​Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase of a website/domain using the code GEOGRAPHICS. Thank you Squarespace for the sponsorship → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Eric's Links: Free Cosmic Horror Ebook: https://dl.bookfunnel.com/1cw07o2uyb Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@storyrant OEI Analog Horror Experiment: https://www.youtube.com/@officeofextradimensionalint Grimdark Magazine #39: GdM's catalogue page for the issue is here: https://www.grimdarkmagazine.com/product/grimdark-magazine-39/ Subscriptions available here: https://www.patreon.com/GrimdarkMagazine Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: https://www.npr.org/2021/04/07/984784455/a-brief-history-of-how-racism-shaped-interstate-highways. https://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/niatt_labmanual/chapters/geometricdesign/professionalpractice/AscendingGrades.htm https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/when-president-ulysses-s-grant-was-arrested-for-speeding-in-a-horse-drawn-carriage-180981916/#:~:text=Grant%20Was%20Arrested%20for%20Speeding%20in%20a%20Horse%2DDrawn%20Carriage&text=When%20police%20officer%20William%20Henry,issued%20the%20president%20a%20warning. https://www.nps.gov/alpo/learn/historyculture/pennsylvania-main-line-canal.htm https://www.britannica.com/money/Pennsylvania-Railroad-Company https://highways.dot.gov/highway-history/interstate-system/reichsautobahnen https://archives.house.state.pa.us/people/member-biography?ID=2160 https://www.paturnpike.com/about-us/turnpike-history/interactive-timeline https://www.amazon.com/Railroad-That-Never-Was-Pennsylvania/dp/0253355486 https://americanbusinesshistory.org/the-first-giant-restaurant-chain-howard-johnson-rise-and-fall/ https://www.nps.gov/shen/learn/historyculture/skylinedrivehistory.htm https://anthonyted.medium.com/the-stairway-to-heaven-is-closed-c0045a8c398f https://www.paturnpike.com/traveling/construction/site/delaware-river-bridge https://www.pittsburghmagazine.com/the-time-harry-truman-got-pulled-over-on-the-pa-turnpike/ https://www.thereporteronline.com/2013/01/06/tolls-climbing-traffic-declining-as-pa-turnpike-officials-chase-revenue/ Sponsor

#places #worldwarii #ww2 → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Eric's Links: Free Cosmic Horror Ebook: https://dl.bookfunnel.com/1cw07o2uyb Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@storyrant OEI Analog Horror Experiment: https://www.youtube.com/@officeofextradimensionalint Grimdark Magazine #39: GdM's catalogue page for the issue is here: https://www.grimdarkmagazine.com/product/grimdark-magazine-39/ Subscriptions available here: https://www.patreon.com/GrimdarkMagazine Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: Nagasaki: Life After Nuclear War by Susan Southard, Penguin Random House 2015

​Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase of a website/domain using the code GEOGRAPHICS. Thank you Squarespace for the sponsorship → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Eric's Links: Free Cosmic Horror Ebook: https://dl.bookfunnel.com/1cw07o2uyb Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@storyrant OEI Analog Horror Experiment: https://www.youtube.com/@officeofextradimensionalint Grimdark Magazine #39: GdM's catalogue page for the issue is here: https://www.grimdarkmagazine.com/product/grimdark-magazine-39/ Subscriptions available here: https://www.patreon.com/GrimdarkMagazine Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: https://www.history.com/topics/great-depression/great-depression-history https://www.history.com/topics/roaring-twenties/roaring-twenties-history#:~:text=The%20Roaring%20Twenties%20was%20a,percent%20from%201922%20to%201929. https://www.pbs.org/fmc/timeline/estockmktcrash.htm#:~:text=From%201920%20to%201929%20stocks,an%20even%20more%20precipitous%20cliff. https://www.history.com/topics/great-depression/1929-stock-market-crash https://www.history.com/topics/us-states/wall-street-timeline https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/eras/great-depression/beginning-of-great-depression-stock-market-crash-of-october-1929/#:~:text=The%20most%20significant%20events%20started,system%20using%20their%20own%20money. https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/stock-market-crash-of-1929#:~:text=On%20Black%20Monday%2C%20October%2028,and%20support%20the%20financial%20system.&text=The%20Roaring%20Twenties%20roared%20loudest,prices%20rose%20to%20unprecedented%20heights. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/blackthursday.asp https://www.history.com/news/great-depression-causes https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/great_depression.asp#toc-mistakes-by-the-young-federal-reserve https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/09/gold-standard.asp https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/stock-market-crash-of-1929 https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/great-depression https://hoover.archives.gov/exhibits/great-depression https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z36mxbk/revision/4 https://www.britannica.com/topic/Smoot-Hawley-Tariff-Act https://web.archive.org/web/20090312055958/http://future.state.gov/when/timeline/1921_timeline/smoot_tariff.html https://hoover.blogs.archives.gov/2018/03/14/the-smoot-hawley-tariff-of-1930/#:~:text=President%20Hoover%20was%20not%20happy,felt%20compelled%20to%20sign%20it. https://www.nytimes.com/1930/05/05/archives/1028-economists-ask-hoover-to-veto-pending-tariff-bill-professors.html?searchResultPosition=1 https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/bonus-marchers-evicted-by-u-s-army https://www.britannica.com/event/Bonus-Army https://www.britannica.com/event/United-States-presidential-election-of-1932 https://www.fdrlibrary.org/great-depression-facts#:~:text=At%20the%20height%20of%20the,or%2012%2C830%2C000%20people%20was%20unemployed. https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/emergency-banking-act-of-1933 https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cullen-Harrison-Act https://www.encyclopedia.com/economics/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/economy-act-1933 https://www.britannica.com/topic/Agricultural-Adjustment-Act https://www.investopedia.com/articles/03/071603.asp https://www.history.com/topics/great-depression/civilian-conservation-corps https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-us-federal-reserve https://www.britannica.com/question/How-did-Adolf-Hitler-rise-to-power https://www.encyclopedia.com/economics/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/women-impact-great-depression https://home.treasury.gov/news/featured-stories/the-us-economic-recovery-in-international-context-2023 Sponsor

#twincities #places #crime → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Eric's Links: Free Cosmic Horror Ebook: https://dl.bookfunnel.com/1cw07o2uyb Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@storyrant OEI Analog Horror Experiment: https://www.youtube.com/@officeofextradimensionalint Grimdark Magazine #39: GdM's catalogue page for the issue is here: https://www.grimdarkmagazine.com/product/grimdark-magazine-39/ Subscriptions available here: https://www.patreon.com/GrimdarkMagazine Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: https://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities https://www.veranda.com/luxury-lifestyle/g28666999/richest-cities-usa/ https://www.minneapolis.org/land-acknowledgment/#:~:text=Meet%20Minneapolis%20acknowledges%20and%20honors,and%20vibrant%20waterways%20of%20Minneapolis. https://www.mnhs.org/fortsnelling/learn/native-americans/dakota-people?utm_term=&utm_campaign=%5BAG%5D+-+General&utm_source=adwords&utm_medium=ppc&hsa_acc=3634705907&hsa_cam=11236066313&hsa_grp=113758591321&hsa_ad=469171368617&hsa_src=g&hsa_tgt=dsa-19959388920&hsa_kw=&hsa_mt=&hsa_net=adwords&hsa_ver=3&gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjwn9y1BhC2ARIsAG5IY-60eLtLvFwS93POYcIGdeRLV2lwHa72oxee2fd_xNgB9zFC6JA07dYaAuSYEALw_wcB https://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/55041/Bell2Spr11.pdf?sequence=1 Ojibwe and Dakota War https://stcroixscenicbyway.org/PDF/110%20Dakota%20and%20Ojibwe%20History.pdf https://www.minnpost.com/mnopedia/2014/05/last-dakota-ojibwe-battle-shakopee-1858/?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjwn9y1BhC2ARIsAG5IY-4CfM60MUkocW8xkXRT1njh4JqAqRyI0oEZnt4WUxfW_Ml5S2SxwaUaAgYeEALw_wcB https://www.mnhs.org/fortsnelling/learn/military-history/expansionist-era https://www.crowrivermedia.com/hutchinsonleader/more-to-the-story-the-dakota-internment-camp/article_ebd636c1-edb6-5ba6-9730-65ea6d4ed069.html https://www.mnhs.org/millcity/learn/history/timeline https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/forestry/history/peak-logging.html https://www.mnhs.org/millcity/learn/history/flour-milling https://www2.startribune.com/mill-city-minnesota-flour-milling-decline-history-reasons/600130572/ https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/good-question-minneapolis-st-paul-joining/#:~:text=were%20also%20different.-,St.,other%2C%22%20Roberts%2C%20says. https://www.startribune.com/review-dirty-doc-ames-and-the-scandal-that-shook-minneapolis-by-erik-rivenes/477675983 https://www.mnopedia.org/person/ames-albert-alonzo-doc-1842-1911 https://www.mngoodage.com/voices/mn-history/2018/04/a-career-of-corruption/ https://www.mnopedia.org/thing/oconnor-layover-agreement https://www.minnpost.com/mnopedia/2023/12/the-oconnor-layover-agreement-of-st-paul/ https://www.mprnews.org/story/2011/12/08/burning-swede-hollow https://www.startribune.com/fires-in-downtown-st-paul-reshaped-the-cityscape-in-the-1950s-and-60s/566377712 https://www.britannica.com/place/Rust-Belt https://www.minneapolisfed.org/article/2003/a-better-day-in-the-neighborhood-the-rise-and-decline-of-poverty-concentration-in-the-twin-cities-19702000 https://www.twincities.com/2016/08/22/what-was-st-pauls-east-side-like-in-its-economic-glory-days/ https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/30/us/nice-city-s-nasty-distinction-murders-soar-in-minneapolis.html https://kstp.com/kstp-news/top-news/how-minneapolis-city-leaders-tackled-crime-in-1995-a-year-dubbed-murderapolis/ https://www.nytimes.com/article/george-floyd.html https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2020/05/george-floyd-cops-indictment.html https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/31/americans-killed-protests-political-unrest-acled https://time.com/6208047/police-crime-america/ https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/04/politics/amy-klobuchar-derek-chauvin-charges/index.html

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase of a website/domain using the code GEOGRAPHICS. Thank you Squarespace for the sponsorship. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Eric's Links: Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@storyrant Free Cosmic Horror Ebook: https://dl.bookfunnel.com/1cw07o2uyb OEI Analog Horror Experiment: https://www.youtube.com/@officeofextradimensionalint Grimdark Magazine #39: GdM's catalogue page for the issue is here: https://www.grimdarkmagazine.com/product/grimdark-magazine-39/ Subscriptions available here: https://www.patreon.com/GrimdarkMagazine Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: Marshall Trimble - Roadside History of Arizona https://tombstonetimes.com/edschieffelin/ https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/tombstone-117086409/ https://tombstonechamber.com/about-tombstone-az/tombstone-history/ https://discovertombstone.com/history/ https://web.archive.org/web/20110625071235/http://www.tombstoneweb.com/history.html https://web.archive.org/web/20110928212013/http://www.thewildwest.org/cowboys/wildwestwesternfacts/265-tombstonearizona https://www.historynet.com/ok-corral/#:~:text=Over%20the%20course%20of%20time,unknown%20among%20the%20American%20people. https://www.ok-corral.com/pages/history.shtml https://www.historytoday.com/archive/months-past/gunfight-ok-corral-becomes-legend Sponsor

#prohibitionera #history #places → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Eric's Links: Free Cosmic Horror Ebook: https://dl.bookfunnel.com/1cw07o2uyb Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@storyrant OEI Analog Horror Experiment: https://www.youtube.com/@officeofextradimensionalint Grimdark Magazine #39: GdM's catalogue page for the issue is here: https://www.grimdarkmagazine.com/product/grimdark-magazine-39/ Subscriptions available here: https://www.patreon.com/GrimdarkMagazine Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: Ken Burns Presents Prohibition (Documentary) https://www.pbs.org/kenburns/prohibition Last Call by Daniel Okrent https://books.google.com/books?id=MJbBqn3XWqAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=last+call+book+prohibition&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj9p4zG9POGAxU3gP0HHex5BfAQ6AF6BAgGEAI https://www.pbssocal.org/shows/meals-ready-to-eat/the-military-and-whiskeys-250-year-old-relationship https://archive.org/details/alcoholicrepubli0000rora/page/7/mode/1up https://archive.org/details/2569031R.nlm.nih.gov/page/n3/mode/2up https://www.loc.gov/exhibitions/join-in-voluntary-associations-in-america/about-this-exhibition/a-nation-of-joiners/changing-america/american-temperance-society/ https://archive.org/details/americantemperan0000bloc/page/14/mode/1up? https://www.si.edu/object/three-members-temperance-society-elijah-chapman-kellogg%3Anmah_325829 https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/maine-first-state-try-prohibition-180963503/ https://www.britannica.com/topic/Womans-Christian-Temperance-Union https://archive.org/details/americantemperan0000bloc/page/88/mode/1up https://www.britannica.com/topic/Anti-Saloon-League https://books.google.co.za/books?id=ztg5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false https://www.britannica.com/topic/Volstead-Act https://www.britannica.com/event/Prohibition-United-States-history-1920-1933#:~:text=Prohibition%2C%20legal%20prevention%20of%20the,terms%20of%20the%20Eighteenth%20Amendment. https://www.irs.gov/irs-history-timeline https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/during-prohibition-your-doctor-could-write-you-prescription-booze-180947940/ https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/the-bureau-and-the-great-experiment-012420 https://www.history.com/news/prohibition-organized-crime-al-capone https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ohio-Gang https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/congress-passes-the-jones-act https://hoover.blogs.archives.gov/2016/04/06/law-of-the-land/ https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cullen-Harrison-Act https://www.cato.org/policy-analysis/alcohol-prohibition-was-failure https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/constitutional-amendments-amendment-21-repeal-prohibition#:~:text=Ultimately%2C%20Mississippi%20was%20the%20last,on%20public%20bars%20in%201987.

#eriecanal #places #history → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Eric's Links: Free Cosmic Horror Ebook: https://dl.bookfunnel.com/1cw07o2uyb Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@storyrant OEI Analog Horror Experiment: https://www.youtube.com/@officeofextradimensionalint Grimdark Magazine #39: GdM's catalogue page for the issue is here: https://www.grimdarkmagazine.com/product/grimdark-magazine-39/ Subscriptions available here: https://www.patreon.com/GrimdarkMagazine Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: https://www.clevelandmemory.org/canal/section1.html https://www.monticello.org/research-education/thomas-jefferson-encyclopedia/little-short-madnessquotation/#:~:text=Thomas%20Jefferson%20is%20frequently%20quoted,comments%20as%20related%20secondhand%20were http://www.nygeo.org/eriecanal4.html https://www.eriecanal.org/UnionCollege/Clinton.html https://history.nycourts.gov/figure/jonas-platt/ https://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/eriecanal.htm#:~:text=In%201817%20Congress%20did%20pass,strong%20supporter%20of%20the%20canal. https://www.asce.org/about-civil-engineering/history-and-heritage/notable-civil-engineers/benjamin-wright https://checkers.justrite.com/news/fatalities-in-the-construction-industry-a-timeline/#:~:text=Widely%20regarded%20as%20one%20of,which%20could%20have%20been%20avoided. https://www.siue.edu/~lsnell/erie.htm https://www.discoverniagara.org/newpage62a1e013 https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/brief-history-erie-canal-180981546/ https://www.canals.ny.gov/ https://www.masshist.org/beehiveblog/2024/02/william-dunlap-playwright-father-of-american-theater-artist/ https://www.eriecanal.org/texts/Whitford/1906/Chap24.html https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2012/07/02/155570245/on-july-4-1776-george-washington-bought-a-broom https://www.monticello.org/research-education/thomas-jefferson-encyclopedia/little-short-madnessquotation/#:~:text=Thomas%20Jefferson%20is%20frequently%20quoted,comments%20as%20related%20secondhand%20were http://www.surveyhistory.org/building_the_erie_canal.htm https://eu.uticaod.com/story/news/2018/05/02/jail-cell-revelation-gives-birth/12336015007/ https://eu.uticaod.com/story/news/2018/05/02/jail-cell-revelation-gives-birth/12336015007/ https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/nmah_1251996#:~:text=The%20U.S.%20Treasury%20issued%20this,his%20study%20at%20the%20left. https://connecticuthistory.org/benjamin-wright-the-father-of-american-civil-engineering/ https://www.hillsdalehistoricalsociety.org/erie-canal-leads-to-hillsdale-county http://www.surveyhistory.org/building_the_erie_canal.htm https://www.history.com/news/erie-canal-construction-engineering-labor https://considerthesourceny.org/using-primary-sources/erie-canal-time-machine/1830s-erie-canal-work https://surveyhistory.org/building_the_erie_canal.htm https://eriecanalcruises.com/history/ https://eriecanalway.org/learn/history-culture/fast-facts https://reflections.eriecanalmuseum.org/laborers-nys-employees/dewitt-clinton-and-the-erie-canal/ https://eriecanalway.org/learn/history-culture/fast-facts

