3b1b/manim Manim Community edition: https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/ Reanimate: https://github.com/reanimate/reanimate Javis: https://github.com/Wikunia/Javis.jl Smoothstep: https://smoothstep.io/ Matt Henderson: https://twitter.com/matthen2/status/1262247041238839296 Timestamps: 0:00 - SoME1 5:30 - The universal advice 8:20 - Structuring math explanations 18:30 - Math animation software 22:06 - The 3b1b podcast ------------------ Music by Vincent Rubinetti. https://www.vincentrubinetti.com/ Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

How to write the eigenvalues of a 2x2 matrix just by looking at it. Thanks to Tim for the jingle: https://www.youtube.com/acapellascience Help fund future projects: https://www.patreon.com/3blue1brown​ An equally valuable form of support is to simply share the videos. Special thanks to these supporters: https://3b1b.co/quick-eigen-thanks Introduction to eigenvectors and eigenvalues: https://youtu.be/PFDu9oVAE-g Lockdown math lecture talking about the mean product formula: https://youtu.be/MHXO86wKeDY Timestamps: 0:00 - Background 4:53 - Examples 10:24 - Relation to the characteristic polynomial 12:00 - Last thoughts ------------------ These animations are largely made using a custom python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://www.3blue1brown.com/faq#manim https://github.com/3b1b/manim https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/ You can find code for specific videos and projects here: https://github.com/3b1b/videos/ Music by Vincent Rubinetti. https://www.vincentrubinetti.com/ Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

General exponentials, Love, Schrödinger, and more. Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Brought to you by you: https://3b1b.co/thanks ------------------ The Romeo-Juliet example is based on this essay by Steven Strogatz: http://www.stevenstrogatz.com/essays/loves-me-loves-me-not-do-the-math The book shown at the start is Vladimir Arnold's (excellent) textbook on ordinary differential equations. https://amzn.to/3dtXSwj Need a review of ordinary powers of e? https://youtu.be/m2MIpDrF7Es Or of linear algebra? https://youtu.be/kYB8IZa5AuE Timetable 0:00 - Definition 6:40 - Dynamics of love 13:17 - General equation 20:03 - On general rotations 22:11 - Visualizing with flow ------------------ Code for this video: https://github.com/3b1b/videos/blob/master/_2021/matrix_exp.py These animations made using a custom python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://www.3blue1brown.com/faq#manim https://github.com/3b1b/manim You can find code for specific videos and projects here: https://github.com/3b1b/videos/ Music by Vincent Rubinetti. https://www.vincentrubinetti.com/ Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

About Likelihood Ratios, also sometimes called Bayes Factors*. Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Brought to you by you: https://3b1b.co/bayes-factor-thanks The book by my friend Matt Cook about paradoxes mentioned at the end: https://amzn.to/3aBrEzg On the topic, I can't help also mentioning another paradox book I'm rather fond of by Bunch: https://amzn.to/3mBDSKE *As mentioned in the on-screen note at the end, while the terms "Bayes Factor" and "Likelihood Ratio" refer to the same ratio in this setting, where Bayes rule is used on the probability of an event with only two possible outcomes (you either have the disease or you don't), they do take on divergent meanings in more general contexts. Namely, if you have a continuous parameter you are trying to estimate, the two terms reflect two alternate approaches you can use in comparing hypotheses. In fact, some people take the phrase "Bayes factor" to _specifically_ refer to its use in this more continuous context. If you want more details, Wikipedia actually has a really nice example discussing the difference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayes_factor#Example This post has some nice discussion of the distinction: https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/27345/likelihood-ratio-vs-bayes-factor ------------------ These animations are largely made using manim, a scrappy open source python library: https://github.com/3b1b/manim If you want to check it out, I feel compelled to warn you that it's not the most well-documented tool, and it has many other quirks you might expect in a library someone wrote with only their own use in mind. Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

A discovery-oriented introduction to error correction codes. Part 2: https://youtu.be/b3NxrZOu_CE Ben Eater:'s take: https://youtu.be/h0jloehRKas Viewer-supported: https://3b1b.co/hamming-thanks Heavily related is the chessboard puzzle I did with Matt Parker: https://youtu.be/as7Gkm7Y7h4 You can read Hamming's own perspective on his discovery of these codes in chapter 12 of "The Art of Doing Science and Engineering". https://amzn.to/3lwcnmh ------------------ These animations are largely made using manim, a scrappy open-source python library: https://github.com/3b1b/manim If you want to check it out, I feel compelled to warn you that it's not the most well-documented tool, and it has many other quirks you might expect in a library someone wrote with only their own use in mind. Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media links: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Part 1: https://youtu.be/X8jsijhllIA Watch Ben Eater's video: https://youtu.be/h0jloehRKas Viewer-supported: https://3b1b.co/hamming-thanks You can read Hamming's own perspective on his discovery of these codes in chapter 12 of "The Art of Doing Science and Engineering". https://amzn.to/3lwcnmh Heavily related is the chessboard puzzle I did with Matt Parker: https://youtu.be/as7Gkm7Y7h4 ------------------ These animations are largely made using manim, a scrappy open-source python library: https://github.com/3b1b/manim If you want to check it out, I feel compelled to warn you that it's not the most well-documented tool, and it has many other quirks you might expect in a library someone wrote with only their own use in mind. Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media links: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

An introduction to group theory, and the monster group. Special thanks to these supporters: https://3b1b.co/thanks Part of the #MegaFavNumbers project: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLar4u0v66vIodqt3KSZPsYyuULD5meoAo To join the gang, upload your own video on your own favorite number over 1,000,000 with the hashtag #MegaFavNumbers, and the word MegaFavNumbers in the title by September 2nd, 2020, and it'll be added to the playlist above. *Typo on the "hard problem" at 14:11, it should be a/(b+c) + b/(a+c) + c/(a+b) = 4 Thanks to Richard Borcherds for helpful comments while putting this video together. You may also enjoy this brief article giving an overview of this monster: http://www.ams.org/notices/200209/what-is.pdf If you want to learn more about group theory, check out the expository papers here: https://kconrad.math.uconn.edu/blurbs/ Videos with John Conway talking about the Monster: https://youtu.be/jsSeoGpiWsw https://youtu.be/lbN8EMcOH5o More on Noether's Theorem: https://youtu.be/CxlHLqJ9I0A https://youtu.be/04ERSb06dOg The symmetry ambigram was designed by Punya Mishra: https://punyamishra.com/2013/05/31/symmetry-new-ambigram/ ------------------ These animations are largely made using manim, a scrappy open-source python library: https://github.com/3b1b/manim If you want to check it out, I feel compelled to warn you that it's not the most well-documented tool, and it has many other quirks you might expect in a library someone wrote with only their own use in mind. Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

An information puzzle with an interesting twist Solution on Stand-up Maths: https://youtu.be/as7Gkm7Y7h4 Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Brought to you by you: https://3b1b.co/chess-thanks ------------------ 0:00 Introduction 3:58 Visualizing the two-square case 5:46 Visualizing the three-square case 12:19 Proof that it's impossible 16:22 Explicit painting of the hypercube ------------------ These animations are largely made using manim, a scrappy open-source python library: https://github.com/3b1b/manim If you want to check it out, I feel compelled to warn you that it's not the most well-documented tool, and it has many other quirks you might expect in a library someone wrote with only their own use in mind. Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Tips on problem-solving, with examples from geometry, trig, and probability. Past episodes with integrated quizzes: https://itempool.com/c/3b1b Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Brought to you by you: https://3b1b.co/thanks Huge huge thanks to Ben Eater: https://www.youtube.com/user/eaterbc And Cam Christensen, creator of ItemPool: https://itempool.com/ Mistakes: 50:35, there should be a dx in the integral 54:40, if you notice the mistake here and are inclined to complain, keep watching ------------------ The live question setup with stats on-screen is powered by Itempool. https://itempool.com/ Curious about other animations? https://www.3blue1brown.com/faq#manim Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

i^i, visualized, and explained. Full playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZHQObOWTQDP5CVelJJ1bNDouqrAhVPev Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Brought to you by you: https://3b1b.co/thanks Mistakes: At 1:06:20, when changing r to equal 0.69*i, I said "this is what we might think of as (2i)^x", but that is not correct. It's what we'd think of as [Exp(ln(2)*i)]^x for whatever complex number Exp(ln(2)*i) is. Video by Matt Parker: https://youtu.be/9tlHQOKMHGA Video by Red Pen Black Pen https://youtu.be/ABk1HK2AR2E ------------------ The live question setup with stats on-screen is powered by Itempool. https://itempool.com/ Curious about other animations? https://www.3blue1brown.com/faq#manim Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Although many contact tracing apps compromise privacy, they don’t have to. Help spread the message: https://3b1b.co/tweet-ctracing Or share it on Facebook: https://3b1b.co/fb-ctracing Original post by Nicky Case: https://ncase.me/contact-tracing/ New post by Nicky on COVID-19: https://ncase.me/covid-19/ Consider supporting his work: https://www.patreon.com/ncase/ Supporters of this video: https://3b1b.co/ctracing-thanks DP-3T Whitepaper: https://github.com/DP-3T/documents/blob/master/DP3T%20White%20Paper.pdf Full repo: https://github.com/DP-3T Where did the number 60% come from? https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2020/04/09/science.abb6936 The specific figure is Figure 3, the last panel showing instant contact tracing (with an app). It shows what combination of % (symptomatic) cases isolated & % (pre/a-symptomatic) contacts quarantined would contain the virus or not. Mental health resources (copied form a John Green video, since he knows what he's doing): National Suicide Prevention Lifeline: 1-800-273-TALK (8255) I know it can be scary to make a phone call, but people are nice, I promise. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration helpline: 1-800-662-HELP (4357) The Trevor Project: 866-488-7386 International helplines: https://togetherweare-strong.tumblr.com/helpline Mental Health Resource list and links: http://activeminds.org/ The Anxiety and Depression Association of America: http://www.adaa.org/ Mental Health screening tools: https://screening.mhanational.org/screening-tools Mind: http://mind.org.uk/information-support/ ------------------ Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