#places #suburban #educational Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase of a website/domain using the code GEOGRAPHICS. Thank you Squarespace for the sponsorship. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Eric's Links: Free Cosmic Horror Ebook: https://dl.bookfunnel.com/1cw07o2uyb Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@storyrant OEI Analog Horror Experiment: https://www.youtube.com/@officeofextradimensionalint Grimdark Magazine #39: GdM's catalogue page for the issue is here: https://www.grimdarkmagazine.com/product/grimdark-magazine-39/ Subscriptions available here: https://www.patreon.com/GrimdarkMagazine Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: https://www.sarah-archer.com/writing/2019/7/31/how-the-television-transformed-our-homes https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/apr/28/levittown-america-prototypical-suburb-history-cities https://www.jlconline.com/how-to/foundations/levittowns-cellarless-homes_o https://eu.heraldtribune.com/story/news/2006/04/10/round-trip-for-some-levitt-homeowners/28471339007/ https://www.construction-physics.com/p/ww2-era-mass-produced-housing-part https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1994/02/09/levittown-was-oasis-of-opportunity/ https://ushistoryscene.com/article/levittown/ https://levittownnow.com/2018/04/27/levittown-sequoias-are-more-than-suburban-legend/ https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1994/02/09/levittown-was-oasis-of-opportunity/ https://billofrightsinstitute.org/essays/the-gi-bill https://web.archive.org/web/20071226071413/http:/realtytimes.com/rtpages/20020726_levittown.htm https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1108&context=fypapers https://msmcdushistory.pbworks.com/f/Conformity+and+Literature+of+1950s.pdf https://archive.curbed.com/2019/11/13/20952124/growing-up-levittown-long-island https://ushistoryscene.com/article/levittown/#:~:text=Though%20the%20Levitts%20made%20it,Pennsylvania%20from%20the%20former%20owners. https://www.newsday.com/opinion/levittown-newsday-alicia-patterson-racial-covenant-discrimination-g66135 https://www.thedailybeast.com/trailblazers-the-story-of-the-myers-family-in-levittown-pennsylvania https://patch.com/pennsylvania/levittown/levittown-lifer-preserves-jubilee-history https://patch.com/pennsylvania/levittown/levittown-lifer-preserves-jubilee-history https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/legacy-levittown/79661/ https://www.racepowerofanillusion.org/ https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1994/01/30/william-j-levitt-pioneer-of-postwar-suburbia-dies/5b966bf8-0a69-436c-aa0b-4f3a8e63ed95/ https://archive.curbed.com/2019/11/13/20952124/growing-up-levittown-long-island https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1994/01/30/william-j-levitt-pioneer-of-postwar-suburbia-dies/5b966bf8-0a69-436c-aa0b-4f3a8e63ed95/ Sponsor

#places #history #wildwest Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase of a website/domain using the code GEOGRAPHICS. Thanks to Squarespace for the sponsorship. Credit for Thumbnail Image: Megan Duree - Megan Duree, CC BY-SA 3.0 → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Eric's Links: Free Cosmic Horror Ebook: https://dl.bookfunnel.com/1cw07o2uyb Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@storyrant OEI Analog Horror Experiment: https://www.youtube.com/@officeofextradimensionalint Grimdark Magazine #39: GdM's catalogue page for the issue is here: https://www.grimdarkmagazine.com/product/grimdark-magazine-39/ Subscriptions available here: https://www.patreon.com/GrimdarkMagazine Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: Robert Marr Wright - Dodge City: The Cowboy Capital and the Great Southwest Stanley Vestal - Dodge City: Queen of the Cowtowns George Laughead Jr. - Dodge City https://www.dodgecity.org/420/Department-History https://www.visitdodgecity.org/94/History https://www.visitdodgecity.org/106/More-Dodge-City-History https://www.texasalmanac.com/articles/cattle-drives https://www.historynet.com/when-dodge-city-was-really-wild/ Sponsor

The city of Los Angeles is used to more than its fair share of outlandish stories. It’s the home of Hollywood, after all, entertainment that seems too wild to be real is routine business in the City of Angels. But in 1997, a plot that seemed ripped right off the pages of a film script became terrifyingly real when two bank robbers packing automatic weapons emerged from a North Hollywood bank and decided to shoot it out with the police. Most shootouts involving police officers are over in a matter of seconds; this one lasted a heart stopping 45 minutes, as the robbers not only heavily outgunned the cops, but wore body armor that prevented the shots from police from having any effect. All the while, the drama was captured live on camera, the shocking pictures broadcast around the world. By the time the North Hollywood Shootout was over, two people were dead, and over a dozen were wounded, and almost 2,000 rounds had been fired: one of the longest, bloodiest, and most impactful police shootings in American history. The gun battle was the catalyst for major changes in police department tactics and armaments all over the country, changes that are still felt today, over 25 years later. It might sound like we’re describing a movie to you, but remember, everything that we’re about to tell you actually happened. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Eric's Links: Free Cosmic Horror Ebook: https://dl.bookfunnel.com/1cw07o2uyb Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@storyrant OEI Analog Horror Experiment: https://www.youtube.com/@officeofextradimensionalint Grimdark Magazine #39: GdM's catalogue page for the issue is here: https://www.grimdarkmagazine.com/product/grimdark-magazine-39/ Subscriptions available here: https://www.patreon.com/GrimdarkMagazine Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: Uniform Decisions by John Caprarelli and Lee Mindham, End of Watch Publishing 2011

#places #videoessay #worldwarii Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase of a website/domain using the code GEOGRAPHICS. Thank you Squarespace for the sponsorship. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Eric's Links: Free Cosmic Horror Ebook: https://dl.bookfunnel.com/1cw07o2uyb Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@storyrant OEI Analog Horror Experiment: https://www.youtube.com/@officeofextradimensionalint Grimdark Magazine #39: GdM's catalogue page for the issue is here: https://www.grimdarkmagazine.com/product/grimdark-magazine-39/ Subscriptions available here: https://www.patreon.com/GrimdarkMagazine Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: The Port Chicago Mutiny by Robert L. Allen, Warner Books 1989 Sponsor

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase of a website/domain using the code GEOGRAPHICS. Thank you Squarespace for the sponsorship. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Eric's Links: Free Cosmic Horror Ebook: https://dl.bookfunnel.com/1cw07o2uyb Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@storyrant OEI Analog Horror Experiment: https://www.youtube.com/@officeofextradimensionalint Grimdark Magazine #39: GdM's catalogue page for the issue is here: https://www.grimdarkmagazine.com/product/grimdark-magazine-39/ Subscriptions available here: https://www.patreon.com/GrimdarkMagazine Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: A Prehistory and History and History of the Death Valley Region’s Native Americans and the Environments in which They Lived by Ken Legner: https://books.google.ca/books/about/A_Prehistory_and_History_of_the_Death_Va.html?id=RV5angEACAAJ&redir_esc=y Death Valley: A Guided Tour of its Geological Story by the Geology majors of Bryn Mawr College: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fxQGsoe7HaI&t=48s Snowball Earth: https://opengeology.org/historicalgeology/case-studies/snowball-earth/ Iron and Ice: How Life Survived Snowball Earth by Dr Max Lechte: https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/iron-and-ice-how-life-survived-snowball-earth The Queen of Death Valley: What a ‘fake’ Native American story can teach us about our own alienation by Sriram Natarajan: https://medium.com/@sriramnatarajan/the-queen-of-death-valley-what-a-fake-native-american-story-can-teach-us-about-our-own-6c80042f78cb The Trouble With Wilderness; Or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature by William Cronon: http://www.williamcronon.net/writing/Trouble_with_Wilderness_Main.html The Race To Koso Hot Springs collected by Julian H Steward, 1943: https://sacred-texts.com/nam/ca/wsm/wsm15.htm How the Timbisha Shoshone Got Their Land Back by Kim Stringfellow: https://mojaveproject.org/dispatches-item/how-the-timbisha-got-their-land-back/ Timbisha Shoshone Demonstration by Dr. Nicole Martin https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/home-timbisha-shoshone-demonstration.htm The Hottest Place On Earth Is Cracking From the Stress of Extreme Heat by Paige Vega: https://www.vox.com/climate/354222/death-valley-extreme-heat-record-climate-change How Death Valley Got Its Name: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1RSDtC3tu8 Badwater Basin: https://www.nps.gov/places/badwater-basin.htm Artist’s Palette: https://www.nps.gov/places/artists-palette.htm Sponsor

Go to https://tryfum.com/GEOGRAPHICS or scan the QR code and use code GEOGRAPHICS to get your free FÜM Topper when you order your Journey Pack today. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Eric's Links: Free Cosmic Horror Ebook: https://dl.bookfunnel.com/1cw07o2uyb Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@storyrant OEI Analog Horror Experiment: https://www.youtube.com/@officeofextradimensionalint Grimdark Magazine #39: GdM's catalogue page for the issue is here: https://www.grimdarkmagazine.com/product/grimdark-magazine-39/ Subscriptions available here: https://www.patreon.com/GrimdarkMagazine Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: https://eu.usatoday.com/picture-gallery/money/cars/2019/07/22/ford-chevy-toyota-deadliest-cars-in-history/39682167/ https://www.aacamuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Evolution-of-Traffic-Laws-Unit.pdf https://www.superiorreading.com/pdf/ford.peq.pdf https://youtu.be/RhP-HdZJkIY https://www.raabcollection.com/blog/the-famed-summer-camping-trips-of-thomas-edison-henry-ford-harvey-firestone-and-john-burroughs https://www.thehenryford.org/collections-and-research/digital-resources/popular-topics/the-vagabonds/ https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1977881_1977883_1977922,00.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8k6zyXAXW5o https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/28/magazine/who-made-that-charcoal-briquette.html https://www.ironmountaindailynews.com/news/local-news/2017/12/kingsford-fuel-the-burning-history-of-charcoal-briquettes/ https://www.npr.org/2019/07/09/739507013/the-vagabonds-details-the-publicity-encouraged-road-trips-of-edison-and-ford https://www.thehenryford.org/collections-and-research/digital-collections/artifact/174027/ https://hswf.co.uk/blogs/burning-questions/history-of-charcoal https://www.uoalumni.com/s/1540/21/interior.aspx?sid=1540&gid=3&pgid=7143 https://www.legalnews.com/Home/Articles?DataId=1024209 https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/hh/edis/edisa.htm https://www.thehenryford.org/collections-and-research/digital-collections/artifact/298570/ https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/henryford-antisemitism/ https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/story-weber-grill-begins-buoy-180960335/ https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/gadgets/a7855/a-brief-history-of-the-bbq-grill-11000790/ Sponsor

#places #hungergames #appalachia In the fictional world of Panem, a girl from a gentrified coal-mining mountain town learned to survive through grit, self-sufficience, and more than a little rebelliousness. The girl on fire lit the spark that burned away the foundation of her dystopian civilization and inspired a generation in our world to challenge the structure of their own society. While Katniss Everdeen and her Mockingjay pin are now immortalized in pop culture and have even unironically become a symbol of resistance, few people know the real-life inspiration. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Eric's Links: Free Cosmic Horror Ebook: https://dl.bookfunnel.com/1cw07o2uyb Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@storyrant OEI Analog Horror Experiment: https://www.youtube.com/@officeofextradimensionalint Grimdark Magazine #39: GdM's catalogue page for the issue is here: https://www.grimdarkmagazine.com/product/grimdark-magazine-39/ Subscriptions available here: https://www.patreon.com/GrimdarkMagazine Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: https://www.historytoday.com/miscellanies/how-northern-england-made-southern-united-states http://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2211&context=etsu-works https://www.wbir.com/article/news/local/black-history/historians-musicians-work-to-preserve-african-influence-on-southern-appalachian-music/51-63a7801e-1f7b-4f0b-af0d-d425787aeb1f https://www.dispatch.com/story/lifestyle/2015/10/19/yodeling-kept-alive-by-few/23973191007/ https://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/c44bee80-715b-4c28-b879-ebac9c1b1a41/content https://extension.usu.edu/rangeplants/grasses-and-grasslikes/kentucky-bluegrass https://www.themarysue.com/the-hunger-games-the-ballad-of-songbirds-and-snakes-has-a-surprising-musical-inspiration/ https://www.arts.gov/honors/heritage/nimrod-workman https://birthplaceofcountrymusic.org/sixteen-tons-merle-travis-tennessee-ernie-ford-beyond/ https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4654&context=doctoral https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/minewars-race/ https://sharetngov.tnsosfiles.com/tsla/exhibits/disasters/fraterville.htm https://wvpublic.org/december-6-1907-the-monongah-mine-explodes-in-marion-county/ https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/minewars-coalcamps/ https://energyhistory.yale.edu/coal-mining-and-labor-conflict/ https://theroanoker.com/interests/history/coalmining-war https://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/707#:~:text=As%20the%20darkened%20train%20approached,%2C%20Cesco%20Estep%2C%20was%20killed. https://www.newspapers.com/article/beckley-post-herald-francis-francisco-c/1409398/ https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2024/01/mother-jones-west-virginia-coal-wars-john-kern-congress/ https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/paint-creek-and-cabin-creek-strikes.htm https://billofrightsinstitute.org/essays/wilsonian-progressivism https://www.dol.gov/general/aboutdol/history/wilson https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/matewan-massacre.htm https://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/282 https://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2018/09/buried-history-west-virginias-coal-wars/ https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/forgotten-matewan-massacre-was-epicenter-20th-century-mine-wars-180963026/ http://expatalachians.com/biplanes-over-blair-calling-in-the-air-force-for-the-mine-wars https://parallelnarratives.com/remembering-bloody-harlan/ http://www.kentuckymonthly.com/culture/history/the-price-of-coal_1/ https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/great-depression-and-world-war-ii-1929-1945/franklin-delano-roosevelt-and-the-new-deal https://qz.com/1167671/the-100-year-capitalist-experiment-that-keeps-appalachia-poor-sick-and-stuck-on-coal https://www.arc.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Health_Disparities_in_Appalachia_Health_Care_Systems_Domain.pdf https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8461577/#:~:text=Central%20Appalachians%20are%20additionally%20disproportionately,US%2C%20respectively%20%5B10%5D. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/06/us/coal-miners-blair-mountain.html

#places #history #greatfireoflondon Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase of a website/domain using the code GEOGRAPHICS. Thank you Squarespace for the sponsorship. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Eric's Links: Free Cosmic Horror Ebook: https://dl.bookfunnel.com/1cw07o2uyb Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@storyrant OEI Analog Horror Experiment: https://www.youtube.com/@officeofextradimensionalint Grimdark Magazine #39: GdM's catalogue page for the issue is here: https://www.grimdarkmagazine.com/product/grimdark-magazine-39/ Subscriptions available here: https://www.patreon.com/GrimdarkMagazine Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: The Great Fire of London by Neil Hanson, Wiley and Sons 2002 Sponsor

The United States of America is the most powerful country in the history of the world. Its military power, diplomatic and cultural influence, and economic reach are unmatched in the history of recorded civilization. Its Constitution and system of government have been emulated by dozens of other nations, and to the many immigrants who leave their homes seeking a better life in America, the country represents a chance for freedom and prosperity that they likely wouldn’t have the opportunity for where they come from. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Eric's Links: Free Cosmic Horror Ebook: https://dl.bookfunnel.com/1cw07o2uyb Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@storyrant OEI Analog Horror Experiment: https://www.youtube.com/@officeofextradimensionalint Grimdark Magazine #39: GdM's catalogue page for the issue is here: https://www.grimdarkmagazine.com/product/grimdark-magazine-39/ Subscriptions available here: https://www.patreon.com/GrimdarkMagazine Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: The Trail of Tears by Gloria Jahoda, Random House 1995 edition

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase of a website/domain using the code GEOGRAPHICS. Thank you Squarespace for the sponsorship. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Eric's Links: Free Cosmic Horror Ebook: https://dl.bookfunnel.com/1cw07o2uyb Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@storyrant OEI Analog Horror Experiment: https://www.youtube.com/@officeofextradimensionalint Grimdark Magazine #39: GdM's catalogue page for the issue is here: https://www.grimdarkmagazine.com/product/grimdark-magazine-39/ Subscriptions available here: https://www.patreon.com/GrimdarkMagazine Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: https://www.cntraveler.com/activities/paris/place-de-la-bastille https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/alexandre-dumas https://www.worldhistory.org/Hundred_Years'_War/ https://www.sortiraparis.com/en/news/in-paris/articles/306252-metro-who-was-etienne-marcel-after-whom-the-metro-station-is-named https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Crenellations_on_buildings https://www.lookandlearn.com/history-images/M820300/Massacre-of-the-Armagnacs-by-the-Burgundians-Paris-1418 https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13047a.htm https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-bastille-prison-had-5-star-comforts-exhibit-shows-2010nov26-story.html https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-voltaire-went-bastille-prisoner-famous-playwright-180970854/ https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/oct/07/marquis-de-sade-120-days-of-sodom-published-classic https://www.loewendenkmal21.ch/en/kont/the-swiss-guards/ https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/bastille-key/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vhQkku7jLfo https://theweek.com/articles/445383/11-remnants-bastille-still-today https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/1999/apr/11/featuresreview.review7 https://erenow.org/biographies/the-bourbon-kings-of-france/4.php https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bastille https://www.grunge.com/402106/heres-what-it-was-really-like-for-prisoners-in-the-bastille/ Sponsor

By clicking my link - https://www.piavpn.com/geographics you can get 83% off on Private Internet Access! That’s just $2.03 a month, and you also get 4 extra months completely for free! Thumnail Image Credit: Remi Mathis - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0 → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Eric's Links: Free Cosmic Horror Ebook: https://dl.bookfunnel.com/1cw07o2uyb Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@UC6Sk2h2WsYMxnGERAH_FbGg OEI Analog Horror Experiment: https://www.youtube.com/@UCsz5l0hY67TGoJR0CZiWVnA Grimdark Magazine #39: GdM's catalogue page for the issue is here: https://www.grimdarkmagazine.com/product/grimdark-magazine-39/ Subscriptions available here: https://www.patreon.com/GrimdarkMagazine Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: https://www.polygon.com/features/22790314/assassins-creed-unity-notre-dame-restoration-accuracy https://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/15/europe/firefighters-notre-dame-intl/index.html https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/where-paris-notre-dame-cathedral-stands-one-year-after-fire https://www.britannica.com/topic/Crown-of-Thorns-religious-relic https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-09-07/crown-of-thorns-saved-from-notre-dame-fire-presented-to-public/11488594 https://www.thedailybeast.com/notre-dame-fire-all-the-times-it-was-almost-destroyed-in-the-past https://slate.com/culture/2019/04/notre-dame-before-sunset-ethan-hawke-story.html https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/paintings/empress-josephine-in-her-coronation-robes/ https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/paintings/empress-josephine-in-her-coronation-robes/ https://www.unjourdeplusaparis.com/en/paris-culture/extraordinaire-periple-tetes-rois-de-juda-musee-cluny#:~:text=In%20the%20courtyard%20of%20the,Nobody%20knows. https://www.thedailybeast.com/notre-dame-fire-all-the-times-it-was-almost-destroyed-in-the-past https://www.friendsofnotredamedeparis.org/cathedral/artifacts/statues-of-the-apostles/statue-of-saint-thomas/ https://www.normandythenandnow.com/the-legend-of-saint-romain-the-dragon-in-rouen/ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Victor-Hugo https://www.euronews.com/travel/2024/03/19/notre-dame-cathedral-could-reopen-at-the-end-of-2024-as-new-spire-emerges#:~:text=Travel%20Travel%20News-,Notre%20Dame%20Cathedral%20could%20reopen%20at%20the,2024%20as%20new%20spire%20emerges&text=The%20restoration%20has%20taken%20five,life%20following%20a%20devastating%20fire. https://www.musee-moyenage.fr/en/collection/pillar-of-the-boatmen.html https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Le_parvis_et_la_fa%C3%A7ade_de_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_au_XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cle,_par_Jean-Bapstiste_Scotin_(1678-%3F).jpeg https://www.britannica.com/art/Gothic-architecture https://www.friendsofnotredamedeparis.org/cathedral/artifacts/grotesques/le-stryge/ https://www.history.com/news/notre-dame-fire-french-revolution Sponsor

#places #geography #montsaintmichel away in a remote corner of France is one of the country’s foremost national treasures: Mont-Saint-Michel [Mon-San-Mihshelle]. A splendid mixture of natural beauty and man-made ingenuity, the Mount has been many things over the course of the last 1,000 years: from monastery to pilgrimage site, from unconquered fortress to national prison. Today it is one of France’s most popular tourist attractions: the destination for millions of visitors from across the globe. In this modern world we live in, Mont-Saint-Michel looks like something out of a fantasy story: in fact, it has served as inspiration for numerous fictional universes, from Lord of the Rings to The Walking Dead. In recent years, a new struggle has emerged surrounding the Mount: the battle to preserve it, and its picturesque natural environment, in order to ensure that future generations will be able to enjoy this breathtaking (not to mention sacred) place. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Eric's Links: Eric is featured in Grimdark Magazine this month! GdM's catalogue page for the issue is here: https://www.grimdarkmagazine.com/product/grimdark-magazine-39/ Subscriptions available here: https://www.patreon.com/GrimdarkMagazine Free Cosmic Horror Ebook: https://dl.bookfunnel.com/1cw07o2uyb Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@UC6Sk2h2WsYMxnGERAH_FbGg Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont-Saint-Michel https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont-Saint-Michel_Abbey https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/massive-controversial-attempt-preserve-one-worlds-most-iconic-islands-180951441/ https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/new-dam-saved-frances-mont-saint-michel-island-status-macron-says-2023-06-05/#:~:text=Olympics-,New%20dam%20saved%20France's%20Mont%2DSaint,Michel%20island%20status%2C%20Macron%20says&text=MONT%2DSAINT%2DMICHEL%2C%20France,in%20a%20speech%20on%20Monday. “Mont-Saint-Michel: Resistance Through the Ages,” Documentary 2016, MagellanTV

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase of a website/domain using the code GEOGRAPHICS. Thank you Squarespace for the sponsorship. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Eric's Links: Free Cosmic Horror Ebook: https://dl.bookfunnel.com/1cw07o2uyb Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@UC6Sk2h2WsYMxnGERAH_FbGg OEI Analog Horror Experiment: https://www.youtube.com/@UCsz5l0hY67TGoJR0CZiWVnA Links to other Books and Socials: https://linktr.ee/EricMalikyte Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: https://www.chesapeakebay.net/discover/history/indigenous-peoples-of-the-chesapeake https://dismalswampwelcomecenter.com/history/ https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2015/januaryfebruary/curio/william-byrd-was-colonial-era-surveyor-and-satirist https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/02-07-02-0163 https://ncblackheritagetour.com/historic_site/dismal-swamp-canal/#:~:text=Part%20of%20the%20Atlantic%20Intracoastal,work%20under%20highly%20unfavorable%20conditions. https://www.wtkr.com/positivelyhr/take-a-walk/head-to-the-great-dismal-swamp-to-see-the-only-natural-freshwater-lake-in-hampton-roads https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/deep-swamps-archaeologists-fugitive-slaves-kept-freedom-180960122/ https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/petit-marronage-in-the-great-dismal-swamp/ https://www.thetidewaternews.com/2022/06/03/looking-back-camp-manufacturing-company-and-the-dismal-swamp/ https://www.fws.gov/refuge/great-dismal-swamp http://npshistory.com/brochures/nwr/great-dismal-swamp-1991.pdf https://www.wral.com/story/implanting-trackers-in-small-mammals-helps-researchers-find-remove-huge-hungry-snakes/20725680/ Sponsor

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase of a website/domain using the code GEOGRAPHICS. Thank you Squarespace for the sponsorship. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Eric's Links: Free cosmic horror ebook: https://dl.bookfunnel.com/1cw07o2uyb Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@storyrant Links to Books and Socials: https://linktr.ee/EricMalikyte OEI analog horror experiment: https://www.youtube.com/@UCsz5l0hY67TGoJR0CZiWVnA Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/palace/architecture/palacestructure/rebuilding-palace/ https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/palace/big-ben/elizabeth-tower-and-big-ben-conservation-works-2017-/turning-big-bens-clock-dials-blue/ https://historicengland.org.uk/research/inclusive-heritage/disability-history/1050-1485/from-bethlehem-to-bedlam/ https://www.dentlondon.com/about/history.php http://www.bigben.freeservers.com/clocmech.html https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/may/11/whitechapel-bell-foundry-battle-save-britains-oldest-factory https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/palace/big-ben/building-clock-tower/key-dates-/ http://hucknallparishchurch.org.uk/ben-caunt/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WVRm1GvD-2Q https://clockhistory.com/westclox/company/ads/benseries.html https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/Decimalisation-in-Britain/ https://theprint.in/world/big-ben-chimes-hymns-mark-start-of-state-funeral-for-queen-elizabeth-ii/1134446/ https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/palace/big-ben/news/restoring-the-ayrton-light/ https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1930-03-31/debates/b18c7b96-1081-495b-b497-daf141522603/Clock#contribution-0eb95f4e-67b5-4409-bbd0-190589613482 https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-15243118 https://news.sky.com/story/big-ben-fails-to-bong-for-second-time-in-a-week-12884480#:~:text=Big%20Ben's%20original%20clock%20hands,piece%20and%20restored%20in%20Cumbria. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/big-ben-clock-stops-1997 https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/nov/09/bell-tolls-for-big-ben-snow-ice-and-sunflower-effect-stop-the-clock https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/70705/15-things-you-might-not-know-about-big-ben https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jz9nxzgtBaU https://youtu.be/Qad6Q_RbQQ0 https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/other/44865/bongs-bangs-and-broken-bells-why-the-sound-of-big-ben-resonates-in-british-culture Sponsor

By clicking my link - https://www.piavpn.com/geographics you can get 83% off on Private Internet Access! That’s just $2.03 a month, and you also get 4 extra months completely for free! → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Eric's Stuff: Free Cosmic Horror Ebook: https://dl.bookfunnel.com/1cw07o2uyb Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@UC6Sk2h2WsYMxnGERAH_FbGg Links to other Books and Socials: https://linktr.ee/EricMalikyte OEI Analog Horror Experiment: https://www.youtube.com/@UCsz5l0hY67TGoJR0CZiWVnA Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: Operation Thunderbolt by Saul David, Little, Brown & Co. 2015

#nature #places #volcano At 24,900 miles, if the array of volcanoes known as the Ring of Fire were stretched out straight, it would encircle the Earth. Instead it spans from New Zealand, around to Malaysia and Indonesia, up through the Philippines to mainland Asia and from there to Japan. Then, further up to the Kamchatka Peninsula of Eastern Russia, across the [All-oo-shun] Aleutian Islands to Alaska, then down the Western Coasts of North and South America, ending in Argentina/Chile. It’s more like the Horseshoe of Fire, with the two tips of the horseshoe situated about 5,800 miles apart. This is fitting for how it has served as the cavalry bringing the inferno of Hell onto the Earth. So, let’s go on a ride around this geographic marvel. Along our tour, we’ll be moving through time and space. We’ll see the origin of this titanic terrain of tectonic tumult through to the underappreciated ways it has shaped modern civilization. We'll make stops to study particularly notable volcanoes, and their most memorable eruptions, particularly if you happened to be around at the time. Then, it’ll be time to be nimble on your feet as we go through the stories of earthquakes that are spine-chilling to contemplate, let alone experience. Now, try not to fall into the burning ring of fire, even as the Earth shakes and the flames go up higher. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Eric's Stuff: Free Scifi Horror Ebook: https://dl.bookfunnel.com/1cw07o2uyb Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@storyrant Links to other books and socials: https://linktr.ee/EricMalikyte OEI Analog Horror Experiment: https://www.youtube.com/@UCsz5l0hY67TGoJR0CZiWVnA Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/ring-of-fire https://www.worldatlas.com/geography/pacific-ring-of-fire.html https://earthhow.com/pacific-plate/ https://phys.org/news/2024-02-geoscientists-pacific-plate-scored-large.html https://www.amnh.org/explore/ology/ology-cards/252-ring-of-fire#:~:text=Hawaiian%20volcanoes%20are%20right%20in,deep%20into%20the%20Earth's%20mantle.&text=The%20edges%20of%20the %20Earth's,with%20earthquakes%20and%20volcanic%20eruptions. https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/where-do-most-earthquakes-occur.html https://www.esa.int/kids/en/learn/Earth/Natural_disasters/Volcanoes https://www.statista.com/chart/27828/countries-with-the-most-volcanoes-that-have-been-active-since-1950/#:~:text=Indonesia%20has%20the%20world's%20most,appear%20among%20the%20top%208. https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-021-00284-7 https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/stratoguide/helenfeat.html#:~:text=The%20hot%20gases%20scorched%20their,at%20several%20millions%20of%20dollars. https://theconversation.com/how-mount-agungs-eruption-can-create-the-worlds-most-fertile-soil-85134 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8q1Ur3Z6dT0&pp=ygUUZ2VvZ3JhcGhpY3Mga3Jha2F0b2E%3D https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w76vfh https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14565.epdf? https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/sixth-century-misery-tied-not-one-two-volcanic-eruptions-180955858/ https://www.britannica.com/place/Mount-Tambora https://davidjkent-writer.com/2023/07/10/climate-influenced-abraham-lincolns-move-from-kentucky-to-indiana/ https://landing.athabascau.ca/file/download/240374 https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna24467948 https://www.usgs.gov/news/featured-story/remembering-mount-pinatubo-25-years-ago-mitigating-a-crisis https://appliedsciences.nasa.gov/our-impact/story/remembering-mt-pinatubo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_TSZYShr1n0 https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/great-alaska-earthquake https://ready.alaska.gov/_64Quake/Stories https://roadto100countries.com/alaska/ https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/valdivia-earthquake-strikes-chile/ https://www.npr.org/2016/08/29/490239181/when-the-biggest-earthquake-ever-recorded-hit-chile-it-rocked-the-world https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/official19600522191120_30/impact https://gulfnews.com/special-reports/ring-of-fire-why-100-big-earthquakes-occur-each-year-1.1658935223122 https://earthsky.org/earth/what-is-the-ring-of-fire/

#worldwar2 #britain #germany Head to Squarespace.com for a free trial, and when you're ready to launch, go to http://squarespace.com/geographics to save 10% off on your first purchase of a website/domain using the code GEOGRAPHICS. Thanks to Squarespace for sponsoring this video. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Eric's Stuff: Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@UC6Sk2h2WsYMxnGERAH_FbGg OEI analog horror experiment: https://www.youtube.com/@UCsz5l0hY67TGoJR0CZiWVnA Free SciFi Horror Ebook: https://dl.bookfunnel.com/1cw07o2uyb Other links to Books and Socials: https://linktr.ee/EricMalikyte Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: ‘The Last Raid: The Commandos, Channel Islands and Final Nazi Raid’, by Will Fowler: https://www.everand.com/book/641488080 https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,5753,-18178,00.html#:~:text=The%20Channel%20Islands%20became%20English,with%20what%20later%20became%20Spain. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18175986.amp https://www.britannica.com/place/Channel-Islands-English-Channel https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-guernsey-54106579 https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/Nazi-Occupation-Channel-Islands-WWII/ https://www.hmd.org.uk/resource/30-june-1940-nazi-occupation-of-the-channel-islands-begins/ https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/channel-islands-victims https://www.gov.je/Leisure/Liberation/pages/liberationhistory.aspx https://lordslibrary.parliament.uk/the-channel-islands-occupation-and-liberation/ https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/how-the-germans-occupied-part-of-the-british-isles-in-the-second-world-war https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/nov/18/guernsey-files-islanders-nazi-occupation https://www.visitguernsey.com/articles/2018/discover-the-occupation-of-guernsey/ https://wienerholocaustlibrary.org/exhibition/on-british-soil-victims-of-nazi-persecution-in-the-channel-islands-online/ https://www.visitalderney.com/our-island/heritage/wwii-occupation/ https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205088051 https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/29/channel-island-nazis-inquiry-alderney https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/topics/occupation_channel_islands https://www.everand.com/book/641493103 Sponsor

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase of a website/domain using the code GEOGRAPHICS. Thank you Squarespace for the sponsorship. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Eric's Stuff: Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@UC6Sk2h2WsYMxnGERAH_FbGg OEI analog horror experiment: https://www.youtube.com/@UCsz5l0hY67TGoJR0CZiWVnA Free Scifi Horror Ebook: https://dl.bookfunnel.com/1cw07o2uyb Links to Books and Socials: https://linktr.ee/EricMalikyte Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: https://www.deseret.com/2003/7/21/19736458/what-did-swift-know-about-mars/#:~:text=Answer%3A%20In%20his%20fantastic%20and,to%20revolve%20around%20the%20planet. https://science.nasa.gov/mars/ https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mariner-9/ https://www.space.com/12097-vesta-asteroid-facts-solar-system.html https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/shield-volcanoes.htm https://www.space.com/9683-surface-mars-possibly-shaped-plate-tectonics.html https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/03/160302132609.htm https://www.space.com/42636-meteorites.html https://eeps.rice.edu/news/2023/hotly-debated-history-largest-volcano-solar-system https://www.space.com/mars-mountain-olympus-mons-volcanic-island https://lowell.edu/olympus-mons-the-biggest-hotspot-in-the-solar-system/ https://www.kth.se/polopoly_fs/1.1070798.1619974759!/Mount_Olympus_Mons___Overall_Coordination_Team_Red.pdf https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Olympus_Mons_-_the_caldera_in_close-up https://www.space.com/relativity-space-private-mars-mission-launching-2024 Sponsor