A fun puzzle stemming from repeated exponentiation. Full playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZHQObOWTQDP5CVelJJ1bNDouqrAhVPev Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Brought to you by you: https://3b1b.co/thanks Play along on Desmos: https://www.desmos.com/calculator/nul32eaaa9 Related videos. Calculus series: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZHQObOWTQDMsr9K-rj53DwVRMYO3t5Yr In particular look at: https://youtu.be/CfW845LNObM ------------------ The live question setup with stats on-screen is powered by Itempool. https://itempool.com/ Curious about other animations? https://www.3blue1brown.com/faq#manim Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

All about ln(x) Full playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZHQObOWTQDP5CVelJJ1bNDouqrAhVPev Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Brought to you by you: https://3b1b.co/thanks Related videos. Calculus series: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZHQObOWTQDMsr9K-rj53DwVRMYO3t5Yr The sum giving pi^2 / 6: https://youtu.be/d-o3eB9sfls The sum giving pi / 4: https://youtu.be/NaL_Cb42WyY https://youtu.be/00w8gu2aL-w (Mathologer) ------------------ The live question setup with stats on-screen is powered by Itempool. https://itempool.com/ Curious about other animations? https://www.3blue1brown.com/faq#manim Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Back to the basics with logarithms. Full playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZHQObOWTQDP5CVelJJ1bNDouqrAhVPev Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Brought to you by you: https://3b1b.co/thanks ------------------ The live question setup with stats on-screen is powered by Itempool. https://itempool.com/ Curious about other animations? https://www.3blue1brown.com/faq#manim Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Compound interest, e, and how it relates to circles. Full playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZHQObOWTQDP5CVelJJ1bNDouqrAhVPev Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Brought to you by you: https://3b1b.co/thanks Great Mathologer video: https://youtu.be/-dhHrg-KbJ0 My other videos on imaginary exponents: https://youtu.be/v0YEaeIClKY https://youtu.be/mvmuCPvRoWQ Mistakes: In the off-handed remarks on quaternions, I mentioned rotation in 4d would require 10 degrees of freedom. That's wrong, what I should have said was it requires 6 degrees of freedom, and rotation in 5D is what requires 10 degrees of freedom. ------------------ The live question setup with stats on-screen is powered by Itempool. https://itempool.com/ Curious about other animations? https://www.3blue1brown.com/faq#manim Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

The connection between exponents and rotation Full playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZHQObOWTQDP5CVelJJ1bNDouqrAhVPev Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/thanks ------------------ The live question setup with stats on-screen is powered by Itempool. https://itempool.com/ Curious about other animations? https://www.3blue1brown.com/faq#manim Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Intro to the geometry complex numbers. Last stream: https://youtu.be/yBw67Fb31Cs Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/thanks ------------------ The live question setup with stats on-screen is powered by Itempool. https://itempool.com/ The graphing calculator used here is Desmos. https://www.desmos.com/ Curious about other animations? https://www.3blue1brown.com/faq#manim Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Intro to trig with a lurking mystery about cos(x)^2 Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/thanks ------------------ The live question setup with stats on-screen is powered by Itempool. https://itempool.com/ The graphing calculator used here is Desmos. https://www.desmos.com/ Curious about other animations? https://www.3blue1brown.com/faq#manim Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Another view on the quadratic formula. Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/thanks ------------------ Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Beginning tomorrow. Stay tuned! Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/thanks ------------------ Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

An introduction to probability density functions Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/thanks Curious about measure theory? This does require some background in real analysis, but if you want to dig in, here is a textbook by the always great Terence Tao. https://terrytao.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/measure-book1.pdf Also, for the real analysis buffs among you, there was one statement I made in this video that is a rather nice puzzle. Namely, if the probabilities for each value in a given range (of the real number line) are all non-zero, no matter how small, their sum will be infinite. This isn't immediately obvious, given that you can have convergent sums of countable infinitely many values, but if you're up for it see if you can prove that the sum of any uncountable infinite collection of positive values must blow up to infinity. ------------------ These animations are largely made using manim, a scrappy open source python library: https://github.com/3b1b/manim If you want to check it out, I feel compelled to warn you that it's not the most well-documented tool, and it has many other quirks you might expect in a library someone wrote with only their own use in mind. Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Experiments with toy SIR models Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/sir-thanks Simulations by Harry Stevens at the Washington Post: https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/world/corona-simulator/ Simulations by Kevin Simler at Melting Asphalt: https://meltingasphalt.com/interactive/outbreak/ Excellent visualization of each country's current growth from Minutephysics and Aatish Bhatia: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=54XLXg4fYsc If you want to hear a mathematician/epidemiologist's summary of COVID-19, I found this MSRI talk very worthwhile: https://youtu.be/MZ957qhzcjI Marcel Salathé on Contact Tracing: https://twitter.com/marcelsalathe/status/1242430736944201730 ------------------ These animations are largely made using manim, a scrappy open-source python library: https://github.com/3b1b/manim The source code for this video is visible here: https://github.com/3b1b/manim/blob/shaders/from_3b1b/active/sir.py If you want to check it out, I feel compelled to warn you that it's not the most well-documented tool, and it has many other quirks you might expect in a library someone wrote with only their own use in mind. Opening music: Candlepower by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ Other music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

An early draft of part 2 for supporters: https://www.patreon.com/posts/34908022 Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/beta1-thanks John Cook post: https://www.johndcook.com/blog/2011/09/27/bayesian-amazon/ ------------------ These animations are largely made using manim, a scrappy open-source python library: https://github.com/3b1b/manim If you want to check it out, I feel compelled to warn you that it's not the most well-documented tool, and it has many other quirks you might expect in a library someone wrote with only their own use in mind. Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

A good time for a primer on exponential and logistic growth, no? Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/covid-thanks Data source: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/coronavirus-cases/#total-cases Some have (quite rightfully) commented on how you shouldn't look at the R^2 of linear regressions on cumulative data since even for completely random changes each total is not at all independent of the last. Since the derivative of an exponential should also be an exponential, we could instead run the same test on the logarithms of the differences from day to day, which in this case gives R^2 = 0.91. While this video uses COVID-19 (aka the Coronavirus) as a motivating example, the main goal is simply a math lesson on exponentials and logistic curves. If you're looking for a video more focused on COVID-19 itself, I'd recommend taking a look at this one from Osmosis: https://youtu.be/cFB_C2ieW5I Extrapolation xkcd: https://xkcd.com/605/ ------------------ These animations are largely made using manim, a scrappy open source python library: https://github.com/3b1b/manim If you want to check it out, I feel compelled to warn you that it's not the most well-documented tool, and it has many other quirks you might expect in a library someone wrote with only their own use in mind. Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Including some added words on independence. Main video: https://youtu.be/HZGCoVF3YvM Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/bayes-thanks ------------------ These animations are largely made using manim, a scrappy open-source python library: https://github.com/3b1b/manim If you want to check it out, I feel compelled to warn you that it's not the most well-documented tool, and it has many other quirks you might expect in a library someone wrote with only their own use in mind. Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Perhaps the most important formula in probability. Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/bayes-thanks The quick proof: https://youtu.be/U_85TaXbeIo Interactive made by Reddit user Thoggalluth: https://nskobelevs.github.io/p5js/BayesTheorem/ The study with Steve: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/185/4157/1124 http://www.its.caltech.edu/~camerer/Ec101/JudgementUncertainty.pdf You can read more about Kahneman and Tversky's work in Thinking Fast and Slow, or in one of my favorite books, The Undoing Project. ------------------ These animations are largely made using manim, a scrappy open-source python library: https://github.com/3b1b/manim If you want to check it out, I feel compelled to warn you that it's not the most well-documented tool, and it has many other quirks you might expect in a library someone wrote with only their own use in mind. Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