The Kentucky Bourbon Trail came into being in 1999, a product of the Kentucky Distillers Association, or KDA. It consists of member distilleries, which are listed as “stops” on the trail, though not all of the distilleries support tours. There are four gateway regions designated for the trail; these are Northern Kentucky, Lexington, Louisville, and Bardstown. The eighteen stops of the main Bourbon Trail are scattered around these four gateways. There is also a Craft Tour, also divided into four regions, with a total of 28 stops. The craft tour is focused on the continuing re-emergence of craft bourbons in the United States. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Eric's Stuff: Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@UC6Sk2h2WsYMxnGERAH_FbGg OEI analog horror experiment: https://www.youtube.com/@UCsz5l0hY67TGoJR0CZiWVnA Free copy of Echoes of Olympus Mons: https://dl.bookfunnel.com/1cw07o2uyb Link tree to other books and socials: https://linktr.ee/EricMalikyte Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: https://kybourbontrail.com/ https://www.visitmyoldkyhome.com/ https://imbibemagazine.com/bourbons-keeper-mike-veach/ https://www.townandcountrymag.com/leisure/drinks/news/a6026/history-of-the-mint-julep/ https://thewhiskeywash.com/whiskey-styles/bourbon/advent-of-the-bourbon-bottle/ https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/progressive-era-to-new-era-1900-1929/prohibition-case-study-of-progressive-reform/#:~:text=In%201918%2C%20Congress%20passed%20the,behavior%20soon%20ran%20into%20trouble. https://medium.com/@Ladylee/cocktail-culture-in-the-50s-94784950e138 https://www.whas11.com/article/news/local/the-vault/the-vault-heaven-hill-1996-distillery-fire-kentucky-sky11/417-be264a01-e0df-4cec-bc3f-01bb2ba386b8 https://www.bluegrasskentucky.com/ https://www.nps.gov/places/big-bone-lick-state-historic-site.htm https://creationmuseum.org/ https://www.ajc.com/lifestyles/remembering-ajc-columnist-and-southern-humorist-lewis-grizzard/na4wUJcFB1I6RvpSGHrYFN/ 4:00 - Chapter 1 - Bourbon whiskey 8:45 - Chapter 2 - Bourbon before the civil war 12:00 - Chapter 3 - Faux bourbon & federal control 15:10 - Chapter 4 - Post prohibition bourbon 18:50 - Chapter 5 - A word about bluegrass 20:05 - Chapter 6 - Traversing the trail 23:55 - Conclusion

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase of a website/domain using the code GEOGRAPHICS. Thank you Squarespace for the sponsorship. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Eric's Stuff: Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@UC6Sk2h2WsYMxnGERAH_FbGg Link Tree to Books and Socials: https://linktr.ee/EricMalikyte Jessie Vasquez's Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/chronicbookhangover/ Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/primate-diaries/how-john-muir-s-brand-of-conservation-led-to-the-decline-of-yosemite/ https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/goldrush-chinese-immigrants/ https://immigrationhistory.org/item/people-v-hall/ https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/chinesehistory.htm https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/buffalo-soldiers https://www.nps.gov/yose/learn/historyculture/buffalo-soldiers.htm https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-miseducation-of-john-muir https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/john-muirs-yosemite-10737/ https://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/primate-diaries/how-john-muir-s-brand-of-conservation-led-to-the-decline-of-yosemite/ https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1890/08-2324.1 https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/women-of-yosemite-the-employees.htm https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/shirley-sargent.htm https://www.anseladams.com/story-of-moon-and-half-dome/ https://www.yosemite.com/yosemite-mariposa-county-region/yosemite-valley/el-capitan/ https://www.aaa.si.edu/blog/2019/09/one-spot-of-normalcy-chiura-obatas-art-schools https://e360.yale.edu/features/sequoias-climate-change#:~:text=California's%20giant%20sequoias%2C%20some%20more,is%20drawing%20criticism%20from%20conservationists. https://www.nps.gov/yose/learn/nature/cctreemortality.htm https://www.nps.gov/yose/learn/nature/yose-forum.htm 3:15 - Chapter 1 - The california gold rush 7:15 - Mid roll ads 8:45 - Chapter 2 - The little known history of chinese miners 12:15 - Chapter 3 - Buffalo soldiers ; not just a reggae song 14:55 - Chapter 4 - John muir ; the father of our national park system 19:25 - Chapter 5 - She can do it 21:15 - Chapter 6 - A magnetic place 23:05 - Chapter 7 - A changing landscape 25:35 - Conclusion

Its official name is the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways. To most Americans, it is known simply as the interstate, though at times there are a number of more colorful names applied to certain sections, particularly in crowded cities. Its construction began in 1956, with the passage of the Federal-Aid Highway Act by Congress. While most Americans believe it to have been completed in the 1960s and 1970s, the original system was not declared complete until 1992. Its rapid construction is one of many myths surrounding the interstate system, among them that it was inspired by Germany’s autobahn, much admired by Eisenhower in the aftermath of World War II. Construction of the original interstate system cost American taxpayers $114 billion, equivalent to nearly $600 billion in 2023. Its construction led to the displacement of over 1 million people and led to protests over actions labeled urban renewal as part of the project. Today, nearly 25% of all automobile traffic in America is on interstate highways. That it changed America is readily evident. The interstates greatly added to the creation of suburbs and suburban sprawl. The system led to the creation and rapid expansion of the fast-food industry, the motel industry, shopping malls and strip malls, and bedroom communities far removed from the urban core of cities. At the same time, it contributed to the decay of those urban cores, as city populations fled to the suburbs, where they could buy a house with a yard, send their children to newly built schools, and live the late 20th century ideal of the American Dream. The interstates also helped enable the expansion of the over-the-road trucking industry, contributing to the decay of American railroads. The system is so well signed that even those with no concept of geography can leave New York and drive to Los Angeles simply by following the road signs. It is also in trouble in many places, with bridges and sections of highway listed as functionally obsolete. Potholes and decaying road surfaces challenge drivers and in the nation’s major cities, traffic often slows to a time eating crawl. It was a major engineering achievement, its construction was a joint venture between states and the federal government, and it remains a vital component of both military and civil defense plans. The story of the interstate highway system is part of the legacy of 20th century America. Here it is. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Check out Eric's Stuff: Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@UC6Sk2h2WsYMxnGERAH_FbGg Link Tree to Books and Socials: https://linktr.ee/EricMalikyte Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/research/online-documents/interstate-highway-system https://www.bhpioneer.com/opinion/truman-s-road-trip-reveals-how-times-have-changed/article_968cc60c-ddb1-11e2-b6be-0019bb2963f4.html https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/research/online-documents/1919-transcontinental-motor-convoy https://catalog.archives.gov/id/84786150 https://millercenter.org/president/eisenhower/essays/wilson-1953-secretary-of-defense https://www.ce.washington.edu/files/pdfs/about/Highway-to-inequity.pdf https://www.history.com/news/interstate-highway-system-infrastructure-construction-segregation https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/evac_primer/16_tier_i.htm#:~:text=Contraflow%20operations%20usually%20occur%20during,all%20lanes%20in%20one%20direction. https://highways.dot.gov/public-roads/mayjune-2000/one-mile-five-debunking-myth#:~:text=And%20I%20certainly%20don't,of%20war%20or%20other%20emergencies. https://www.hagerty.com/media/great-reads/welcome-to-breezewood-americas-literal-tourist-trap/ https://www.transportation.gov/mission/health/High-Occupancy-Vehicle-Lanes https://landline.media/multi-state-speeding-enforcement-campaign-planned-for-this-week/ https://www.up.com/customers/track-record/tr080420-what-is-intermodal-shipping.htm#:~:text=Officer%2C%20Hub%20Group-,Intermodal%20shipping%20refers%20to%20moving%20freight%20by%20two%20or%20more,international%20intermodal%20or%20domestic%20intermodal. https://www.axios.com/2023/11/29/detroit-electric-roadway

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase of a website/domain using the code GEOGRAPHICS. Thank you Squarespace for the sponsorship. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Eric's Stuff: Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@UC6Sk2h2WsYMxnGERAH_FbGg Link Tree to Books and Socials: https://linktr.ee/EricMalikyte Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: Watson Parker - Deadwood: The Golden Years Deadwood.com https://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/blackhills/learning/history-culture/?cid=STELPRDB5115326 https://www.legendsofamerica.com/sd-deadwood/ https://www.britannica.com/place/Deadwood-South-Dakota Sponsor

Thumbnail Image Credit: Michael C. Rygel via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Joggins_Fossil_Cliffs#/media/File:Joggins_mcr1.jpg (This is an awesome image of the fossil wall at Joggins, take a look). The Mi’kmaw called the area Chegoggin, “the place of the fishing weirs.” Chegoggin became “The Joggins,” to the English, then “The South Joggins,” and finally, “Joggins.” This form of haunting is common among place names in Nova Scotia. The original name lies curled inside the shape of the new one, at once destroyed and preserved. Today, Joggins is a tiny village on the western coast of Nova Scotia, Canada. 315 million years ago, it was an equatorial forest whose ghost would profoundly affect the emerging science of paleontology. The cliffs below Joggins are a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Dr. John Calder, who was instrumental in securing that recognition, calls them the “story book of the Coal Age.” It is a book to be read in wonder, but not lightly. To Calder, the cliffs “hold great lessons for us about our shared past and our future together on this changing earth.” Here and there, embedded high in the face of the cliffs, are what appear to be Grecian columns. The columns are the trunks of fossilized lycopsid trees, kings of the Coal Age forests. Within the layers of rock, 60 ancient forests are still standing. Their trees are upright and hollow, their stone roots reaching deeper than in life. Small creatures are entombed inside the trees, some of the earliest land-dwelling vertebrates. One is Hylonomus lyelli, the first reptile in the fossil record. After 315 million years in darkness, erosion is pulling them all back into the light. The first hollow tree creatures were discovered in 1852 by the famous Scottish geologist Sir Charles Lyell and his colleague, Canadian paleontologist Sir William Dawson; but you might equally say that the creatures discovered them, by crashing down onto the beach at the right time. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Eric's Socials: Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@UC6Sk2h2WsYMxnGERAH_FbGg Link Tree to Socials and Books: https://linktr.ee/EricMalikyte Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: The main source for this essay is The Joggins Fossil Cliffs: Coal Age Galapagos by John Calder https://books.google.ca/books/about/The_Joggins_Fossil_Cliffs.html?id=-jOnDgAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y Another main source, this video showing amazing views of the Joggins Fossil Cliffs by Brian Hebert and the Atlantic Geoscience Society: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fuW9jekEVts The Fossil Cliffs of Joggins by Laing Ferguson, a guidebook to interpreting the site: https://books.google.ca/books/about/The_Fossil_Cliffs_of_Joggins.html?id=Oy83AAAACAAJ&redir_esc=y The Carboniferous: https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/carboniferous/carboniferous.php Uniformitarianism: Charles Lyell: https://evolution.berkeley.edu/the-history-of-evolutionary-thought/1800s/uniformitarianism-charles-lyell/ Reptiles: https://www.britannica.com/animal/reptile Which Came First: The Reptile or the Egg?: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/06/230612114643.htm The Joggins Fossil Center: https://jogginsfossilcliffs.net A Short History of Nearly Everything by Bill Bryson. Chapter 6, “Science red in tooth and claw,” on 19th century geological controversy: https://books.google.ca/books/about/A_Short_History_of_Nearly_Everything.html?id=YjAnfhsAQ8wC&redir_esc=y

Sign-up for a 14-day free trial and enjoy all the amazing features MyHeritage has to offer: https://bit.ly/Geographics4_MH → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Eric's Stuff: Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@UC6Sk2h2WsYMxnGERAH_FbGg Link Tree to Books and Socials: https://linktr.ee/EricMalikyte Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: Karen Ordahl Kupperman - Roanoke: The Abandoned Colony Janey Levy - Roanoke: The Lost Colony https://www.nps.gov/fora/learn/historyculture/roanoke-island-in-the-1500s.htm https://www.nps.gov/articles/1587voyage.htm https://www.britannica.com/story/the-lost-colony-of-roanoke https://www.history.com/news/what-happened-to-the-lost-colony-of-roanoke https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/roanoke-colonies-the/ https://www.npca.org/articles/3604-the-lost-colony-an-outer-banks-mystery https://www.firstcolonyfoundation.org/history/

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase of a website/domain using the code GEOGRAPHICS. Thank you Squarespace for the sponsorship. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/19/sports/summit-k2-nepalese-sherpas.html#:~:text=Even%20a%20successful%20spring%20or,have%20stood%20on%20its%20summit.&text=There%20had%20been%20six%20prior,failed%20Polish%20expedition%20in%202018. https://www.britannica.com/place/Karakoram-Range https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/151213-k2-adventure-mountain-climb-china-pakistan-disaster-ngbooktalk?loggedin=true https://www.climbing.com/places/k2-worlds-second-highest-mountain/ https://www.alanarnette.com/blog/2022/07/22/k2-summer-2022-k2-summit-sonic-boom/ https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/151213-k2-adventure-mountain-climb-china-pakistan-disaster-ngbooktalk?loggedin=true https://archive.org/details/magicklifebiogra0000boot/page/149/mode/2up https://www.google.co.za/books/edition/Ghosts_of_K2/Ch69DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 Conefrey, M. (2016). Ghosts of K2: The Race for the Summit of the World's Most Deadly Mountain. United Kingdom: Oneworld Publications. (Chapters 1 - 2 were used to create the section - More Futile Attempts)// (Chapters 10 - 11 were used to create the section 1954 Italian Expedition) https://archive.org/details/karakoramwestern00defiuoft/page/n7/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater https://archive.org/details/k21939tragedythe0000kauf/page/130/mode/2up https://www.muchbetteradventures.com/magazine/from-the-history-books-the-infamous-first-ascent-of-k2-31-july-1954/ https://books.google.co.za/books?id=Ch69DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ghosts+of+k2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjfv_iG05OEAxWpYEEAHVSLBgAQ6AF6BAgMEAI https://archive.org/details/fallengiantshist00isse https://www.smh.com.au/national/controversy-dogged-k2-conquest-20090531-brlb.html https://archive.org/details/k2storyofsavagem0000curr/page/184/mode/2up https://web.archive.org/web/20090217233348/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7539543.stm https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/death-or-glory-the-truth-about-k2-909516.html Sponsor

For centuries, mountain ranges have served as one of the most formidable obstacles for mankind. They are a transportation nightmare for anyone in the business of moving goods or people: you either had to wind your way through them, which was a slow, time consuming, and dangerous process, or else go around them, which could take you hundreds or even thousands of miles out of your way. Modern technology has solved the problem of mountain ranges, however, in the form of road tunnels: rather than go over or around the mountain, you simply blow a hole right through it and build your road there. Road tunnels are a vital piece of transportation infrastructure, saving travelers countless hours and allowing for the passage of heavy commercial traffic which would otherwise have been unable to traverse the mountains. However, we as commuters tend to overlook tunnels, with few people truly appreciating the immense amount of effort and resources needed to carve out these shortcuts through the mountains, such as the Mont Blanc Tunnel. When it opened to traffic in 1965, the Mont Blanc was both the longest and the deepest road tunnel ever built. Stretching over 11.5 kilometers under Europe’s highest mountain, the tunnel has served as a vital link between France and Italy, at one point carrying as much as one third of Italy’s commercial traffic to the rest of the continent. Unfortunately, it also showcased how dangerous tunnels like this can be, when a disaster in 1999 claimed more than three dozen lives. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Ben Adelman can be reached for comments or commissions at [email protected]. Further Reading: Waiting on sources from author.

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→ Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Eric's Channels and Books: Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@UC6Sk2h2WsYMxnGERAH_FbGg Everything else: https://linktr.ee/EricMalikyte Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: https://www.britannica.com/event/Spanish-American-War https://www.britannica.com/topic/Platt-Amendment https://www.britannica.com/event/Good-Neighbor-Policy-of-the-United-States https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/cuba-calls-us-nuclear-submarine-guantanamo-bay-provocative-escalation-2023-07-11/#:~:text=Cuba%20has%20long%20called%20for,of%20people%20suspected%20of%20terrorism. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZF7cPvaKFXM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGXRMlPL3XI https://liberties.aljazeera.com/en/anniversary-of-first-guantanamo-arrivals-on-11-january-2002/ https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/us/guantanamo-bay-detainees.html https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/06/09/locked-alone/detention-conditions-and-mental-health-guantanamo https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/12/print/20051230-8.html https://web.archive.org/web/20150929025135/http://cdn.harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/katyal.pdf https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/02/05/a-staggering-map-of-the-54-countries-that-reportedly-participated-in-the-cias-rendition-program/ https://humanrightsfirst.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Enhanced-Interrogation-Fact-Sheet.pdf https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/publications/CRPT-113srpt288.pdf https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/12/10/us-senate-report-slams-cia-torture-lies https://web.archive.org/web/20150929025135/http://cdn.harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/katyal.pdf https://www.britannica.com/topic/Guantanamo-Bay-detention-camp https://teachingamericanhistory.org/document/statement-on-signing-the-detainee-treatment-act/ https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-W-Bush/Presidency#ref1001982 https://archive.org/details/badmenguantanamo0000smit/page/288/mode/2up https://www.hrw.org/reports/2008/us0608/2.htm https://gitmomemory.org/place/camp-delta/ https://www.andyworthington.co.uk/2011/12/17/conditions-at-guantanamo-under-scrutiny/ https://gitmomemory.org/place/psychiatric-ward/ https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/us/guantanamo-bay-detainees.html#detainee-156 https://www.britannica.com/event/Rasul-v-Bush https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/12/us/politics/detainee-who-died-at-guantanamo-had-release-blocked-by-court.html https://web.archive.org/web/20100120013228/http://harpers.org/archive/2010/01/hbc-90006368 https://web.archive.org/web/20210308162112/https://news.yahoo.com/penny-lane-gitmos-other-secret-cia-facility-050929062--politics.html https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/us/guantanamo-bay-detainees.html https://www.aljazeera.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/INTERACTIVE-Guantanamo-Bay-detainees.png?w=770&resize=770%2C770&quality=80 https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/most-guantanamo-detainees-are-innocent-ex-bush-official-1.804550 https://www.france24.com/en/20100410-bush-knew-guantanamo-prisoners-were-innocent-says-powell-aide https://humanrightsfirst.org/library/facts-about-the-transfer-of-guantanamo-detainees/ https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/08/01/why-obama-has-failed-to-close-guantanamo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QtCqhUShHoA https://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/obama-congress-guantanamo-bay-233859 https://edition.cnn.com/2016/08/15/politics/guantanamo-detainees-transfer-obama-administration/index.html https://edition.cnn.com/2017/01/19/politics/obama-final-guantanamo-bay-transfer/index.html https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/executive-order-13823-protecting-america-through-lawful-detention-terrorists https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2016/11/14/502007304/trump-has-vowed-to-fill-guantanamo-with-some-bad-dudes-but-who https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/06/27/qa-guantanamo-bay-us-detentions-and-trump-administration https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2021/06/donald-trump-coronavirus-guantanamo-bay https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/27/us/politics/biden-guantanamo-prison.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQZqIdWYnzA https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/27/biden-signs-enormous-us-military-budget-into-law https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/transfer-drops-guantanamo-population-30-biden-wants-to-close-rcna80478 https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3368848/guantanamo-bay-detainee-transfer-announced/#:~:text=The%20Department%20of%20Defense%20announced,to%20the%20Government%20of%20Algeria.