To mark 2^21 subscribers, in a style totally not stolen from Veritasium. Ties, shirts, etc. http://3b1b.co/store Links to things that came up below. The Bit Player https://thebitplayer.com/ The Idea Factory https://amazon.com/dp/0143122797 The Information, A History, A Theory, A Flood https://amazon.com/dp/1400096235 You can read about Lorenz in "Chaos", also by James Gleick https://amazon.com/dp/0143113453 Anthropocene reviewed https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/anthropocene-reviewed Hardcore history https://www.dancarlin.com/ The Numberphile podcast https://www.numberphile.com/podcast Recent Quanta article on the eigenvector discovery https://www.quantamagazine.org/neutrinos-lead-to-unexpected-discovery-in-basic-math-20191113/ Channel supported by http://3b1b.co/thanks ------------------ Animations on this channel are largely made using manim, a scrappy open source python library. https://github.com/3b1b/manim If you want to check it out, I feel compelled to warn you that it's not the most well-documented tool, and it has many other quirks you might expect in a library someone wrote with only their own use in mind. Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/a... Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjw... If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown... Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

A story of mathematical play. Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/spiral-thanks Based on this Math Stack Exchange post: https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/885879/meaning-of-rays-in-polar-plot-of-prime-numbers/885894 Want to learn more about rational approximations? See this Mathologer video. https://youtu.be/CaasbfdJdJg Also, if you haven't heard of Ulam Spirals, you may enjoy this Numberphile video: https://youtu.be/iFuR97YcSLM Dirichlet's paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/0808.1408.pdf Important error correction: In the video, I say that Dirichlet showed that the primes are equally distributed among allowable residue classes, but this is not historically accurate. (By "allowable", here, I mean a residue class whose elements are coprime to the modulus, as described in the video). What he actually showed is that the sum of the reciprocals of all primes in a given allowable residue class diverges, which proves that there are infinitely many primes in such a sequence. Dirichlet observed this equal distribution numerically and noted this in his paper, but it wasn't until decades later that this fact was properly proved, as it required building on some of the work of Riemann in his famous 1859 paper. If I'm not mistaken, I think it wasn't until Vallée Poussin in (1899), with a version of the prime number theorem for residue classes like this, but I could be wrong there. In many ways, this was a very silly error for me to have let through. It is true that this result was proven with heavy use of complex analysis, and in fact, it's in a complex analysis lecture that I remember first learning about it. But of course, this would have to have happened after Dirichlet because it would have to have happened after Riemann! My apologies for the mistake. If you notice factual errors in videos that are not already mentioned in the video's description or pinned comment, don't hesitate to let me know. ------------------ These animations are largely made using manim, a scrappy open-source python library: https://github.com/3b1b/manim If you want to check it out, I feel compelled to warn you that it's not the most well-documented tool, and it has many other quirks you might expect in a library someone wrote with only their own use in mind. Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

The famous (infamous?) "windmill" problem on the 2011 IMO Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/windmillthanks The author of this problem was Geoff Smith. You can find the full list of problems considered for the IMO that year, together with their solutions, here: https://www.imo-official.org/problems/IMO2011SL.pdf You can find data for past IMO results here: https://www.imo-official.org/ Viewer-created interactive about this problem: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown/comments/d0b0qw/interactive_windmill_visual_program_download_link/ And another: https://aalluri7.github.io/windmill/ I made a quick reference to "proper time" as an example of an invariant. Take a look at this minutephysics video if you want to learn more. https://youtu.be/WFAEHKAR5hU ------------------ These animations are largely made using manim, a scrappy open-source python library: https://github.com/3b1b/manim If you want to check it out, I feel compelled to warn you that it's not the most well-documented tool, and it has many other quirks you might expect in a library someone wrote with only their own use in mind. Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Euler's formula intuition from relating velocities to positions. Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Yeah yeah, the runtime is 4:08, but it's 3.14 minutes to the conclusion. Not familiar with the calculus referenced in this video? Try taking a look at this one: https://youtu.be/m2MIpDrF7Es Another perspective on this formula, from Mathologer: https://youtu.be/-dhHrg-KbJ0 Another perspective from this channel: https://youtu.be/mvmuCPvRoWQ And yet another from the blog Better Explained: https://betterexplained.com/articles/intuitive-understanding-of-eulers-formula/ I'm not sure where the perspective shown in this video originates. I do know you can find it in Tristan Needham's excellent book "Visual Complex Analysis", but if anyone has a sense of the first occurrence of this intuition do feel free to share. It's simple and natural enough, though, that it's probably a view which has been independently thought up many times over. ------------------ These animations are largely made using manim, a scrappy open source python library: https://github.com/3b1b/manim If you want to check it out, I feel compelled to warn you that it's not the most well-documented tool, and it has many other quirks you might expect in a library someone wrote with only their own use in mind. Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Because why not? Learn the math behind this: https://youtu.be/r6sGWTCMz2k If you're curious about the number of vectors used for each animation: - Eighth note: 100 - Sigma: 200 - Britain: 500 - Fourier drawing: 300 - Nail and Gear: 200 - Treble clef: 100 - Hilbert curve: 300 (relatively small given the detail, which is why it looks puzzley) - Seattle: 400 These animations are made using manim, a scrappy open source python library: https://github.com/3b1b/manim If you want to check it out, I feel compelled to warn you that it's not the most well-documented tool, and it has many other quirks you might expect in a library someone wrote with only their own use in mind. Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Fourier series, from the heat equation to sines to cycles. Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/de4thanks 12 minutes of pure Fourier series animations: https://youtu.be/-qgreAUpPwM Some viewers made apps that create circle animations for your own drawing. Check them out! https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown/comments/cvpdn7/make_your_own_fourier_circle_drawings/ https://isaacvr.github.io/coding/fourier_transform/ Thanks to Stuart@Biocinematics for the one-line sketch of Fourier via twitter. As it happens, he also has an educational YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKOiJd9YCbv7LeL2LFOGiLQ Small correction: at 9:33, all the exponents should have a pi^2 in them. If you're looking for more Fourier Series content online, including code to play with to create this kind of animation yourself, check out these posts: Mathologer https://youtu.be/qS4H6PEcCCA The Coding Train https://youtu.be/Mm2eYfj0SgA Jezmoon http://www.jezzamon.com/fourier/index.html For those of you into pure math looking to really dig into the analysis behind this topic, you might want to take a look at Stein Shakarchi's book "Fourier Analysis: An Introduction" ------------------ These animations are largely made using manim, a scrappy open source python library: https://github.com/3b1b/manim If you want to check it out, I feel compelled to warn you that it's not the most well-documented tool, and it has many other quirks you might expect in a library someone wrote with only their own use in mind. Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Boundary conditions, and setup for how Fourier series are useful. Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/de3thanks More about the heat equation, with a derivation in terms of slope corresponding to heat flow from MIT OCW: https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mathematics/18-303-linear-partial-differential-equations-fall-2006/lecture-notes/heateqni.pdf If you want to learn more about Fourier series, here are a few great videos/posts which I think you'll enjoy: Mathologer's: https://youtu.be/qS4H6PEcCCA The Coding Train: https://youtu.be/Mm2eYfj0SgA Jez Swanson: http://www.jezzamon.com/fourier/ ------------------ These animations are largely made using manim, a scrappy open source python library: https://github.com/3b1b/manim If you want to check it out, I feel compelled to warn you that it's not the most well-documented tool, and it has many other quirks you might expect in a library someone wrote with only their own use in mind. Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

The heat equation, as an introductory PDE. Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/de2thanks Infinite powers, by Steven Strogatz: https://www.amazon.com/Infinite-Powers-Calculus-Reveals-Universe/dp/1328879984 Typo corrections: - At 1:33, it should be “Black-Scholes” - At 16:21 it should read "scratch an itch". If anyone asks, I purposefully leave at least one typo in each video, like a Navajo rug with a deliberate imperfection as an artistic statement about the nature of life ;) And to continue my unabashed Strogatz fanboyism, I should also mention that his textbook on nonlinear dynamics and chaos was also a meaningful motivator to do this series, as you'll hopefully see with the topics we build to. ------------------ Animations made using manim, a scrappy open source python library. https://github.com/3b1b/manim If you want to check it out, I feel compelled to warn you that it's not the most well-documented tool, and has many other quirks you might expect in a library someone wrote with only their own use in mind. Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

An overview of what ODEs are all about Home page: https://3blue1brown.com/ Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/de1thanks Need to brush up on calculus? https://youtu.be/WUvTyaaNkzM Error correction: At 6:27, the upper equation should have g/L instead of L/g. Steven Strogatz NYT article on the math of love: https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/05/26/guest-column-loves-me-loves-me-not-do-the-math/ Interactive visualization of the example from this video, by Ilya Perederiy: https://www.expunctis.com/2019/04/04/vtvt-another-demo.html If you're looking for books on this topic, I'd recommend the one by Vladimir Arnold, "Ordinary Differential Equations" Also, more Strogatz fun, you may enjoy his text "Nonlinear Dynamics And Chaos" Curious about why it's called a "phase space"? You might enjoy this article: https://www.physics.umd.edu/courses/Phys404/Anlage_Spring10/The%20TangledTaleofPhaseSpace.pdf From a response on /r/3blue1brown, here are some interactives based on examples shown in the video: https://observablehq.com/@tophtucker/tales-from-the-romeo-and-juliet-phase-space https://observablehq.com/@mbostock/predator-and-prey ------------------ Animations made using manim, a scrappy open source python library. https://github.com/3b1b/manim If you want to check it out, I feel compelled to warn you that it's not the most well-documented tool, and has many other quirks you might expect in a library someone wrote with only their own use in mind. Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

This rule seems random to many students, but it has a beautiful reason for being true. Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/cramer-thanks Full series: http://3b1b.co/eola ---- If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

The third and final part of the block collision sequence. Part 1: https://youtu.be/HEfHFsfGXjs Part 2: https://youtu.be/jsYwFizhncE Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/clacks-thanks Error correction: I wrote the answer as floor(pi/theta), when really it should be ceiling(pi/theta) - 1 t account for values of theta perfectly dividing pi. For example, the case of equal masses gives an angle of pi/4, and 3 total clacks. This beautiful result, and the solution shown here, are due to Gregory Galperin: https://www.maths.tcd.ie/~lebed/Galperin.%20Playing%20pool%20with%20pi.pdf And here's a lovely interactive built by GitHub user prajwalsouza after watching this video: https://prajwalsouza.github.io/Experiments/Colliding-Blocks.html Speaking of looking glass universes... https://www.youtube.com/user/LookingGlassUniverse NY Times blog post about this problem: https://wordplay.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/10/pi/ The plushie pi shown at the video's start: https://www.3blue1brown.com/store If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Part 1: https://youtu.be/HEfHFsfGXjs Part 3: https://youtu.be/brU5yLm9DZM Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/clacks-thanks Many of you shared solutions, attempts, and simulations with me this last week. I loved it! Y'all are the best. Here are just two of my favorites. By a channel STEM cell: https://youtu.be/ils7GZqp_iE By Doga Kurkcuoglu: http://bilimneguzellan.net/bouncing-cubes-and-%CF%80-3blue1brown/ And here's a lovely interactive built by GitHub user prajwalsouza after watching this video: https://prajwalsouza.github.io/Experiments/Colliding-Blocks.html NY Times blog post about this problem: https://wordplay.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/10/pi/ The original paper by Gregory Galperin: https://www.maths.tcd.ie/~lebed/Galperin.%20Playing%20pool%20with%20pi.pdf For anyone curious about if the tan(x) ≈ x approximation, being off by only a cubic error term, is actually close enough not to affect the final count, take a look at sections 9 and 10 of Galperin's paper. In short, it could break if there were some point where among the first 2N digits of pi, the last N of them were all 9's. This seems exceedingly unlikely, but it quite hard to disprove. Although I found the approach shown in this video independently, after the fact I found that Gary Antonick, who wrote the Numberplay blog referenced above, was the first to solve it this way. In some ways, I think this is the most natural approach one might take given the problem statement, as corroborated by the fact that many solutions people sent my way in this last week had this flavor. The Galperin solution you will see in the next video, though, involves a wonderfully creative perspective. If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

If this doesn't blow your mind, I don't know what will. Part 2: https://youtu.be/jsYwFizhncE Part 3: https://youtu.be/brU5yLm9DZM Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/clacks-thanks New to this channel? It's all about teaching math visually. Take a look and see if there's anything you'd like to learn. NY Times blog post about this problem: https://wordplay.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/10/pi/ The original paper by Gregory Galperin: https://www.maths.tcd.ie/~lebed/Galperin.%20Playing%20pool%20with%20pi.pdf Evidently, Numberphile also described this problem (I had not known): https://youtu.be/abv4Fz7oNr0 You'll notice that video has an added factor of 16 throughout, which is not here. That's because they're only counting the collisions between blocks (well, balls in their case), and they're only counting to the point where the big block starts moving the other way. ------------------ These animations are largely made using manim, a scrappy open source python library: https://github.com/3b1b/manim If you want to check it out, I feel compelled to warn you that it's not the most well-documented tool, and it has many other quirks you might expect in a library someone wrote with only their own use in mind. Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

The formula is no mere coincidence. Store: http://3b1b.co/store Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Special thanks: http://3b1b.co/sphere-thanks Discussion on Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown/comments/a2gqo0/but_why_is_a_spheres_surface_area_four_times_its/ The first proof goes back to Greek times, due to Archimedes, who was charmed by the fact that a sphere has 2/3 the volume of a cylinder encompassing it, and 2/3 the surface area as well (if you consider the caps). Check out this video for another beautiful animation of that first proof: https://youtu.be/KZJw0AYn6_k Calculus series: http://3b1b.co/calculus Thanks to these folks for letting me use their images at the end: https://www.youtube.com/user/vlogbrothers https://www.youtube.com/user/physicswoman https://www.youtube.com/user/Vsauce https://www.youtube.com/user/onemeeeliondollars ------------------ These animations are largely made using manim, a scrappy open source python library: https://github.com/3b1b/manim If you want to check it out, I feel compelled to warn you that it's not the most well-documented tool, and it has many other quirks you might expect in a library someone wrote with only their own use in mind. Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Solving a discrete math puzzle using topology. Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/borsuk-thanks Want more fair division math fun? Check out this Mathologer video https://youtu.be/7s-YM-kcKME (Seriously, Mathologer is great) These videos are supported by the community. https://www.patreon.com/3blue1brown The original 1986 by Alon and West with this proof https://m.tau.ac.il/~nogaa/PDFS/Publications/The%20Borsuk-Ulam%20Theorem%20and%20bisection%20of%20necklaces.pdf VSauce on fixed points https://youtu.be/csInNn6pfT4 EE Paper using ideas related to this puzzle https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=802179 I first came across this paper thanks to Alon Amit's answer on this Quora post https://www.quora.com/As-of-2016-what-do-mathematicians-on-Quora-think-of-the-3Blue1Brown-maths-videos If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. Music by Vincent Rubinetti: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Some mathematical order amidst the chaos of turbulence. Vortex rings with Physics Girl: https://youtu.be/N7d_RWyOv20 Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/turbulence-thanks Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Thanks to Dan Walsh for many great ideas, and thanks to Mike Hansen for many helpful conversations. Error correction: I meant to describe Kolmogorov as a “20th-century mathematician” not “19th-century”. Whoops! I think during the narration I must have made the classic 1900s vs. 19th-century mix up. Anyone aware of his work is more than aware of what century he lived in, which apparently applies to quite a few commenters. And while we're here, the animation at 9:55 misleadingly has the vortex kind of speed up during the transition, which it should not do. Really, the velocity scales of eddies decreases for lower length scales. Introduction to turbulence: http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~ryden/ast825/ch7.pdf More details on vortex stretching: https://www.math.nyu.edu/faculty/tabak/vorticity.pdf Video on NightHawkInLight with a similar demo: https://youtu.be/K94Cc21KEIA Music by Vincent Rubinetti: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Go experience the explorable videos: https://eater.net/quaternions Ben Eater's channel: https://www.youtube.com/user/eaterbc Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/quaternion-explorable-thanks Previous video on Quaternions: https://youtu.be/d4EgbgTm0Bg Nice explanation of Gimbal Lock: https://youtu.be/zc8b2Jo7mno Great videos comparing Euler angles and quaternions, from the perspective of an animator: https://youtu.be/syQnn_xuB8U https://youtu.be/4mXL751ko0w Music by Vincent Rubinetti: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

How to think about this 4d number system in our 3d space. Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/quaternion-thanks Part 2: https://youtu.be/zjMuIxRvygQ Interactive version of these visuals: http://3imaginary1real.com Quanta article on quaternions: https://www.quantamagazine.org/the-strange-numbers-that-birthed-modern-algebra-20180906/ The math of Alice in Wonderland: https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20427391-600-alices-adventures-in-algebra-wonderland-solved/ ------------------ If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. Music by Vincent Rubinetti: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

To commemorate crossing 2^20 subscribers. FAQ from home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/faq Subreddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown AMC problem shown on screen: https://artofproblemsolving.com/wiki/index.php?title=2002_AMC_12A_Problems/Problem_22 Music by Vincent Rubinetti: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Dandelin spheres, conic sections, and a view of genius in math. Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/dandelin-thanks Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Thoughts on the recent change to be sponsor-free: https://www.patreon.com/posts/going-sponsor-19586800 Video on Feynman's lost lecture: https://youtu.be/xdIjYBtnvZU I originally saw the proof of this video when I was reading Paul Lockhart's "Measurement", which I highly recommend to all math learners, young and old. New shirts/mugs available: http://3b1b.co/store The 3d animations in the video were done using Grapher, while 2d animations were done using https://github.com/3b1b/manim If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. Music by Vincent Rubinetti: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown

Think Twice: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9yt3wz-6j19RwD5m5f6HSg LeiosOS: https://www.youtube.com/user/LeiosOS Welch Labs: https://www.youtube.com/user/Taylorns34 Infinity plus one: https://infinityplusonemath.wordpress.com/ Check out the ones on relativity! https://infinityplusonemath.wordpress.com/2017/03/11/a-mathematical-intro-to-special-relativity/ Music by Enoch Kim https://soundcloud.com/themusemaker ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown

(See below for small-but-important error correction) More thoughts from the end: https://www.patreon.com/posts/19586800 Special thanks: http://3b1b.co/divcurl-thanks Error: At 4:55, the narration should say "counterclockwise rotation gives positive curl, clockwise rotation gives negative curl". The diagram is correct, though. My former work on divergence and curl at Khan Academy: https://www.khanacademy.org/math/multivariable-calculus/multivariable-derivatives For more fun fluid-flow illustrations, which heavily influenced how I animated this video, I think you'll really enjoy this site: https://anvaka.github.io/fieldplay/ Music by Vincent Rubinetti: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown