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Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase of a website/domain using the code GEOGRAPHICS. Thanks to Squarespace for the sponsorship! → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: https://vikalinka.com/borscht-recipe/ https://www.hadassahmagazine.org/2018/01/11/brooklyn-jewish-spot-earth/ https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/baron-maurice-de-hirsch https://dahp.wa.gov/historic-preservation/historic-buildings/architectural-style-guide/mission-revival https://untappedcities.com/2017/10/05/10-abandoned-resorts-from-the-borscht-belt-in-catskills-new-york/5/ https://archive.org/details/overfallsannieed00tayluoft/page/8/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater https://hvny.info/history/peg-leg-bates-country-club https://www.borschtbeltmuseum.org/

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase of a website/domain using the code GEOGRAPHICS. Thank you Squarespace for the sponsorship. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/@FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/@wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Dustin Koski is also the author of Robin Hood Vs. King Arthur, a fantasy comedy about exactly what it sounds like: https://www.amazon.com/Robin-Hood-Vs-King-Arthur-ebook/dp/B0CK8HLGVY Further Reading: https://www.kcur.org/health/2023-05-03/ocean-pollution-plastic-great-pacific-garbage-patch-solutions https://www.captain-charles-moore.org/about https://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/magazine/entry/charles_moore/ https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/100302-new-ocean-trash-garbage-patch https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/great-pacific-garbage-patch/ https://www.rubicon.com/blog/great-pacific-garbage-patch/ https://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/stats/Geography/Land-area/Square-miles https://engines.egr.uh.edu/episode/2605 https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/great-pacific-garbage-patch-larger-and-chunkier-we-thought-180968580/ https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-22939-w https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/nov/06/dumped-fishing-gear-is-biggest-plastic-polluter-in-ocean-finds-report https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jul/30/henderson-island-the-pacific-paradise-groaning-under-18-tonnes-of-plastic-waste https://www.britannica.com/story/talking-ocean-trash-ghost-gear-keeps-on-fishing#:~:text=The%20idea%20of%20%E2%80%9Cghost%20fishing,marine%20animals%20and%20their%20environment https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2011/01/26/our-oceans-a-plastic-soup/ https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/great-pacific-garbage-patch-plastics-environment https://www.tsunami.gov/?page=tsunamiFAQ#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Global%20Historical,occur%20about%20twice%20per%20decade https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/9/11/1289#:~:text=However%2C%20there%20are%20estimates%20that%20suggest%20that%20roughly%20200%2C000%20pieces,million%20km2%20%5B6%5D. https://recycling-revolution.com/indian-ocean-garbage-patch.html https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025326X21005932 https://wtert.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/sesini_thesis.pdf https://tos.org/oceanography/article/the-story-of-plastic-pollution-from-the-distant-ocean-gyres-to-the-global-policy-stage https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-04-17/indian-ocean-garbage-patch/11023640 https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1909816116 https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/defaultinterstitial.cms https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/articles/2018/09/24/plastic-pollution-affects-sea-life-throughout-the-ocean https://www.nature.com/articles/s44172-022-00010-x https://divermag.com/the-great-pacific-garbage-patch/ https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aar3320 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LkPL2UDJpIE&pp=ygUeR3JlYXQgQmFycmllciBSZWVmIEdlb2dyYXBoaWNz https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/persistent-bioaccumulative-and-toxic-pbt-chemicals https://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/0598.pdf https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Curr%20Environ%20Health%20Rep%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D https://www.livescience.com/62096-great-pacific-garbage-patch-growing.html https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/energy/2023/06/02/ai-robots-can-t-clean-our-plastic-plagued-oceans/8e2d47a0-00fd-11ee-9eb0-6c94dcb16fcf_story.html https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg26134740-100-is-cleaning-up-the-great-pacific-garbage-patch-worth-the-effort/ https://www.vice.com/en/article/pkpn88/man-swims-through-ocean-garbage-patch-for-months-finds-amazing-life https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/wasteshark-plastic-1.6794858 https://conservationx.com/project/id/457/clearbot https://www.eco-business.com/news/ai-powered-solutions-can-turn-tide-for-once-futile-fight-against-marine-pollution-hong-kong-start-up-founder-sidhant-gupta/ https://www.iisd.org/articles/policy-analysis/treaty-marine-plastic-pollution Sponsor

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Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase of a website/domain using the code GEOGRAPHICS. Thank you Squarespace for sponsoring this video. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: https://www.britannica.com/biography/La-Chaise-Francois https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/heloise-and-abelards-tumultuous-affair https://www.napoleon.org/en/young-historians/napodoc/joachim-murat-king-of-naples/ https://parisjetaime.com/eng/article/unusual-stroll-cemetery-pere-lachaise-a731 https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.1212.html https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/jul/03/weird-and-wonderful-fans-mourn-jim-morrison-in-paris-50-years-on https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20221211-the-secret-vibrant-life-of-paris-famed-p%C3%A8re-lachaise-cemetery Sponsor

The word “Texas” evokes images of cowboys, huge cattle ranches, and oil pumps, the very heart of the Wild West. The beach, on the other hand, doesn’t normally spring to mind, but all you have to do is look at a map to see the state has more than 300 miles of coastline, including numerous islands stuck out in the Gulf of Mexico. Of all these islands, none is more famous than Galveston. The city on the island that shares its name was once one of the largest and most prosperous in Texas. Since it was first founded, Galveston has been waging a two-front war for survival against the forces of nature and against the changes to the economy that have repeatedly rendered it obsolete. Time and again, Galveston has been struck by catastrophe, from hurricanes to the departure of key industries, and time and again, the city has rebuilt and rebranded. In the process, it has forged a culture unique to itself among its residents: Galvestonians have long prided themselves on doing things differently than the rest of Texas. Over the years, Galveston has been a pirate hideaway, a prosperous shipping port, the vice capital of the southwest, and a family friendly tourist hotspot, all of them in one way or another taking advantage of the city’s strategic location next to the sea. But Galveston’s position is a precarious one: there is real concern that one day, the ocean might swallow the whole island up, turning Galveston into a modern-day Atlantis. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: Galveston: A History of the Island by Gary Cartwright, TCU Press 1998

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase of a website/domain using the code GEOGRAPHICS → Subscribe for new videos every week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/@FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/@wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Ben Adelman can be reached for writing commissions or comments at [email protected] Further Reading: Hillsborough: The Truth by Phil Scraton, Penguin/Random House, 4th edition published 2016

In the immediate aftermath of the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Eastern European nation of Ukraine, formerly part of the Russian Empire, gained its independence. The revolution devolved into the Russian Civil War, which raged from late 1917 into 1923, involving several of the former states once ruled by the Tsars, including Ukraine. The largely agricultural nation found itself divided by the Bolshevik leaning Soviet supporters, based in Kyiv, and those favoring an independent Ukrainian Republic, centered in Kharkov. After years of fighting in what history records as the Ukrainian-Soviet War, the Soviets prevailed, and in 1922, Ukraine became a member of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, under the firm control of the then Soviet dictator, Josef Stalin. It was under Stalin that a catastrophic famine occurred in Ukraine in 1932-33. Historians labeled this period the Holodomor, a portmanteau in Ukrainian meaning death by hunger, killing by hunger, murder by starvation, or one of several other translations, depending upon the source. How many died during the famine is likewise disputed. Roughly 10% of Ukraine’s population perished during the famine, somewhere between 3.5 and 5 million people. Starvation was not the only cause of death. Hunger and malnutrition led to diseases such as scurvy, typhus, malaria, dysentery, and others. To some, the Holodomor was a deliberate creation, a genocide commanded by Josef Stalin. To others, it was a naturally occurring famine greatly worsened by inept Soviet leadership. Nearly all historians consider the Great Ukrainian Famine to have been a man-made event, the result of Soviet policies and agricultural “reforms”. Yet its root causes and government reactions to it remain a subject of debate among scholars and historians, as well as international organizations and governments. As of 2023, 34 countries have labeled the Holodomor a genocide. Among them are the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and nearly all of Europe. Those same nations did little to address the famine when it occurred, despite international reporting of the tragedy. Officially, Stalin’s government denied its existence at the time. The Soviet government refused offers of aid from the Red Cross and other organizations, denying that there was a famine at all. Journalists who reported otherwise had their press credentials revoked, and foreign correspondents were ordered to leave the Soviet Union or face arrest and imprisonment. By 1933, when the famine was at its worst, foreign correspondents were restricted to Moscow and only allowed to travel elsewhere if accompanied by representatives of the Soviet government. Even the noted Western writer George Bernard Shaw fell victim to the Soviet denials, and in 1933 reported that during his escorted travels throughout the famine-stricken region, he did not see a single undernourished person. Certainly Josef Stalin was no stranger to mass murder. Yet even today, the question of whether the Ukrainian famine known as the Holodomor was a deliberate genocide or a tragically mismanaged natural event is debated. In 2003, the United Nations General Assembly recognized the famine as a “national tragedy”. The Russian Federation, which evolved following the breakup of the Soviet Union, still officially denies the famine was an act of genocide. One can only consider the facts of the event and decide on their own. → Subscribe for new videos every week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Check out Eric's Socials and Books: https://linktr.ee/EricMalikyte Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@storyrant Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/@FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/@wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: https://fee.org/articles/george-bernard-shaw-was-so-enamored-with-socialism-he-advocated-genocide-to-advance-it/ https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/en/soviet-propaganda/ https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/collex/exhibits/soviet-imaginary/technology/industrialization-and-collectivization/#:~:text=In%201928%20Stalin%20introduced%20an,energy%20generation%2C%20and%20steel%20production. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/twenty-five-thousanders https://cla.umn.edu/chgs/holocaust-genocide-education/resource-guides/holodomor https://www.npr.org/2022/05/08/1097097620/new-york-times-pulitzer-ukraine-walter-duranty https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/aug/25/red-famine-stalins-war-on-ukraine-anne-applebaum-review https://archive.org/details/cannibalhistoryo0000korn_p3b3 https://cla.umn.edu/chgs/holocaust-genocide-education/resource-guides/holodomor

In March, 1979 a major motion picture starring Jack Lemmon, Jane Fonda, Michael Douglas, and Wilfred Brimley was released. It was called The China Syndrome. Fonda and Douglas portrayed an intrepid television news crew who witnessed an incident at a fictional nuclear power plant and encountered fierce resistance from the company that operated it as they tried to report the story to the world. The title of the film referred to a mythical accident scenario where the core of an operating nuclear reactor, deprived of its coolant, would melt through the bottom of its containment vessel and through the earth, all the way to China. Upon its release, which generated considerable critical acclaim and strong box office receipts, the nuclear power industry protested. The New York Times ran an article on March 18, 1979, where “experts” in the field of nuclear power discussed the benefits derived from the industry and its history of safe operations of nuclear reactors. One such expert claimed The China Syndrome was “a character assassination of an entire industry”. General Electric announced it was withdrawing its sponsorship of a Barbara Walters television special because Jane Fonda was scheduled to appear and discuss the movie on the broadcast. Pro-nuclear groups and trade magazines roundly condemned the film and its depiction of a power industry driven by greed and unconcerned with the hazards presented to an unwary public. Then, on March 28, 1979 a nuclear power plant outside of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania suffered a near-catastrophic accident which led to the release of radioactive gasses and other materials into the atmosphere. As of 2023, it remains the worst nuclear accident to occur on US soil in history. As in the fictional film then in theaters, the operating power company and government agencies were initially reticent to release information about the event to the public. Subsequent events revealed the accident had led to a partial meltdown, the feared event narrowly avoided in The China Syndrome. The accident in Pennsylvania, which occurred at the Three Mile Island nuclear plant, operated by Metropolitan Edison Company, led to significant changes in the industry. New regulations and operating procedures were implemented in its aftermath. The most important change was the attitude of the public towards nuclear power and a steady decline in the construction of nuclear power plants across the United States. Dozens of existing plants were decommissioned, eventually including Three Mile Island itself. The impact of the accident on the environment is still debated, as it has been since the event over four decades ago. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Check out Eric's Socials and Books: Amazon: https://www.amazon.com/stores/Eric-Malikyte/author/B07H22ZRYY Everywhere else: https://linktr.ee/EricMalikyte?utm_source=linktree_admin_share Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@UC6Sk2h2WsYMxnGERAH_FbGg Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ericmalikyte Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/ericmalikyte BlueSky: https://bsky.app/profile/ericmalikyte.bsky.social Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0078966/ https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/3mile-isle.html https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/nuclear/#:~:text=In%20nuclear%20fission%2C%20atoms%20are,form%20of%20heat%20and%20radiation. https://www.nrc.gov/reactors/power/pwrs.html https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/containment-building/ https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/non-power-nuclear-applications/transport/nuclear-powered-ships.aspx#:~:text=The%20US%20Navy%20has%20accumulated,of%20more%20than%2050%20years. https://www.asme.org/about-asme/engineering-history/landmarks/47-shippingport-nuclear-power-station https://dahp.wa.gov/live-better-electrically-the-gold-medallion-electric-home-campaign https://history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/oil-embargo#:~:text=During%20the%201973%20Arab%2DIsraeli,the%20post%2Dwar%20peace%20negotiations. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematic-layout-of-the-Three-Mile-Island-reactor-Unit-2-Image-obtained-from-5_fig1_334770177 https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1979/05/18/nuclear-plant-operators-misread-data-in-accident/ac5da240-33d8-4f2c-9068-73dee5b12694/ https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsms1963/51/3Appendix/51_3Appendix_1/_pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20120401001407/http:/www.threemileisland.org/downloads/188.pdf

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In a matter of minutes, the raging waves had engulfed much of the island. Hai was only 18, but with his father away from home, he was responsible for the lives of his 20 extended family members, huddled on the first floor of their small brick house. The water had already flooded the ground floor and was quickly rising. Braving the impetuous winds and downpour of rain, he climbed onto the tin roof, but he realized it was too flimsy to withstand the weight of his entire family. Desperate for a solution, he thought about a nearby, study palm tree, which he knew had weathered several storms in the past. If he and his family could find refuge on the tree, they could resist for a few hours until the cyclone died down. Guessing at the position of the tree, Hai leapt into the darkness. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/@FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/@wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: The Vortex A True Story of History's Deadliest Storm, an Unspeakable War, and Liberation By Scott Carney, Jason Miklian https://www.wired.com/story/cyclone-pakistan-bangladesh/ http://hurricanescience.org/history/storms/1970s/greatbhola/ https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2019-05-01-deadliest-tropical-cyclone-bhola-cyclone-bay-of-bengal-bangladesh https://noaahrd.wordpress.com/2015/11/13/45th-anniversary-of-the-bhola-cyclone/ https://www.ids.ac.uk/download.php?file=files/dmfile/Naomi_Hossain_Bhola_Cyclone_2017.pdf https://www.preventionweb.net/blog/whats-changed-1970-great-bhola-cyclone https://wmo.asu.edu/content/world-highest-mortality-tropical-cyclone https://www.cdc.gov/museum/online/story-of-cdc/disasters/index.html https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0140673672912184 https://bdrcs.org/cyclone-preparedness-programm-cpp/

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It isn’t a very big or important place. Not many people live there, either historically or today. It isn’t a tourist destination or a tropical paradise: it doesn’t even appear all that different from the mainland. Under normal circumstances, no one outside of Myanmar would have ever heard of Ramree Island. But, just like many previously unremarkable places, war came to visit Ramree in 1945, and with it came one of the most horrifyingly gruesome stories in the history of warfare: an entire regiment of Japanese troops disappeared into a jungle swamp, mostly never to be seen again. What killed them was not the British soldiers pursuing them, but by Mother Nature, particularly one of her most dangerous predators: the saltwater crocodile. The idea of hundreds of soldiers being eaten alive by gigantic beasts leftover from the era of the dinosaurs, what the Guinness Book of World Records called “the deadliest animal attack in human history,” is so horrifying that it defies belief. In fact, many people DON’T believe it: they say the story is impossible, that it is a work of complete fiction. True or not, the story has defined the outsider’s perspective on Ramree Island ever since, all you have to do is scour the Internet to show that. As for whether or not you believe it, we’ll tell the story, and then you can decide for yourself. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/@FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/@wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood

Right now, the first 500 people to use my link will get a one month free trial of Skillshare" https://skl.sh/geographics11231 → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: The Empire State Building: The Making of a Landmark by John Tauranac, 2014 edition published by Cornell University Press

→ Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: https://medium.com/ostraka-a-durham-university-classics-society-blog/sybaris-thurii-copia-a-piece-of-micro-history-from-modern-sibari-ec2f0252dcbb#_ftn2 https://web.archive.org/web/20140123152557/http://www.archeocalabria.beniculturali.it/archeovirtualtour/calabriaweb/sibari1.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20130729090419/http://www.archeocalabria.beniculturali.it/archeovirtualtour/calabriaweb/sibaristoria2.htm http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0084%3Abook%3D12%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D1 http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0198:book=6:chapter=1&highlight=thurii https://topostext.org/work/226#20.1

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase of a website/domain using the code GEOGRAPHICS → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: Escape from Alcatraz by J. Campbell Bruce, Ten Speed Press 1963, revised 2005

Before America gained its independence from the British, the situation in the colonies was steadily deteriorating. The 1770s was the most crucial decade for the start of US history. A series of events would help push America to seek independence from the British and propelled the cause forward, leading to the American Revolution. One event that holds extreme significance in America’s quest for liberation from Britain occurred in Boston, colonial Massachusetts, known as the Boston Tea Party. It’s by no means the only event that set off the revolution, but it stands out for many reasons. One of history’s most famous protests, The Boston Tea Party, was a carefully orchestrated demonstration aimed at making the colonist's disdain towards the British government and its laws well known. It did so in undeniable style and helped to shore up support among the colonists to leave Britain behind and start their own country with its own laws and separate government. This is the story of the Boston Tea Party, a protest of substance and style that achieved undeniable things, including advancing revolutionary sentiment. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/@FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/@wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: https://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/boston-tea-party https://archive.org/details/bostonteaparty00laba/page/2/mode/2up?q=1721 https://archive.org/details/growthofamerican00knol/page/90/mode/2up https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/tea-act https://archive.org/details/bostonteaparty00laba/page/6/mode/2up?q=holland https://archive.org/details/bostonteaparty00laba/page/7/mode/2up?q=1721 https://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/stamp-act https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/spotlight-primary-source/stamp-act-1765#:~:text=The%20act%20required%20the%20colonists,sterling%2C%20rather%20than%20colonial%20currency. https://www.britannica.com/event/Stamp-Act-Great-Britain-1765 https://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/townshend-acts https://www.britannica.com/event/Townshend-Acts#ref33219 https://www.britannica.com/event/Quartering-Act https://www.revolutionary-war-and-beyond.com/new-york-restraining-act-text.html https://www.revolutionary-war-and-beyond.com/indemnity-act-of-1767-text.html https://www.revolutionary-war-and-beyond.com/vice-admiralty-court-act-of-1768-text.html https://www.britannica.com/money/topic/Declaratory-Act-Great-Britain-1766 https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/who-were-sons-liberty#:~:text=So%2C%20under%20the%20direction%20of,and%20the%20surrounding%20Massachusetts%20area. https://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/boston-massacre#why-did-the-boston-massacre-happen https://www.britannica.com/event/Boston-Massacre https://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/tea-act https://www.bostonteapartyship.com/the-tea-act https://www.britannica.com/money/topic/Tea-Act https://www.bostonteapartyship.com/sons-of-liberty https://www.britannica.com/event/Sons-of-Liberty-United-States-history-18th-century https://www.history.com/news/sons-of-liberty-members-causes https://history.com/topics/american-revolution/boston-tea-party#tea-act-imposed https://www.britannica.com/event/Boston-Tea-Party https://www.in2013dollars.com/uk/inflation/1773?amount=18000 https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/the-coercive-intolerable-acts-of-1774/#:~:text=The%20Coercive%20Acts%20of%201774%2C%20known%20as%20the%20Intolerable%20Acts,for%20the%20Boston%20Tea%20Party. https://www.britannica.com/event/Intolerable-Acts https://www.history.com/news/intolerable-coercive-acts-american-revolution https://www.history.com/news/what-was-the-shot-heard-round-the-world

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase of a website/domain using the code GEOGRAPHICS → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/@FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/@wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: https://www.britannica.com/topic/hippie https://www.bethelwoodscenter.org/museum/woodstock-60s https://archive.org/details/youngmenwithunli00ros_b5a/page/10/mode/2up https://www.c-span.org/MyC-SPAN/login/?saveClip=5090607 https://www.history.com/topics/1960s/woodstock#where-was-woodstock https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock_(film) https://www.britannica.com/event/Woodstock https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/woodstockhow-to-feed-400000-hungry-hippies-65740098/ The Road To Woodstock by Michael Lang Young Men With Unlimited Capital by Robert H. Pilpel, John Roberts, and Joel Rosenman

Home to over 8.3 million people, New York City is the city that never sleeps, where life never stops, and people are always on the move. In the 1840s, a proposal was put forward to create a large park in central Manhattan to serve the surrounding area with an adequate green oasis in an otherwise concrete jungle. Spanning 840 acres in Manhattan and visited by over 42 million people annually, the creation of Central Park was not without sacrifice. As planning and construction began, numerous existing structures were seized using eminent domain, displacing thousands in the hopes of creating the park. The most famous example of this was Seneca Village, a majority-black settlement. Central Park and Seneca Village represent a tale of two New York’s: one of the United States’ most diverse cities and a city that grappled with the racial divide in post-slavery 19th and 20th century America. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: https://www.newyork-demographics.com/cities_by_population https://www.centralparknyc.org/about#:~:text=The%20mission%20of%20the%20Central,over%2042%20million%20visitors%20annually. https://www.britannica.com/place/Central-Park-New-York-City http://demographia.com/db-nyuza1800.htm https://archive.org/details/parkpeoplehistor00rose/page/23/mode/1up?q=seneca @Woodhttps://archive.org/details/parkpeoplehistor00rose/page/18/mode/2up @Woodhttps://archive.org/details/parkpeoplehistor00rose/page/40/mode/2up?q=Jones+Wood https://archive.org/details/parkpeoplehistor00rose/page/45/mode/2up?q=Jones+Wood https://archive.org/details/parkpeoplehistor00rose/page/47/mode/1up?q=democrats https://archive.org/details/parkpeoplehistor00rose/page/53/mode/1up?q=seneca https://archive.org/details/parkpeoplehistor00rose/page/54/mode/1up?q=seneca https://archive.org/details/parkpeoplehistor00rose/page/56/mode/1up?q=seneca https://archive.org/details/parkpeoplehistor00rose/page/57/mode/1up?q=seneca https://archive.org/details/parkpeoplehistor00rose/page/60/mode/1up?q=seneca https://archive.org/details/parkpeoplehistor00rose/page/60/mode/1up https://archive.org/details/parkpeoplehistor00rose/page/61/mode/1up https://archive.org/details/parkpeoplehistor00rose/page/81/mode/1up https://archive.org/details/parkpeoplehistor00rose/page/65/mode/1up?q=seneca https://www.centralparknyc.org/articles/seneca-village https://www.nypl.org/blog/2015/06/29/slave-market#:~:text=After%20the%20abolition%20of%20slavery,South%2C%20Brazil%2C%20and%20Cuba. https://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-26-2-the-potato-famine-and-irish-immigration-to-america.html#:~:text=Most%20stayed%20in%20slum%20tenements,liked%20and%20often%20treated%20badly. https://www.centralparknyc.org/articles/seneca-village#:~:text=By%201855%2C%20the%20village%20consisted,of%20individuals%20of%20German%20descent. https://www.centralparknyc.org/seneca-village https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Seneca-Village/632879#:~:text=After%20years%20of%20debate%2C%20the,the%20site%20of%20Seneca%20Village. https://archive.org/details/parkpeoplehistor00rose/page/96/mode/1up?q=1856 https://archive.org/details/parkpeoplehistor00rose/page/100/mode/1up?q=Egbert https://archive.org/details/centralpark1857100kink/page/50/mode/1up https://archive.org/details/centralpark1857100kink/page/57/mode/1up https://archive.org/details/parkpeoplehistor00rose/page/150/mode/1up?q=twenty@UC2bXwp7ucfUanRWsegjHtYw https://www.in2013dollars.com/us/inflation/1858?amount=14000000 https://archive.org/details/parkpeoplehistor00rose/page/190/mode/1up?q=resign https://archive.org/details/centralpark1857100kink/page/69/mode/1up https://archive.org/details/centralpark1857100kink/page/64/mode/1up https://archive.org/details/centralpark1857100kink/page/46/mode/1up https://archive.org/details/centralpark1857100kink/page/71/mode/1up https://archive.org/details/centralpark1857100kink/page/74/mode/1up https://archive.org/details/centralpark1857100kink/page/76/mode/1up https://archive.org/details/centralpark1857100kink/page/77/mode/1up https://archive.org/details/centralpark1857100kink/page/78/mode/1up https://archive.org/details/centralpark1857100kink/page/79/mode/1up https://archive.org/details/parkpeoplehistor00rose/page/386/mode/1up?q=Vaux https://www.nytimes.com/1912/06/01/archives/to-oppose-library-in-central-park-we-object-even-to-art-museum.html

Drug trafficking and drug smuggling are always a bad idea. But getting involved in the drug trade in Thailand is the worst possible idea you could ever have. Even the tiniest amount of illegal substances found on your person or luggage may get you in deep trouble with law enforcement. And if you are found guilty of drug-related charges, you will be sentenced to years, if not decades, of harsh prison. Your likely destination: Bang Kwang Central Prison, better known as “The Bangkok Hilton”. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: http://en.correct.go.th/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/handbook-for-foreign-prisoners-in-thai-prisons.pdf https://allthatsinteresting.com/worst-prisons/3 https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/9973868.hampshire-man-home-after-spending-18-years-inside-thailands-bangkwang-central-prison-in-bangkok/ https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/asa390032002en.pdf http://www.prisonhistory.net/famous-prisons/bang-kwang-central-prison/ https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2000/apr/16/tracymcveigh.theobserver https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/58b593dd4.pdf https://coconuts.co/bangkok/features/life-behind-bars-ex-prisoners-describe-typical-day-thai-prison/ https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Angel_of_Bang_Kwang_Prison.html?id=bpnaAAAAMAAJ https://globalgaz.com/big_tiger/ https://csa.intersearch.com.au/brushfarmjspui/bitstream/10627/450/1/Thai-Corrections-Amazing-Thailand.pdf https://globcci.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Corrections-in-Thailand-2017.pdf https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1006091/Information_Pack_for_British_Prisoners_Arrested_and_Imprisoned_in_Thailand_-_August_2020.pdf

Over the millennia, both rivers’ courses have changed due to natural events and the activities of humanity exploiting them for drinking water, waste removal, navigation, trade, and irrigation. Both are ecologically challenged in the 21st century. Both rivers, and the land between them, suffer from the scars of war, both ancient and recent. Their story is part of the emergence and continuing evolution of civilization in the region. Here is some of that story. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Check out Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/@UCaR-e8ComPih10DqPi3sdWg Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/@UCtrzkwlnKfS9knQ-zuwYBLQ Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@UCLJvIXTMM7bjZ5-ju8xckJg Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: https://britishmuseum.withgoogle.com/object/the-first-writing-counting-beer-for-the-workers https://www.worldhistory.org/Sumerians/ https://www.thecollector.com/sargon-of-akkad-akkadian-empire/ https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/akka/hd_akka.htm https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07125a.htm https://avalon.law.yale.edu/ancient/hamframe.asp https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/hammurabi-babylonian-and-assyrian-laws-contracts-and-letters https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/kass/hd_kass.htm https://www.britannica.com/place/Mesopotamia-historical-region-Asia/Mesopotamia-to-the-end-of-the-Achaemenian-period https://www.thecollector.com/abbasid-caliphate-achievements/ https://www.theworldwithmnr.com/post/the-golden-age-of-islam https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/water-politics-in-the-tigris-euphrates-basin/#:~:text=With%20its%20construction%20having%20begun,borders%20with%20Syria%20and%20Iraq. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/world-of-change/Iraq https://water.fanack.com/publications/the-tigris-and-euphrates-in-iraq-the-land-between-two-rivers-under-threat/ https://therevelator.org/cleaning-tigris-river/

→ Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Check out Karl's Channels: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/@UCaR-e8ComPih10DqPi3sdWg Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/@UCtrzkwlnKfS9knQ-zuwYBLQ Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@UCLJvIXTMM7bjZ5-ju8xckJg Further Reading: These references are organized by section. Overall (used to construct the piece) https://www.thestreet.com/lifestyle/history-of-wall-street https://www.history.com/topics/us-states/wall-street-timeline#section_1 https://www.thebalance.com/wall-street-how-it-works-history-and-crashes-3306252 https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/crash-selected-wall-street-chronology/ Introduction https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wall-Street-New-York-City https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/news/0705/gallery.bubbles/3.html https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wall-Street-New-York-City What is Wall Street? https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/finance/wall-street/ https://www.statista.com/statistics/270126/largest-stock-exchange-operators-by-market-capitalization-of-listed-companies/ https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/who-or-what-is-dow-jones/ https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/nasdaq.asp https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sp500.asp https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/nyse.asp https://www.thestreet.com/investing/what-is-nasdaq-14812837 https://www.thestreet.com/investing/what-is-dow-jones-industrial-average-14769048 Wall Street Architecture Through The Ages https://www.britannica.com/event/Gilded-Age#:~:text=The%20Gilded%20Age%20was%20a,United%20States%20during%20the%201870s. https://www.thoughtco.com/walking-down-wall-street-178503 A Literal Wall https://www.boweryboyshistory.com/2017/02/building-wall-wall-street-got-name.html https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/w/Wall_Street.htm#:~:text=By%20the%20time%20war%20had,England%20colonists%2C%20and%20the%20British. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/new-amsterdam-becomes-new-york https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/where-does-the-name-wall-street-come-from/ Early Days of Trading https://maap.columbia.edu/place/22.html https://www.nypl.org/blog/2015/06/29/slave-market#:~:text=After%20the%20abolition%20of%20slavery,and%20anti%2Dblack%20violence%20continued. http://www.slaveryinnewyork.org/PDFs/White_New_Yorkers.pdf Buttonwood Agreement https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/where-does-the-name-wall-street-come-from/#:~:text=The%20street's%20name%20refers%20to,center%20in%20New%20York%20City. https://www.investopedia.com/news/hamiltons-wall-street-what-musical-didnt-tell-you/ https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/buttonwoodagreement.asp Wall Street Takes on a Life of Its Own https://lostmuseum.cuny.edu/archive/a-city-divided-new-york-and-the-civil https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/where-does-the-name-wall-street-come-from/#:~:text=The%20street's%20name%20refers%20to,center%20in%20New%20York%20City. The Red Scare & Wall Street Bombing https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/red-scare https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/u-s-congress-passes-sedition-act Crash of 1929 https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-and-education-magazines/causes-crash-1919-1929 https://www.britannica.com/event/stock-market-crash-of-1929 https://www.history.com/topics/great-depression/1929-stock-market-crash https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/stock-market-crash-of-1929 https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/042115/what-caused-stock-market-crash-1929-preceded-great-depression.asp Black Monday https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/042115/what-caused-black-monday-stock-market-crash-1987.asp Glass-Steagall Erosion https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/glass-steagall-act#:~:text=June%2016%2C%201933,Roosevelt%20in%20June%201933. https://www.investopedia.com/articles/03/071603.asp https://www.history.com/topics/great-depression/glass-steagall-act Crash of 2008 https://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/09/financial-crisis-review.asp https://www.thebalance.com/stock-market-crash-of-2008-3305535 https://www.thebalance.com/2008-financial-crisis-3305679 https://www.history.com/news/2008-financial-crisis-causes Occupy Wall Street http://occupywallst.org/ https://time.com/6117696/occupy-wall-street-10-years-later/ https://www.vox.com/the-highlight/2019/4/23/18284303/occupy-wall-street-bernie-sanders-dsa-socialism Conclusion https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/100814/wall-streets-enduring-impact-economy.asp https://www.history.com/topics/colonial-america/thirteen-colonies https://www.savills.com/impacts/market-trends/resilience-ranked.html

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase of a website/domain using the code GEOGRAPHICS → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Further Reading: Wounded Knee: Party Politics and the Road to An American Massacre by Heather Cox Richardson, Basic Books 2011

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase of a website/domain using the code GEOGRAPHICS → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Check out Karl's Channels: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/@UCaR-e8ComPih10DqPi3sdWg Wikiweekend: https://www.youtube.com/@UCtrzkwlnKfS9knQ-zuwYBLQ Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@UCtrzkwlnKfS9knQ-zuwYBLQ Further Reading: https://www.nps.gov/stli/learn/historyculture/edouard-de-laboulaye.htm https://www.kcl.ac.uk/the-franco-prussian-war-150-years-on https://www.nps.gov/stli/planyourvisit/get-the-facts.htm https://hsp.org/philadelphia-centennial-exhibition https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/know-your-architects/a1078-gustave-eiffel-15-iconic-projects/ https://www.nypl.org/blog/2015/04/07/statue-liberty-pedestal https://www.gilderlehrman.org/news/ulysses-s-grant-raises-funds-statue-liberty https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/statue-of-liberty-construction https://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/statue_liberty/opening_ceremony.html#:~:text=On%20a%20rainy%20October%2028,France%20and%20the%20United%20States. https://abc7ny.com/what-is-ticker-tape-parade-canyon-of-heroes-new-york-history-hometown/5386181/ https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/09/19/the-statue-of-libertys-beguiling-green https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/statue-libertys-original-torch-gets-new-home-180970856/ https://www.toptenz.net/top-10-movies-that-feature-the-statue-of-liberty.php https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/statue-libertys-original-torch-gets-new-home-180970856/