A visual for derivatives which generalizes more nicely to topics beyond calculus. Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/alt-calc-thanks And by Brilliant: https://brilliant.org/3b1b Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Essence of calculus series: http://3b1b.co/calculus Really nice applet made based on this video by Reddit user Larconneur: https://www.geogebra.org/m/rftwacsy Music by Vincent Rubinetti: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown

A new and more circularly proof of a famous Wallis product for pi. Here's a supplemental blog post, expanding some of the rigor of this proofs, along with other interesting tidbits about surrounding topics that we didn't fit into the video: https://www.3blue1brown.com/sridhars-corner/2018/4/17/wallis-product-supplement-dominated-convergence Special thanks to the following Patreon supporters: http://3b1b.co/wallis-thanks If you also want to support videos like these, visit https://www.patreon.com/3blue1brown Another approach to this product by Johan Wästlund: http://www.math.chalmers.se/~wastlund/monthly.pdf With more from Donald Knuth building off this idea: https://apetresc.wordpress.com/2010/12/28/knuths-why-pi-talk-at-stanford-part-1/ Music by Vincent Rubinetti: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown

An algorithm for numerically solving certain 2d equations. Brought to you by...you! https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Writing and animations by Sridhar Ramesh, with editing and narration by Grant Sanderson. Special thanks to these supporters: http://3b1b.co/winding-thanks Even though we described how winding numbers can be used to solve 2d equations at a high level, it's worth pointing out that there are a few details missing for if you wanted to actually implement this. For example, in order to determine how often to sample points, you'd want to have some bounds on the rate at which the direction of the output changes. We will perhaps discuss this more in a follow-on video! Music by Vincent Rubinetti: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

Happy pi day! Did you know that in some of his notes, Euler used the symbol pi to represent 6.28..., before the more familiar 3.14... took off as a standard? Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Plushie creatures now available: http://3b1b.co/store The idea for this video, as well as the live shots, came from Ben Hambrecht, with the writing and animating done by Grant Sanderson. Special thanks to: - University Library Basel, for letting us rummage through their historical collection - Martin Mattmüller from the Bernoulli-Euler center for helpful discussion - Michael Hartl, author of the Tau Manifesto, for pointing us to obscure references - Library of the Institut de France Cinematographer: Eugen Heller Music by Vincent Rubinetti: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

A most beautiful proof of the Basel problem, using light. Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/basel-thanks And by Brilliant: https://brilliant.org/3b1b Brilliant's principles list that I referenced: https://brilliant.org/principles/ Get early access and more through Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/3blue1brown The content here was based on a paper by Johan Wästlund http://www.math.chalmers.se/~wastlund/Cosmic.pdf Check out Mathologer's video on the many cousins of the Pythagorean theorem: https://youtu.be/p-0SOWbzUYI On the topic of Mathologer, he also has a nice video about the Basel problem: https://youtu.be/yPl64xi_ZZA A simple Geogebra to play around with the Inverse Pythagorean Theorem argument shown here. https://ggbm.at/yPExUf7b Some of you may be concerned about the final step here where we said the circle approaches a line. What about all the lighthouses on the far end? Well, a more careful calculation will show that the contributions from those lights become more negligible. In fact, the contributions from almost all lights become negligible. For the ambitious among you, see this paper for full details. If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. Music by Vincent Rubinetti: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

The Heisenberg uncertainty principle is just one specific example of a much more general, relatable, non-quantum phenomenon. Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/uncertainty-thanks And by Art of Problem Solving: http://aops.com/3b1b For more on quantum mechanical wave functions, I highly recommend this video by udiprod: https://youtu.be/p7bzE1E5PMY Minute physics on special relativity: https://youtu.be/1rLWVZVWfdY Main video on the Fourier transform https://youtu.be/spUNpyF58BY Louis de Broglie thesis: http://aflb.ensmp.fr/LDB-oeuvres/De_Broglie_Kracklauer.pdf More on Doppler radar: Radar basics: https://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1278808 There's a key way in which the description I gave of the trade-off in Doppler radar differs from reality. Since the speed of light is so drastically greater than the speed of things being detected, the Fourier representation for pulse echoes of different objects would almost certainly overlap unless it was played for a very long time. In effect, this is what happens, since one does not send out a single pulse, but a whole bunch of evenly spaced pulses as some pulse repetition frequency (or PRF). This means the Fourier representation of all those pulses together can actually be quite sharp. Assuming a large number of such pulses, it will look like several vertical lines spaced out by the PRF. As long as the pulses are far enough apart that the echoes of multiple objects on the field from different targets don't overlap, it's not a problem for position determinations that the full sequence of pulses occupies such a long duration. However, the trade-off now comes in choosing the right PRF. See the above article for more information. Music by Vincent Rubinetti: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

An animated introduction to the Fourier Transform. Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/fourier-thanks Follow-on video about the uncertainty principle: https://youtu.be/MBnnXbOM5S4 Interactive made by a viewer inspired by this video: https://prajwalsouza.github.io/Experiments/Fourier-Transform-Visualization.html Also, take a look at this Jupyter notebook implementing this idea in a way you can play with: https://github.com/thatSaneKid/fourier/blob/master/Fourier%20Transform%20-%20A%20Visual%20Introduction.ipynb ------------------ Animations largely made using manim, a scrappy open-source python library. https://github.com/3b1b/manim If you want to check it out, I feel compelled to warn you that it's not the most well-documented tool, and has many other quirks you might expect in a library someone wrote with only their own use in mind. Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

Featuring quite a few science/math YouTubers! Vihart response: https://youtu.be/CruQylWSfoU Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/mug-thanks And by Brilliant: https://brilliant.org/3b1b Thanks to all the following channels for participating. Standup Maths https://www.youtube.com/user/standupmaths Wendover Productions https://www.youtube.com/user/Wendoverproductions Welch Labs: https://www.youtube.com/user/Taylorns34 MinutePhysics: https://www.youtube.com/user/minutephysics Ben Eater: https://www.youtube.com/user/eaterbc Mathologer: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1_uAIS3r8Vu6JjXWvastJg Singing Banana: https://www.youtube.com/user/singingbanana Numberphile: https://www.youtube.com/user/numberphile Looking Glass Universe: https://www.youtube.com/user/LookingGlassUniverse Veritasium: https://www.youtube.com/user/1veritasium Steve Mould: https://www.youtube.com/user/steventhebrave Special thanks to MathsGear for providing the mugs. https://mathsgear.co.uk/ https://mathsgear.co.uk/products/gift-card Music: Vincent Rubinetti: https://soundcloud.com/vincerubinetti/ Divertissement by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100256 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

Questions: http://3b1b.co/questions Answers: https://youtu.be/1nxF19qDBQ0 Full net neutrality video: https://youtu.be/hKD-lBrZ_Gg Ben Eater's channel: https://www.youtube.com/user/eaterbc First Q&A Answers: https://youtu.be/8r5WKpK9-m8 CGPGrey's (excellent) video on Net Neutrality: https://youtu.be/wtt2aSV8wdw ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

A difficult geometry puzzle with an elegant solution. Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/putnam-thanks And by Brilliant: https://brilliant.org/3b1b Solution to the puzzle mentioned at the end: https://brilliant.org/3b1bindicator/ These videos exist thanks to Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/3blue1brown A different write-up of this solution: http://lsusmath.rickmabry.org/psisson/putnam/putnam-web.htm 1992 Putnam with this problem: http://kskedlaya.org/putnam-archive/1992.pdf A problem with a similar flavor came up on the 2005 Putnam A6. Give it a try! The solution for that problem, by the way, was written by Calvin Lin, a friend of mine who works at Brilliant. Small world! http://kskedlaya.org/putnam-archive/2005.pdf http://kskedlaya.org/putnam-archive/2005s.pdf ------------------ Animations largely made using manim, a scrappy open source python library. https://github.com/3b1b/manim If you want to check it out, I feel compelled to warn you that it's not the most well-documented tool, and has many other quirks you might expect in a library someone wrote with only their own use in mind. Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

What's actually happening to a neural network as it learns? Next video: https://youtu.be/tIeHLnjs5U8 Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/nn3-thanks And by CrowdFlower: http://3b1b.co/crowdflower Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ The following video is sort of an appendix to this one. The main goal with the follow-on video is to show the connection between the visual walkthrough here, and the representation of these "nudges" in terms of partial derivatives that you will find when reading about backpropagation in other resources, like Michael Nielsen's book or Chis Olah's blog.

Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/nn3-thanks This one is a bit more symbol heavy, and that's actually the point. The goal here is to represent in somewhat more formal terms the intuition for how backpropagation works in part 3 of the series, hopefully providing some connection between that video and other texts/code that you come across later. For more on backpropagation: http://neuralnetworksanddeeplearning.com/chap2.html https://github.com/mnielsen/neural-networks-and-deep-learning http://colah.github.io/posts/2015-08-Backprop/ Music by Vincent Rubinetti: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that): http://3b1b.co/subscribe If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/nn2-thanks And by Amplify Partners. For any early stage ML startup founders, Amplify Partners would love to hear from you via [email protected] To learn more, I highly recommend the book by Michael Nielsen http://neuralnetworksanddeeplearning.com/ The book walks through the code behind the example in these videos, which you can find here: https://github.com/mnielsen/neural-networks-and-deep-learning MNIST database: http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/mnist/ Also check out Chris Olah's blog: http://colah.github.io/ His post on Neural networks and topology is particular beautiful, but honestly all of the stuff there is great. And if you like that, you'll *love* the publications at distill: https://distill.pub/ For more videos, Welch Labs also has some great series on machine learning: https://youtu.be/i8D90DkCLhI https://youtu.be/bxe2T-V8XRs "But I've already voraciously consumed Nielsen's, Olah's and Welch's works", I hear you say. Well well, look at you then. That being the case, I might recommend that you continue on with the book "Deep Learning" by Goodfellow, Bengio, and Courville. Thanks to Lisha Li (@lishali88) for her contributions at the end, and for letting me pick her brain so much about the material. Here are the articles she referenced at the end: https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.03530 https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.05394 https://arxiv.org/abs/1412.0233 Music by Vincent Rubinetti: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/nn1-thanks Additional funding provided by Amplify Partners For any early-stage ML entrepreneurs, Amplify would love to hear from you: [email protected] Full playlist: http://3b1b.co/neural-networks Typo correction: At 14:45, the last index on the bias vector is n, when it's supposed to in fact be a k. Thanks for the sharp eyes that caught that! For those who want to learn more, I highly recommend the book by Michael Nielsen introducing neural networks and deep learning: https://goo.gl/Zmczdy There are two neat things about this book. First, it's available for free, so consider joining me in making a donation Nielsen's way if you get something out of it. And second, it's centered around walking through some code and data which you can download yourself, and which covers the same example that I introduce in this video. Yay for active learning! https://github.com/mnielsen/neural-networks-and-deep-learning I also highly recommend Chris Olah's blog: http://colah.github.io/ For more videos, Welch Labs also has some great series on machine learning: https://youtu.be/i8D90DkCLhI https://youtu.be/bxe2T-V8XRs For those of you looking to go *even* deeper, check out the text "Deep Learning" by Goodfellow, Bengio, and Courville. Also, the publication Distill is just utterly beautiful: https://distill.pub/ Lion photo by Kevin Pluck ------------------ Animations largely made using manim, a scrappy open source python library. https://github.com/3b1b/manim If you want to check it out, I feel compelled to warn you that it's not the most well-documented tool, and has many other quirks you might expect in a library someone wrote with only their own use in mind. Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

The math of superposition and quantum states. minutephysics channel: https://www.youtube.com/user/minutephysics Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/light-quantum-thanks And by Brilliant: https://brilliant.org/3b1b Huge thanks to my friend Evan Miyazono, both for encouraging me to do this project, and for helping me understand many things along the way. This is a simple primer for how the math of quantum mechanics, specifically in the context of polarized light, relates to the math of classical waves, specifically classical electromagnetic waves. I will say, if you *do* want to go off and learn the math of quantum mechanics, you just can never have too much linear algebra, so check out the series I did at http://3b1b.co/essence-of-linear-algebra Mistakes: As several astute commenters have pointed out, the force arrow is pointing the wrong way at 2:18. Thanks for the catch! *Note on conventions: Throughout this video, I use a single-headed right arrow to represent the horizontal direction. The standard in quantum mechanics is actually to use double-headed arrows for describing polarization states, while single-headed arrows are typically reserved for the context of spin. What's the difference? Well, using a double-headed arrow to represent the horizontal direction emphasizes that in a quantum mechanical context, there's no distinction between left and right. They each have the same measurable state: horizontal (e.g. they pass through horizontally oriented filters). Once you're in QM, these kets are typically vectors in a more abstract space where vectors are not necessarily spatial directions but instead represent any kind of state. Because of how I chose to motivate things with classical waves, where it makes sense for this arrow to represent a unit vector in the right direction, rather than the more abstract idea of a horizontal state vector, I chose to stick with the single-headed notation throughout, though this runs slightly against convention. Music by Vincent Rubinetti: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

Visualizing high-dimensional spheres to understand a surprising puzzle. Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/high-d-thanks And by Brilliant: https://brilliant.org/3b1b Podcast! https://www.benbenandblue.com/ Check out Ben Eater's channel: https://www.youtube.com/user/eaterbc ------------------ Animations largely made using manim, a scrappy open source python library. https://github.com/3b1b/manim If you want to check it out, I feel compelled to warn you that it's not the most well-documented tool, and it has many other quirks you might expect in a library someone wrote with only their own use in mind. Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

Space-filling curves, turning visual information into audio information, and the connection between infinite and finite math (this is a re-upload of an older video which had much worse audio). Supplement with more space-filling curve fun: https://youtu.be/RU0wScIj36o For more information on sight-via sound, this paper involving rewiring a ferret's retinas to its auditory cortex is particularly thought-provoking: http://phy.ucsf.edu/~houde/coleman/sur2.pdf Alternatively, here is the NYT summary: https://goo.gl/qNuc14 Also, check out this excellent podcast on Human echolocation: https://goo.gl/23f4Yh For anyone curious to read more about the connections between infinite and finite math, consider this Terry Tao blog post: https://goo.gl/NZ4yrW Lion photo by Kevin Pluck Music by Vincent Rubinetti: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brownm/r/3Blue1Brown

Supplement to the cryptocurrency video: How hard is it to find a 256-bit hash just by guessing and checking? What kind of computer would that take? Cryptocurrency video: https://youtu.be/bBC-nXj3Ng4 Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ Several people have commented about how 2^256 would be the maximum number of attempts, not the average. This depends on the thing being attempted. If it's guessing a private key, you are correct, but for something like guessing which input to a hash function gives the desired output (as in bitcoin mining, for example), which is the kind of thing I had in mind here, 2^256 would indeed be the average number of attempts needed, at least for a true cryptographic hash function. Think of rolling a die until you get a 6, how many rolls do you need to make, on average? Music by Vince Rubinetti: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

The math behind cryptocurrencies. Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/btc-thanks And by Protocol Labs: https://protocol.ai/join/ Some people have asked if this channel accepts contributions in cryptocurrency form. As a matter of fact, it does: http://3b1b.co/crypto 2^256 video: https://youtu.be/S9JGmA5_unY Music by Vincent Rubinetti: https://soundcloud.com/vincerubinetti/heartbeat Here are a few other resources I'd recommend: Original Bitcoin paper: https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf Block explorer: https://blockexplorer.com/ Blog post by Michael Nielsen: https://goo.gl/BW1RV3 (This is particularly good for understanding the details of what transactions look like, which is something this video did not cover) Video by CuriousInventor: https://youtu.be/Lx9zgZCMqXE Video by Anders Brownworth: https://youtu.be/_160oMzblY8 Ethereum white paper: https://goo.gl/XXZddT ------------------ Animations largely made using manim, a scrappy open source python library. https://github.com/3b1b/manim If you want to check it out, I feel compelled to warn you that it's not the most well-documented tool, and has many other quirks you might expect in a library someone wrote with only their own use in mind. Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

The pythagorean triples like (3, 4, 5), (5, 12, 13), etc. all follow a nice pattern which complex numbers expose in a beautiful way. Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/triples-thanks Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ And by Remix: https://www.remix.com/jobs Regarding the brief reference to Fermat's Last Theorem, what should be emphasized is that it refers to *positive* integers. You can of course have things like 0^3 + 2^3 = 2^3, or (-3)^3 + 3^3 = 0^3. Music by Vincent Rubinetti: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted about new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

A story of pi, primes, complex numbers, and how number theory braids them together. Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/leibniz-thanks Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ And by Remix: https://www.remix.com/ The fact that only primes that are one above a multiple of four can be expressed as the sum of two squares is known as "Fermat's theorem on sums of two squares": https://goo.gl/EdhaN2 Music by Vince Rubinetti: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted about new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

A very quick primer on the second derivative, third derivative, etc. Full playlist: http://3b1b.co/calculus ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted about new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

Taylor polynomials are incredibly powerful for approximations, and Taylor series can give new ways to express functions. Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/eoc1-thanks Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ Full series: http://3b1b.co/calculus Series like this one are funded largely by the community, through Patreon, where supporters get early access as the series is being produced. http://3b1b.co/support ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted about new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

Integrals are used to find the average of a continuous variable, and this can offer a perspective on why integrals and derivatives are inverses, distinct from the one shown in the last video. Full series: http://3b1b.co/calculus Series like this one are funded largely by the community, through Patreon, where supporters get early access as the series is being produced. http://3b1b.co/support Special thanks to the following supporters: http://3b1b.co/eoc9-thanks ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted about new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

What is an integral? How do you think about it? Check out the Art of Problem Solving: https://aops.com/3blue1brown Full series: http://3b1b.co/calculus Series like this one are funded largely by the community, through Patreon, where supporters get early access as the series is being produced. http://3b1b.co/support Special thanks to the following patrons: http://3b1b.co/eoc8-thanks ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted about new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