Get a 14-day free trial with our sponsor Aura and see where your personal information is being sold online: https://aura.com/geographics → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Check out Karl's YouTube Channels: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/@FactFiend/channels Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/@UCtrzkwlnKfS9knQ-zuwYBLQ Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@UCLJvIXTMM7bjZ5-ju8xckJg Check out Eric's Books and Analog Horror Channel: Mind's Horizon: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0CD31XBMX Echoes of Olympus Mons: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07MCMD2GN The Man Without Hands: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B089S6H9DN Ego Trip: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B087VRLSZ9 Tales of Nyarlathotep: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0C4JVR9WJ OEI Analog Horror Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@UCsz5l0hY67TGoJR0CZiWVnA Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/ericmalikyte Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ericmalikyte Further Reading: https://books.google.com/books?id=p5U2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA554#v=onepage&q&f=false https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w8V9fdJgzKA&ab_channel=StudiocanalUK https://masseffect.fandom.com/wiki/Helium-3 https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/saturn/in-depth/ https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cronus https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/saturn-moons/iapetus/in-depth/ https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/saturn-moons/rhea/by-the-numbers/ https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/saturn-moons/dione/by-the-numbers/ https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/saturn-moons/mimas/in-depth/#:~:text=Mimas%20was%20discovered%20on%20Sept,II%20imaged%20it%20in%201980. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/saturn-moons/enceladus/in-depth/#:~:text=Discovery,Saturn%20on%2028%20August%201789. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/jupiter-destroyer-of-worlds-may-have-paved-the-way-for-earth/ https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/10063/cassini-huygens-launch/#:~:text=On%20October%2015%2C%201997%2C%20the,the%20Saturn%20system%20in%202004. http://news.mit.edu/2022/saturn-rings-tilt-missing-moon-0915 https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abn1234 https://www.britannica.com/science/moment-of-inertia https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/12669/saturns-rings/ https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/saturn/in-depth/#:~:text=Saturn's%20ring%20system%20extends%20up,meters)%20in%20the%20main%20rings. https://www.laddersukdirect.co.uk/latest-news/post/what-size-ladder-do-you-need-for-a-two-storey-house#:~:text=Now%2C%20most%20people%20live%20in,or%2015.5%20%2D%2019%20foot). https://www.dlr.de/content/en/images/2017/3/saturn-s-e-ring_28272.html#:~:text=Saturn's%20wide%2C%20diffuse%20E%20Ring,of%20a%20millimetre%20in%20size. https://phys.org/news/2015-08-moons-saturn.html#:~:text=Saturn's%20Inner%20Large%20Moons%2C%20which,an%20icy%20mantle%20and%20crust. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/794/nasa-research-reveals-saturn-is-losing-its-rings-at-worst-case-scenario-rate/ https://www.nasa.gov/feature/35th-anniversary-of-the-voyager-1-saturn-flyby https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/whycassini/index.html https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/universe/why-did-cassini-plunge-into-saturn.html http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4175099.stm https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Cassini-Huygens/Saturn_s_atmosphere#:~:text=The%20top%20visible%20cloud%20deck,temperature%20is%20%2D70%C2%B0C. https://www.britannica.com/place/Saturn-planet/The-atmosphere https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/saturn/in-depth/#:~:text=At%20Saturn's%20center%20is%20a,Jupiter's%20core%20but%20considerably%20smaller. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Ground-Based-Observations-of-Saturn's-North-Polar-S%C3%A1nchez%E2%80%90Lavega-Lecacheux/5fcdb33765a547e0d5f8993c418b5aac1b4e67de https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-cassini-spacecraft-obtains-best-views-of-saturn-hexagon https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0019103509004382?via%3Dihub https://www.planetary.org/articles/2471 https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/10/201006165740.htm#:~:text=In%20their%20paper%2C%20the%20scientists,number%20of%20storms%20within%20it. https://www.space.com/37980-mysteries-of-saturn-near-cassini-finale.html https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/13120/cassinis-final-images/ https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/04/world/cassini-saturn-death-dive-results#:~:text=On%20July%2019%2C%202013%2C%20Cassini,background%2C%20Earth%20and%20our%20moon. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/14/science/cassini-grand-finale-saturn.html https://www.planetary.org/space-missions/dragonfly#:~:text=Dragonfly%20is%20a%20NASA%20mission,here%203.5%20billion%20years%20ago.

Herodotus, the Greek “Father of History,” very famously wrote that Egypt was “a gift of the river.” No one ever needs clarification on WHICH river he’s talking about, because there is only one river that matters in Egypt: the Nile. For thousands of kilometers, the Nile cuts a path through the Northeastern corner of Africa, a small strip of green in an otherwise endless desert. It is hard to overstate the importance of the Nile in the development of Egypt. For most ancient Egyptians, it was the focal point of their entire lives, providing food, water, and wealth, as well as being the primary source of transportation and communication for one of the world’s first superpowers. Egyptians believed the Nile was divine in origin: that it was controlled by the gods, requiring a complex religious order in order to continue to appease them and ensure their nation’s continued prosperity. However, in recent decades, many have begun to fear for the health of the eternal river, which is beset by problems caused not by an angry god, but as a direct result of man’s attempt to control the awesome power of nature for his own ends. The pharaohs may be gone, but millions of modern day Egyptians still depend on the Nile for their lives and livelihoods, so if something happens to it, it could spell disaster for the country that is so inextricably entwined with it. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Check out Karl's channels: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Further Reading: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile#/media/File:River_Nile_map.svg https://www.fly4free.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/map-86.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_River#/media/File:Amazonrivermap.svg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tana https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Nile https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Nile https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Delta https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ISS035-E-007148_Nile_-_Sinai_-_Dead_Sea_-_Wide_Angle_View.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flooding_of_the_Nile https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season_of_the_Inundation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season_of_the_Harvest https://setokblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/01/ancient-egypt-harvest1.jpg?w=1200 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_el-Bahari#/media/File:Hatshetsup-temple-1by7.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid#/media/File:Giza-pyramids.JPG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapi_(Nile_god) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephantine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilometer https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus#/media/File:Letter_on_Papyrus.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinous https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_the_Kings https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan_Low_Dam https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan_Dam https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Simbel#/media/File:Abusimbel.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan_Dam#/media/File:Lake_Nasser.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_crocodile https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam

Check out Website Builder — Create a Website in Minutes — http://squarespace.com/geographics — Squarespace for 10% off on your first purchase of a website/domain using the code GEOGRAPHICS → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Check out Karl's YouTube Channels: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/@UCaR-e8ComPih10DqPi3sdWg Wikiweekends: https://www.youtube.com/@UCtrzkwlnKfS9knQ-zuwYBLQ Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@UCLJvIXTMM7bjZ5-ju8xckJg Further Reading: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_curiosities https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitoline_Museums https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montagu_House,_Bloomsbury https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montagu_House,_Bloomsbury https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum#/media/File:Entrance_ticket_to_the_British_Museum,_London_March_3,_1790.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hamilton_(diplomat) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_Stone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Champollion https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum#/media/File:British_Museum_from_NE_2_(cropped).JPG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum#/media/File:Mauso03.JPG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum_at_Halicarnassus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane#/media/File:Bust_of_Sir_Hans_Sloane_(1730s)_by_Michael_Rysbrack,_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum_in_London_(cropped).jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane#/media/File:Bust_of_Sir_Hans_Sloane_(1730s)_by_Michael_Rysbrack,_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum_in_London_(cropped).jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Library https://www.britishmuseum.org/sites/default/files/styles/uncropped_small/public/2022-06/Bombed.jpg?itok=tB0G--uc https://i.pinimg.com/originals/a3/a6/a1/a3a6a1228424ccaadf8fc59527b593fc.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Great_Court https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre_Pyramid https://th.bing.com/th/id/R.0a04f6911ec5ccdf64281449340c361a?rik=S1UGvVWVuw0s4g&pid=ImgRaw&r=0 https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection https://youtu.be/qO62QED28jg?t=40 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_the_Caribbean#/media/File:The_Mill_Yard_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_(1823),_plate_V_-_BL.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_trade#/media/File:Triangle_trade2.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_Bronzes https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_Expedition_of_1897 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_Expedition_of_1897#/media/File:Interior_of_Oba's_compound_burnt_during_siege_of_Benin_City,_1897.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_Expedition_of_1897#/media/File:Looted_objects_from_the_Benin_Punative_Raid,_1897.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_Bronzes#/media/File:Benin_Bronzes_-_British_Museum_-_Joy_of_Museums_(cropped).jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgin_Marbles https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bruce,_7th_Earl_of_Elgin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgin_Marbles#/media/File:Temporary_Elgin_Room_at_the_Museum_in_1819.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgin_Marbles#/media/File:Elgin_Marbles_British_Museum.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acropolis_Museum https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_plunder#/media/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-729-0001-23,_Italien,_%C3%9Cberf%C3%BChrung_von_Kunstsch%C3%A4tzen.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrermuseum https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looted_art#Looting_by_the_Soviet_Union https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh-i-Noor https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Donelan https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoa_Hakananai%27a https://www.britishmuseum.org/about-us/british-museum-story/contested-objects-collection/maqdala-collection https://www.britishmuseum.org/about-us/british-museum-story/contested-objects-collection/maqdala-collection https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_expedition_to_Abyssinia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repatriation_and_reburial_of_human_remains https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_Bronzes#/media/File:Unterzeichnung_Vereinbarung_zur_Eigentums%C3%BCbertragung_Benin-Bronzen_der_Stadt_K%C3%B6ln_an_Nigeria-4679.jpg Collecting the World: Hans Sloane and the Origins of the British Museum by James Delbourgo, Harvard Press 2017

For centuries it was believed that, unlike Pompeii, which was buried in ash the first day, there were relatively few killed in Herculaneum. It was believed that the nearly 24 hours between the eruption and the arrival of the surges allowed sufficient time for people to flee. Some surely did, but a record of escaping the disaster in that city has never been found. In recent years, excavations along the waterfront have revealed hundreds of skeletal remains, preserved over the centuries by the heat which killed them. In death they were instantly carbonized. About 75% of the town of Herculaneum remains undisturbed, meaning there likely are many more. From the areas which have been excavated and studied, like in its larger neighbor Pompeii, much has been learned of the lives of people in the first century AD, as well as what happened during that autumn in 79 AD. Here is some of that story. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Check out Karl's YouTube Channels: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/@UCaR-e8ComPih10DqPi3sdWg Wikiweekends: https://www.youtube.com/@UCtrzkwlnKfS9knQ-zuwYBLQ Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@UCLJvIXTMM7bjZ5-ju8xckJg Further Reading: https://igppweb.ucsd.edu/~gabi/sio15/lectures/volcanoes/pliny.html https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc1909867 https://bomv.commons.gc.cuny.edu/the-ringed-lady/ https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20190705-the-beautiful-ancient-house-discovered-in-the-ashes https://www.europeana.eu/en/item/369/_128996 https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philodemus/ https://hydriaproject.info/en/case-studies/naples-ancient-aqueducts-between-civil-uses-and-imperial-grandeur/waterworks https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/men-and-women-ate-different-diets-ancient-roman-town-180978532/ https://www.google.com/books/edition/Volcanism_in_the_Campania_Plain/5SwfdvD1-yIC?hl=en&gbpv=0

Check out Website Builder — https://www.squarespace.com/geographics — Squarespace for 10% off on your first purchase of a website/domain using the code GEOGRAPHICS. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet And check out Karl's channels: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/@UCaR-e8ComPih10DqPi3sdWg Wikiweekends: https://www.youtube.com/@UCtrzkwlnKfS9knQ-zuwYBLQ Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@UCLJvIXTMM7bjZ5-ju8xckJg Further Reading: https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/jun/10/milky-way-no-longer-visible-to-one-third-of-humanity-light-pollution https://www.windows2universe.org/mythology/Maya_Milkyway.html https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Daniel%207%3A10&version=KJV https://www.loc.gov/collections/finding-our-place-in-the-cosmos-with-carl-sagan/articles-and-essays/modeling-the-cosmos/the-milky-way-one-of-the-many-galaxies https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/285/the-milky-way-galaxy/ http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/ita/04_1.shtml http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/history/archives/milestones-in-NAS-history/the-great-debate-of-1920.html https://www.space.com/parsec https://www.space.com/18090-alpha-centauri-nearest-star-system.html https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/blog/1563/our-milky-way-galaxy-how-big-is-space/#:~:text=Our%20galaxy%20probably%20contains%20100,some%20220%2C000%20light%2Dyears%20wide. https://www.astronomy.com/science/the-strange-speedy-stars-at-the-center-of-the-milky-way/ https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/overview/index.html https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20150809-how-fast-could-humans-travel-safely-through-space

On June 2, 2023, British media giant The Guardian published the results of an investigation which revealed startling information. In a period of just six years, over 800 million trees were felled in Brazil, where over 60% of the Amazon rainforest is located. While the trees obviously yielded valuable lumber, harvesting of wood was not the primary motivation behind the deforestation. Instead, the trees were felled to create pasture lands for the raising of beef. Brazil is the world’s largest exporter of beef, as well as its second-largest producer of beef, exporting it to the UK, the European markets, and its largest customer for the product, China. Clearly beef production, the raising, slaughtering, processing, and shipping of the product is a big part of the Brazilian economy. Yet the rainforest being partially destroyed by the industry is a major contributor to the world’s climate health. The Amazon rainforest, as well as other rainforests across the globe, serve as carbon storage traps, cleansing the air of carbon dioxide, which is a major contributor to climate change. They are sometimes described as the earth’s “lungs”, though as will be seen that description is somewhat misleading. The Amazon rainforest has been under attack for decades from developers, miners, poachers, and land speculators. The result of those attacks has been a steady degradation of the environment within the rainforest, decreasing its forested lands and threatening the fragile ecosystem which it supports. Its degradation also threatens its ability to help the earth adapt to the changing climate patterns which have caused havoc across the globe. It has reached, or nearly reached, what scientists call a “tipping point”, that point of no return from which it will not be able to recover. Its loss could prove catastrophic. Here’s why. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Check out Karl's channels: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/@UCaR-e8ComPih10DqPi3sdWg Wikiweekends: https://www.youtube.com/@UCtrzkwlnKfS9knQ-zuwYBLQ https://www.youtube.com/@UCLJvIXTMM7bjZ5-ju8xckJg Read original articles on https://www.biographics.org Further Reading: https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/tertiary/eocene.php#:~:text=The%20Eocene%20is%20the%20second,were%20small%2C%20under%2010%20kg. https://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/about/index.php https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/nasa-satellite-reveals-how-much-saharan-dust-feeds-amazon-s-plants https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/nasa-satellite-reveals-how-much-saharan-dust-feeds-amazon-s-plants https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20140804-sad-truth-of-uncontacted-tribes https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/tragic-attack-concern-future-isolated-amazon-tribes https://www.wri.org/insights/amazon-carbon-sink-indigenous-forests https://www.thegef.org/who-we-are https://www.ecowatch.com/brazil-amazon-wildlife-criminal-networks-2646841421.html https://forestsandfinance.org/mining/the-impact-of-mining-on-the-brazilian-amazon/

The great depths of the Mariana Trench have intrigued oceanographers, biologists, geologists, and other scientists for over one and a half centuries. It has been explored using methods as primitive as lowered cables to measure its depths, to modern echo sounding and other methods. Its deepest spots have been explored, though in the case of manned vehicles sparingly. Despite the great pressures from the sea, the absence of light, and the cold temperatures of the water, living organisms have been found there. Many are found nowhere else on Earth, while others are commonly found in the ocean depths around the globe. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet And check out Karl's channel, Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/@FactFiend And Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/@UCtrzkwlnKfS9knQ-zuwYBLQ And their Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@UCLJvIXTMM7bjZ5-ju8xckJg Sources: https://mappingthedeep-story.hub.arcgis.com/pages/explore-challenger-deep https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/pacific-islands/habitat-conservation/marianas-trench-marine-national-monument https://sciencetrends.com/this-is-the-worlds-smallest-ocean/ https://www.universetoday.com/tag/flattening-at-the-poles/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%202004%20Working,to%20bulge%20at%20the%20equator. https://divediscover.whoi.edu/history-of-oceanography/the-challenger-expedition/ https://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/shuttleoperations/orbiters/challenger-info.html https://www.panam.org/pan-am-stories/622-all-the-way-to-guam-2 https://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/cnmi https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g298500-d8770462-Reviews-Research_vessel_Vityaz-Kaliningrad_Kaliningrad_Oblast_Northwestern_District.html https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/exploration-and-innovation/bathyscaph-trieste.html http://www.seasky.org/ocean-exploration/ocean-explorers-jacques-piccard.html https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/museums/nmusn/explore/prior-exhibits/2020/trieste/project-nekton.html https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Invertebrates/Sea-Cucumbers https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/120828-amphipods-oceans-mariana-trench-wood-science-animals https://www.fws.gov/refuge/mariana-trench https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/pacific-islands/habitat-conservation/marianas-trench-marine-national-monument#management https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/feb/13/extraordinary-levels-of-toxic-pollution-found-in-10km-deep-mariana-trench https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53008948 https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48230157