Formal derivatives, the epsilon-delta definition, and why L'Hôpital's rule works. Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/eoc7-thanks Full series: http://3b1b.co/calculus Series like this one are funded largely by the community, through Patreon, where supporters get early access as the series is being produced. http://3b1b.co/support ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted about new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

Implicit differentiation can feel weird, but what's going on makes much more sense once you view each side of the equation as a two-variable function, f(x, y). Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/eoc6-thanks Full series: http://3b1b.co/calculus Series like this one are funded largely by the community, through Patreon, where supporters get early access as the series is being produced. http://3b1b.co/support ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted about new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

What is e? And why are exponentials proportional to their own derivatives? Full series: http://3b1b.co/calculus Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/eoc5-thanks Supporters often get early access as the series like this: http://3b1b.co/support ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted about new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

A visual explanation of what the chain rule and product rule are, and why they are true. Full series: http://3b1b.co/calculus Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/eoc4-thanks And by Brilliant: https://brilliant.org/3b1b Series like this one are funded largely by the community, through Patreon, where supporters get early access as the series is being produced. http://3b1b.co/support ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted about new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

A few derivative formulas, such as the power rule and the derivative of sine, demonstrated with geometric intuition. Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/eoc3-thanks And by Brilliant: https://brilliant.org/3b1b Great video by Think Twice showing this geometric view of the derivative of sin(x): https://youtu.be/R4o7sraVMZg Music: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted about new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

Derivatives center on the idea of change in an instant, but change happens across time while an instant consists of just one moment. How does that work? Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/eoc2-thanks Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ And by Art of Problem Solving: https://aops.com/3blue1brown Note, to illustrate my point for the target audience of a new calculus student, I discussed a hypothetical speedometer that makes distance measurements over a very small time. Interestingly, most actual speedometers in modern cars work by analyzing the induced current of a spinning magnet, which is in some sense the universe implementing the derivative. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted about new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

What might it feel like to invent calculus? Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/eoc1-thanks Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ In this first video of the series, we see how unraveling the nuances of a simple geometry question can lead to integrals, derivatives, and the fundamental theorem of calculus. ------------------ These animations are largely made using manim, a scrappy open source python library: https://github.com/3b1b/manim If you want to check it out, I feel compelled to warn you that it's not the most well-documented tool, and it has many other quirks you might expect in a library someone wrote with only their own use in mind. Music by Vincent Rubinetti. Download the music on Bandcamp: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown Stream the music on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted about new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

Intuition for e^(pi i) = -1, and an intro to group theory. Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/epii-thanks And by the Emerald Cloud Lab: - Application software engineer: http://3b1b.co/ecl-app-se - Infrastructure engineer: http://3b1b.co/ecl-infra-se - Lab focused engineer: http://3b1b.co/ecl-lab-se - Scientific computing engineer: http://3b1b.co/ecl-sci-comp There's a slight mistake at 13:33, where the angle should be arctan(1/2) = 26.565 degrees, not 30 degrees. Arg! If anyone asks, I was just...er...rounding to the nearest 10's. For those looking to read more into group theory, I'm a fan of Keith Conrad's expository papers: http://www.math.uconn.edu/~kconrad/blurbs/ ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted about new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

An explanation of fractal dimension. Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/fractals-thanks And by Affirm: https://www.affirm.com/ Music by Vince Rubinetti: https://soundcloud.com/vincerubinetti/riemann-zeta-function One technical note: It's possible to have fractals with an integer dimension. The example to have in mind is some *very* rough curve, which just so happens to achieve roughness level exactly 2. Slightly rough might be around 1.1-dimension; quite rough could be 1.5; but a very rough curve could get up to 2.0 (or more). A classic example of this is the boundary of the Mandelbrot set. The Sierpinski pyramid also has dimension 2 (try computing it!). The proper definition of a fractal, at least as Mandelbrot wrote it, is a shape whose "Hausdorff dimension" is greater than its "topological dimension". Hausdorff dimension is similar to the box-counting one I showed in this video, in some sense counting using balls instead of boxes, and it coincides with box-counting dimension in many cases. But it's more general, at the cost of being a bit harder to describe. Topological dimension is something that's always an integer, wherein (loosely speaking) curve-ish things are 1-dimensional, surface-ish things are two-dimensional, etc. For example, a Koch Curve has topological dimension 1, and Hausdorff dimension 1.262. A rough surface might have topological dimension 2, but fractal dimension 2.3. And if a curve with topological dimension 1 has a Hausdorff dimension that *happens* to be exactly 2, or 3, or 4, etc., it would be considered a fractal, even though it's fractal dimension is an integer. See Mandelbrot's book "The Fractal Geometry of Nature" for the full details and more examples. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted about new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZHQObOWTQDPHP40bzkb0TKLRPwQGAoC- Various social media stuffs: Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

After a friend of mine got a tattoo with a representation of the cosecant function, it got me thinking about how there's another sense in which this function is a tattoo on math. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

Unraveling an enigmatic function. Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/zeta-thanks Posters/shirts for this visualization at http://3b1b.co/store Music by Vince Rubinetti: https://soundcloud.com/vincerubinetti/riemann-zeta-function Check out some of Vince's other work here: http://www.vincentrubinetti.com/ For those who want to learn more about complex exponentiation, here are a few resources: - My video on the topic: http://youtu.be/mvmuCPvRoWQ - Mathologer's: https://youtu.be/-dhHrg-KbJ0 - Better Explained: https://goo.gl/z28x2R For those who want to learn more about the relationship between 1+2+3+4+... and -1/12, I'm quite fond of this blog post by Terry Tao: https://goo.gl/XRzyTJ Also, in a different video "What does it feel like to invent math", I give a completely different example of how adding up growing positive numbers can meaningfully give a negative number, so long as you loosen your understanding of what distance should mean for numbers: https://youtu.be/XFDM1ip5HdU Interestingly, that vertical line where the convergent portion of the function appears to abruptly stop corresponds to numbers whose real part is Euler's constant, ~0.577. For those who know what this is, it's kind of fun to puzzle about why this is the case. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted about new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: https://goo.gl/WmnCQZ Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

Binary counting can solve the towers of Hanoi puzzle, and if this isn't surprising enough, it can lead to a method for finding a curve that fills Sierpinski's triangle (which I get to in part 2). Thanks to Desmos for their help in supporting this video. They're hiring, and anyone interested should check out https://www.desmos.com/careers Thanks to all Patreon supporters as well, you can support and get early access to future "Essence of" series here: https://www.patreon.com/3blue1brown I also want to give a special shoutout to the following patrons: CrypticSwarm, Ali Yahya, Dave Nicponski, Juan Batiz-Benet, Yu Jun, Othman Alikhan, Markus Persson, Joseph John Cox, Luc Ritchie, Einar Wikheim Johansen, Rish Kundalia, Achille Brighton, Kirk Werklund, Ripta Pasay, Felipe Diniz, Chris, Curtis Mitchell, Ari Royce, Bright , Myles Buckley, Robert P Zuckett, Andy Petsch, Otavio good, Karthik T, Steve Muench, Viesulas Sliupas, Steffen Persch, Brendan Shah, Andrew Mcnab, Matt Parlmer, Naoki Orai, Dan Davison, Jose Oscar Mur-Miranda, Aidan Boneham, Brent Kennedy, Henry Reich, Sean Bibby, Paul Constantine, Justin Clark, Mohannad Elhamod, Denis, Ben Granger, Jeffrey Herman, Jacob Young.

After seeing how binary counting can solve the towers of Hanoi puzzle in the last video, here we see how ternary counting solve a constrained version of the puzzle, and how this gives a way to walk through a Sierpinski triangle graph structure. Thanks to Desmos for their help in supporting this video. They're hiring, and anyone interested should check out https://www.desmos.com/careers Thanks to all Patreon supporters as well, you can support and get early access to future "Essence of" series here: https://www.patreon.com/3blue1brown I also want to give a special shoutout to the following patrons: CrypticSwarm, Ali Yahya, Dave Nicponski, Juan Batiz-Benet, Yu Jun, Othman Alikhan, Markus Persson, Joseph John Cox, Luc Ritchie, Einar Wikheim Johansen, Rish Kundalia, Achille Brighton, Kirk Werklund, Ripta Pasay, Felipe Diniz, Chris, Curtis Mitchell, Ari Royce, Bright , Myles Buckley, Robert P Zuckett, Andy Petsch, Otavio good, Karthik T, Steve Muench, Viesulas Sliupas, Steffen Persch, Brendan Shah, Andrew Mcnab, Matt Parlmer, Naoki Orai, Dan Davison, Jose Oscar Mur-Miranda, Aidan Boneham, Brent Kennedy, Henry Reich, Sean Bibby, Paul Constantine, Justin Clark, Mohannad Elhamod, Denis, Ben Granger, Jeffrey Herman, Jacob Young.

3blue1brown is a channel animating math. Check out the playlists below for expositions of various neat topics and some clever proofs, and see the "Essence of ______" series for some more student-focussed material. Subscribe to see new videos on this home page in place of this trailer: http://3b1b.co/subscribe

An unsolved conjecture, and a clever topological solution to a weaker version of the question. Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/topology-thanks Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ This video is based on a proof from H. Vaughan, 1977. You can see it written up (as a single rather-dense paragraph) here: http://topo.math.auburn.edu/tp/reprints/v06/tp06107.pdf ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted about new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZHQObOWTQDPHP40bzkb0TKLRPwQGAoC- Various social media stuffs: Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ The tools of linear algebra are extremely general, applying not just to the familiar vectors that we picture as arrows in space, but to all sorts of mathematical objects, like functions. This generality is captured with the notion of an abstract vector space. Full series: http://3b1b.co/eola Future series like this are funded by the community, through Patreon, where supporters get early access as the series is being produced. http://3b1b.co/support ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted about new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: https://goo.gl/WmnCQZ Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ A visual understanding of eigenvectors, eigenvalues, and the usefulness of an eigenbasis. Full series: http://3b1b.co/eola Future series like this are funded by the community, through Patreon, where supporters get early access as the series is being produced. http://3b1b.co/support Typo: At 12:27, "more that a line full" should be "more than a line full". ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted about new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: https://goo.gl/WmnCQZ Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ How do you translate back and forth between coordinate systems that use different basis vectors? Full series: http://3b1b.co/eola Future series like this are funded by the community, through Patreon, where supporters get early access as the series is being produced. http://3b1b.co/support

Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ This covers the main geometric intuition behind the 2d and 3d cross products. *Note, in all the computations here, I list the coordinates of the vectors as columns of a matrix, but many textbooks put them in the rows of a matrix instead. It makes no difference for the result, since the determinant is unchanged after a transpose, but given how I've framed most of this series I think it is more intuitive to go with a column-centric approach. Full series: http://3b1b.co/eola Future series like this are funded by the community, through Patreon, where supporters get early access as the series is being produced. http://3b1b.co/support ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted about new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: https://goo.gl/WmnCQZ Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ For anyone who wants to understand the cross product more deeply, this video shows how it relates to a certain linear transformation via duality. This perspective gives a very elegant explanation of why the traditional computation of a dot product corresponds to its geometric interpretation. *Note, in all the computations here, I list the coordinates of the vectors as columns of a matrix, but many textbooks put them in the rows of a matrix instead. It makes no difference for the result since the determinant is unchanged after a transpose, but given how I've framed most of this series I think it is more intuitive to go with a column-centric approach. Full series: http://3b1b.co/eola Future series like this are funded by the community, through Patreon, where supporters get early access as the series is being produced. http://3b1b.co/support ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted about new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: https://goo.gl/WmnCQZ Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ Dot products are a nice geometric tool for understanding projection. But now that we know about linear transformations, we can get a deeper feel for what's going on with the dot product, and the connection between its numerical computation and its geometric interpretation. Full series: http://3b1b.co/eola Future series like this are funded by the community, through Patreon, where supporters get early access as the series is being produced. http://3b1b.co/support ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted about new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: https://goo.gl/WmnCQZ Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ Because people asked, this is a video briefly showing the geometric interpretation of non-square matrices as linear transformations that go between dimensions. Full series: http://3b1b.co/eola Future series like this are funded by the community, through Patreon, where supporters get early access as the series is being produced. http://3b1b.co/support ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted about new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: https://goo.gl/WmnCQZ Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ How to think about linear systems of equations geometrically. The focus here is on gaining an intuition for the concepts of inverse matrices, column space, rank and null space, but the computation of those constructs is not discussed. Full series: http://3b1b.co/eola Future series like this are funded by the community, through Patreon, where supporters get early access as the series is being produced. http://3b1b.co/support ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted about new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: https://goo.gl/WmnCQZ Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ The determinant of a linear transformation measures how much areas/volumes change during the transformation. Full series: http://3b1b.co/eola Future series like this are funded by the community, through Patreon, where supporters get early access as the series is being produced. http://3b1b.co/support ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted about new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: https://goo.gl/WmnCQZ Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ What do 3d linear transformations look like? Having talked about the relationship between matrices and transformations in the last two videos, this one extends those same concepts to three dimensions. Full series: http://3b1b.co/eola Future series like this are funded by the community, through Patreon, where supporters get early access as the series is being produced. http://3b1b.co/support ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted about new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: https://goo.gl/WmnCQZ Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ Multiplying two matrices represents applying one transformation after another. Many facts about matrix multiplication become much clearer once you digest this fact. Full series: http://3b1b.co/eola Future series like this are funded by the community, through Patreon, where supporters get early access as the series is being produced. http://3b1b.co/support ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted about new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: https://goo.gl/WmnCQZ Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ Matrices can be thought of as transforming space, and understanding how this work is crucial for understanding many other ideas that follow in linear algebra. Full series: http://3b1b.co/eola Future series like this are funded by the community, through Patreon, where supporters get early access as the series is being produced. http://3b1b.co/support ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted about new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: https://goo.gl/WmnCQZ Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ The fundamental vector concepts of span, linear combinations, linear dependence, and bases all center on one surprisingly important operation: Scaling several vectors and adding them together. Full series: http://3b1b.co/eola Future series like this are funded by the community, through Patreon, where supporters get early access as the series is being produced. http://3b1b.co/support ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted about new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: https://goo.gl/WmnCQZ Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ Kicking off the linear algebra lessons, let's make sure we're all on the same page about how specifically to think about vectors in this context. Typo correction: At 6:52, the screen shows [x1, y1] + [x2, y2] = [x1+y1, x2+y2]. Of course, this should actually be [x1, y1] + [x2, y2] = [x1+x2, y1+y2]. Full series: http://3b1b.co/eola Future series like this are funded by the community, through Patreon, where supporters get early access as the series is being produced. http://3b1b.co/support If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people. Music: https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/track/grants-etude ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted about new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: https://goo.gl/WmnCQZ Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ This introduces the "Essence of linear algebra" series, aimed at animating the geometric intuitions underlying many of the topics taught in a standard linear algebra course. Error corrections: - At one point I mistakenly allude to calculators using the Taylor expansion of sine for its computations, when in reality most use CORDIC (or something like it). - Around 30 seconds in, there is a typo in how the determinant is written, which should be ad - bc Full series: http://3b1b.co/eola Future series like this are funded by the community, through Patreon, where supporters get early access as the series is being produced. http://3b1b.co/support ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted about new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended Various social media stuffs: Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

In math, exponents, logarithms, and roots all circle around the same idea, but the notation for each varies radically. The triangle of power is an alternate notation, which I find to be absolutely beautiful. (This is the corrected version of the one I put out a month or so ago, in which my animation for all the inverse operations was incorrect) Here's a sketch from the math redditer Cosmologicon showing how this might be usual with practical space considerations: http://i.imgur.com/hAeJokq.jpg This original comes from an answer to a math exchange post by Alex Jordan, which you can find here: http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/30046/alternative-notation-for-exponents-logs-and-roots I also briefly flashed a blog post with another interesting alternative for logarithm notation: http://www.solidangl.es/2015/04/a-radical-new-look-for-logarithms.html

This is a supplement to the Brachistochrone video, proving Snell's law with a clever little argument by Mark Levi.

Steven Strogatz and I talk about a famous historical math problem, a clever solution, and a modern twist. ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted about new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZHQObOWTQDPHP40bzkb0TKLRPwQGAoC- Various social media stuffs: Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/3blue1brown Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

A montage of space filling curves, meant as a supplement to the Hilbert curve video.

A connection between a classical puzzle about rational numbers and what makes music harmonious.

Typically when we think of counting on two hands, we count up to 10, but fingers can contain much more information than that! This video shows how to think about counting in binary.

An exploration of infinite sums, from convergent to divergent, including a brief introduction to the 2-adic metric, all themed on that cycle between discovery and invention in math. Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ Music: Legions (Reverie) by Zoe Keating ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted about new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that). If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: https://goo.gl/WmnCQZ Various social media stuffs: Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/3blue1brown Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

A description of planar graph duality, and how it can be applied in a particularly elegant proof of Euler's Characteristic Formula. Music: Wyoming 307 by Time For Three

An explanation of a neat circle puzzle involving combinatorics, graphs, Euler's characteristic formula and pascal's triangle. Typo: At 7:30, the second term at the very bottom should have "k-1" instead of "k" Music: Wyoming 307 by Time for Three

A teaser for some future videos regarding a pattern which lures an unsuspecting doodler into thinking it will be powers of two.

A poem about why e to the pi i equals -1, based on this video: http://youtu.be/F_0yfvm0UoU Full text of the poem here: http://3blue1brown.com/poems/epii Music: "Sundays" by Time for Three, http://www.tf3.com/

Wait! There's an improved version: https://youtu.be/mvmuCPvRoWQ Also, for the calculus-savvy, you'll prefer this one: https://youtu.be/v0YEaeIClKY Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/ The enigmatic equation e^{pi i} = -1 is usually explained using Taylor's formula during a calculus class. This video offers a different perspective, which involves thinking about numbers as actions, and about e^x as something which turns one action into another. For more information on viewing exponential functions in this new light, check out this article: http://goo.gl/LPyc4R Music: "Wyoming 307" by Time For Three, http://www.tf3.com/