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Discover the untold story of the Falklands War of 1982, where Argentina's military junta invaded the British islands. Follow the two and a half months of conflict that changed the course of history. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ Warographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9h8BDcXwkhZtnqoQJ7PggA MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Into The Shadows: https://www.youtube.com/c/IntotheShadows TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/c/TheCasualCriminalist Decoding the Unknown: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZdWrz8pF6B5Y_c6Zi6pmdQ

Discover the fascinating story behind Mount Rushmore, an iconic monument that honors four US presidents, but is also shrouded in controversy due to America's dark history. Learn about its conception, construction, and legacy in this must-see video. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ Warographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9h8BDcXwkhZtnqoQJ7PggA MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Into The Shadows: https://www.youtube.com/c/IntotheShadows TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/c/TheCasualCriminalist Decoding the Unknown: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZdWrz8pF6B5Y_c6Zi6pmdQ

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Discover the story of the Johnstown Flood, a man-made disaster that shocked America. The South Fork Dam, once built for irrigation, caused the deadliest flood in US history. Learn about Steel City and how nature and human error led to the deaths of over 2,000 people. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ Warographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9h8BDcXwkhZtnqoQJ7PggA MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Into The Shadows: https://www.youtube.com/c/IntotheShadows TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/c/TheCasualCriminalist Decoding the Unknown: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZdWrz8pF6B5Y_c6Zi6pmdQ

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There's loads of rumours out there about the Nazca Lines, but what is the truth?! ---- → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ/ MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp1tsmksyf6TgKFMdt8-05Q Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ XPLRD: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVH8lH7ZLDUe_d9mZ3dlyYQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw

Offset your carbon footprint with me on Wren! We'll plant 10 extra trees for the first 100 people who sign up! https://wren.co/start/geographics → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ/ MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp1tsmksyf6TgKFMdt8-05Q Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ XPLRD: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVH8lH7ZLDUe_d9mZ3dlyYQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw This video is #sponsored by Wren. The 1692 Earthquake: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/23546578.pdf https://www.dpsninc.org/index.php/stories/39-the-earthquake-tsunami-at-port-royal-jamaica https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/sunken-pirate-stronghold-at-port-royal https://www.beachcombingmagazine.com/blogs/news/sunken-pirate-city-the-port-royal-earthquake-of-1692 Histories of Port Royal: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-18601357.amp http://www.thewayofthepirates.com/regions-and-places/port-royal/ https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places/port-royal-and-real-pirates-caribbean-001740 https://www.visitjamaica.com/listing/port-royal/452/ Pirates in Jamaica and the British Empire: https://www.scribd.com/book/322768762 https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/jamaica.htm https://www.historytoday.com/archive/pirates-and-port-royal

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Thanks to Shaker & Spoon for sponsoring today's video. Visit http://shakerandspoon.com/geographics to get a $20 off coupon at checkout. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ/ MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp1tsmksyf6TgKFMdt8-05Q Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ XPLRD: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVH8lH7ZLDUe_d9mZ3dlyYQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw This video is #sponsored by Shaker and Spoon. Source/Further reading: World History Encyclopedia, Vinland: https://www.worldhistory.org/Vinland/  Aeon Magazine, Viking trading in America: https://aeon.co/essays/did-indigenous-americans-and-Vikings-trade-in-the-year-1000  BBC, History Extra Magazine, Vinland stories: https://www.historyextra.com/period/Viking/who-was-leif-erikson-facts-life-Viking-voyage-vinland/  Discovery, Vikings once called North America home: https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/Vikings-once-called-north-america-home  History Extra, Vikings in America: https://www.historyextra.com/period/Viking/Vikings-in-america/  History, Kensington Runestone: https://www.history.com/news/did-Vikings-actually-inhabit-minnesota  CBC, failed 2016 dig for Hop: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/codroy-valley-Vikings-report-1.4684066  Possible Baffin Island camp: https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/2021/07/Vikings-et-amerindiens-se-seraient-rencontres-dans-le-nouveau-monde&prev=search&pto=aue  Biographics on Erik the Red: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQu-VZVulbM

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/GEOGRAPHICS for 10% off on your first purchase. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ/ MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp1tsmksyf6TgKFMdt8-05Q Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ XPLRD: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVH8lH7ZLDUe_d9mZ3dlyYQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw This video is #sponsored by Squarespace. Source/Further reading: Britannica, overview: https://www.britannica.com/place/Nauru/History  MIT Press Reader, the dark history of Nauru: https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/dark-history-nauru/  Guardian, a Short History of Nauru: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/10/a-short-history-of-nauru-australias-dumping-ground-for-refugees  Guardian, Nauru’s Cursed History: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/04/corruption-incompetence-and-a-musical-naurus-riches-to-rags-tale  Nauru civil war: https://militaryhistorynow.com/2013/02/18/the-nauru-war-the-smallest-conflict-in-history/  Nauru under Japanese occupation: https://apjjf.org/-Yuki-Tanaka/3441/article.html  Nauruan Independence: https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/from-the-archives-nauru-gets-independence-from-australia-nz-and-uk-20190129-p50ud3.html  https://www.rnz.co.nz/collections/u/new-flags-flying/nff-nauru/nauru-history  Nauru’s musical: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/fertiliser-island-scents-musical-success-first-night-leonardo-1489451.html  https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/earshot/the-secret-history-of-nauru-and-its-lost-wealth/7496620  Refugees: https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/jun/20/the-worst-ive-seen-trauma-expert-lifts-lid-on-atrocity-of-australias-detention-regime  https://www.refugeecouncil.org.au/operation-sovereign-borders-offshore-detention-statistics/2/  Keeping the offshore facilities open: https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/sep/24/australia-signs-deal-with-nauru-to-keep-asylum-seeker-detention-centre-open-indefinitely  Deep sea mining:  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/deep-sea-mining-how-to-balance-need-for-metals-with-ecological-impacts1/  Nauru and deep sea mining: https://www.hakaimagazine.com/news/why-nauru-is-pushing-the-world-toward-deep-sea-mining/

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Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/GEOGRAPHICS for 10% off on your first purchase. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Squarespace. Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ/ MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp1tsmksyf6TgKFMdt8-05Q Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ XPLRD: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVH8lH7ZLDUe_d9mZ3dlyYQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw Source/Further reading: Nasa, in-Depth: https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/europa/in-depth/  Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/place/Europa-satellite-of-Jupiter  EOS, forming Jupiter’s moons: https://eos.org/articles/jupiters-galilean-moons-may-have-formed-slowly  Galileo and the Jovian moons: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/410-years-ago-galileo-discovers-jupiter-s-moons  Space, possible seabed volcanoes on Europa: https://www.space.com/jupiter-moon-europa-deep-sea-volcanoes  NASA, why Europa has potential for life: https://europa.nasa.gov/news/33/europa-a-world-of-ice-with-potential-for-life/  Great interview on the Clipper mission: https://www.onlinecoffeebreak.com/is-there-life-on-europa-david-w-brown-the-mission/  Review of book on the Europa Clipper mission: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/meet-the-unsung-heroes-behind-humanitys-improbable-journey-to-an-alien-ocean/  ESA mission: https://ec.europa.eu/research-and-innovation/en/horizon-magazine/could-there-be-life-jupiters-moons  Ars Technica, should we be focusing on Enceladus? https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/07/the-case-for-enceladus-as-the-best-place-to-look-for-life-beyond-earth/  Life of Galileo: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Galileo-Galilei/Telescopic-discoveries

Thanks to Bespoke Post for sponsoring this video! New subscribers get 20% off their first box — go to https://bspk.me/geographics20 and enter code GEOGRAPHICS20 at checkout. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ/ MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp1tsmksyf6TgKFMdt8-05Q Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ XPLRD: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVH8lH7ZLDUe_d9mZ3dlyYQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw This video is #sponsored by Bespoke Post. Source/Further reading: https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/?atlc https://www.history.com/.image/t_share/MTc0OTc5NDEyNTQ5MjQ4OTky/hurricane-katrina-levee-gettyimages-55724028.jpg https://s3.amazonaws.com/gs-geo-images/e7fc9dc0-f3ff-4399-974b-6170d05ebc50.png https://s.w-x.co/util/image/w/GettyImages-55320242.jpg?crop=16:9&width=480&format=pjpg&auto=webp&quality=60 https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/after-the-storm-us-media-held-to-account-for-exaggerated-tales-of-katrina-chaos-5348104.html

Play Conflict of Nations for FREE on PC, iOS or Android: 💥 https://con.onelink.me/kZW6/Geographics Receive an Amazing New Player Pack, only available for the next 30 days! → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ/ MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp1tsmksyf6TgKFMdt8-05Q Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ XPLRD: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVH8lH7ZLDUe_d9mZ3dlyYQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw This video is #sponsored by Conflict of Nations. Source/Further reading: https://www.nps.gov/fomc/planyourvisit/images/FOMC_Maryland-Governor-s-Office_300_4x6-1.jpg https://cdn.britannica.com/81/71381-050-0042470B/battleship-attack-Pearl-Harbor-Japanese-Hawaii-December-7-1941.jpg https://media.defense.gov/2019/Jun/05/2002141173/-1/-1/0/420418-D-ZZ999-998C.JPG https://d2jf00asb0fe6y.cloudfront.net/to-kill-a-mockingbird-harper-lee_03_4d46014ca508cd34b7651ed5e4767e3e.jpg https://www.arlingtontours.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/washington-dc-pentagon.jpg https://www.wired.com/2012/01/pentagon-mall/ https://parabolaorg-4jzhg7c.stackpathdns.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Pentagon_77.05629W_38.png https://joshwilltravel.files.wordpress.com/2017/01/retail-new-construction-center-courtyard-eye-of-pentagon-cafe.jpg https://live.staticflickr.com/272/20175096926_16946ddac8_b.jpg https://youtu.be/wsu612VSxbc?t=45 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SL2PzzOiF8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iv-fPGl5XTw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SvJLemog0fQ

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/GEOGRAPHICS for 10% off on your first purchase. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ/ MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp1tsmksyf6TgKFMdt8-05Q Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ XPLRD: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVH8lH7ZLDUe_d9mZ3dlyYQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw This video is #sponsored by Squarespace. Source/Further reading: General History: The History of Rome in 12 Buildings: https://www.scribd.com/book/372584121 Arena: The Story of the Colosseum: https://www.scribd.com/book/250017835 Good website with plenty of information on the Colosseum’s history: https://www.the-colosseum.net/ita/idx-ita.htm Specific topics.... The 1349 Earthquake: https://www.focus.it/cultura/storia/perche-il-colosseo-e-crollato-per-meta Decline and restoration: https://www.the-colosseum.net/ita/history/vetustate.htm The Colosseum’s ecosystem: https://www.scribd.com/article/366422984 Ancient Roman Sport and Gladiator Contests: https://www.scribd.com/book/376760215 The inauguration games: https://www.the-colosseum.net/ita/history/spectacula.htm The new flooring of the arena: https://roma.corriere.it/notizie/arte_e_cultura/21_maggio_02/colosseo-roma-hi-tech-green-ecco-come-sara-l-arena-a80b708a-ab27-11eb-a155-ccb2f12f7395.shtml

Book your next vacation with these inmates. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ/ MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp1tsmksyf6TgKFMdt8-05Q Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ XPLRD: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVH8lH7ZLDUe_d9mZ3dlyYQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw Source/Further reading: General info on Bastoy Prison: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/06/this-norwegian-prison-is-the-nicest-in-the-world/ http://www.bastoyfengsel.no/ https://www.architecturendesign.net/world-prison-cells-prisoners/amp/ https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/211310531.pdf https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidnikel/2020/07/01/basty-norways-island-prison-where-inmates-work-ski-and-watch-tv/amp/ https://www.zani.co.uk/zani-culture/item/681-the-intolerable-incarceration-of-prisoner-11810-bastoy-prison-norway Architectural factors: https://pure.tue.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/46989895/784029-1.pdf What really matters to inmates: https://www.scribd.com/book/476991427 The Bastoy Home Uprisings: https://variety.com/2011/film/reviews/king-of-devil-s-island-1117944559/ https://scalar.usc.edu/works/reel-norden/the-king-of-devils-island----chronology--events http://archive.is/20140812011356/www.norskfolkemuseum.no/en/exhibits/previous-exhibits/Bad-boy-Bastoy-juvenile-correction-facility/ https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=no&tl=en&u=https://www.fvn.no/mening/i/7L2ro/Varsleren-fra-Bastoy Norway’s prison system: https://borgenproject.org/norways-prison-system/ https://www.prisonstudies.org/country/norway https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/03/incarceration-can-be-rehabilitative

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/GEOGRAPHICS for 10% off on your first purchase. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ/ MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp1tsmksyf6TgKFMdt8-05Q Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ XPLRD: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVH8lH7ZLDUe_d9mZ3dlyYQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw This video is #sponsored by Squarespace. Source/Further reading: World History Encyclopedia: https://www.worldhistory.org/cahokia/  Britannica, overview:  https://www.britannica.com/place/Cahokia-Mounds  Guardian, Lost Cities: Cahokia: https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/aug/17/lost-cities-8-mystery-ahokia-illinois-mississippians-native-americans-vanish  Nat Geo, America’s Forgotten City: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/americas-forgotten-city  Nat Geo, why was Cahokia abandoned? https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/why-was-ancient-city-of-cahokia-abandoned-new-clues-rule-out-one-theory  BBC, The US’s lost ancient megacity: https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20210412-the-us-lost-ancient-megacity  NPR, Climactic effects on Cahokia: https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/02/10/513963490/1-000-years-ago-corn-made-this-society-big-then-a-changing-climate-destroyed-the  Woodhenge: https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2019/06/the-cahokia-woodhenge.html  Cahokia visitor numbers: https://www.chicagotribune.com/travel/ct-trav-cahokia-mounds-0621-20200621-jynxy75k7jb5tm7fvnt62moacm-story.html

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/GEOGRAPHICS for 10% off on your first purchase. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ/ MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp1tsmksyf6TgKFMdt8-05Q Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ XPLRD: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVH8lH7ZLDUe_d9mZ3dlyYQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw This video is #sponsored by Squarespace. Source/Further reading: https://youtu.be/o51cN-oxm0o?t=16 https://bancroft.berkeley.edu/collections/earthquakeandfire/exhibit/room02_item03.html https://www.nps.gov/prsf/learn/historyculture/1906-earthquake-law-enforcement.htm https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FOwWmt9NBM0&t=218s https://www.ebar.com/news/news//283098

To start comparing quotes and simplify the insurance buying process, check out Policygenius at https://policygenius.com/geographics. Thanks to Policygenius for sponsoring this video! → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ/ MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp1tsmksyf6TgKFMdt8-05Q Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ XPLRD: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVH8lH7ZLDUe_d9mZ3dlyYQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw Today's video is #sponsored by Policygenius. Source/Further reading: World History, Olympia: https://www.worldhistory.org/Olympia/  History, Overview: https://www.history.com/topics/sports/olympic-games  Britannica, overview: https://www.britannica.com/place/Olympia-ancient-site-Greece/The-remains  History Extra, What Would it be Like to Visit the Games? https://www.historyextra.com/period/ancient-greece/ancient-olympics-olympic-games-history-what-like-visit/  National Geographic, ancient athletic superstars: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/ancient-greece-olympic-champions-superstar-athletes  Nat Geo, ancient games we no longer play: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/olympics-olympic-games-no-longer-play-ancient-greece  NYTimes, an Olympic Odyssey: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/24/travel/greece-olympics-delphi-olympia.html  Olympics and politics: https://www.penn.museum/sites/olympics/olympicpolitics.shtml  World History, the Statue of Zeus: https://www.worldhistory.org/Statue_of_Zeus_at_Olympia/  Stories of ancient athletes: http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/Olympics/stories.html  Arrhichion’s legendary death: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3534988.stm

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/GEOGRAPHICS for 10% off on your first purchase. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ/ MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp1tsmksyf6TgKFMdt8-05Q Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ XPLRD: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVH8lH7ZLDUe_d9mZ3dlyYQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw This video is #sponsored by Squarespace. Source/Further reading: Quick facts on Luxembourg: Luxembourg - The World Factbook (cia.gov) Resistance in WWI: https://luxembourg.public.lu/en/society-and-culture/history/premire-guerre-mondiale.html https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/luxembourg https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/la_dame_blanche https://www.brusselstimes.com/news/belgium-all-news/96952/the-untold-stories-of-belgiums-female-resistance-during-world-war-i/ https://www.luxtimes.lu/en/luxembourg/a-story-of-true-luxembourgish-heroism-602d3755de135b92362af2cc https://www.luxtimes.lu/en/luxembourg/story-of-luxembourg-s-wwi-spies-inspires-film-602d3414de135b92362331a6 https://today.rtl.lu/culture/exhibitions-and-history/a/1380879.html https://today.rtl.lu/culture/exhibitions-and-history/a/1457654.html https://today.rtl.lu/culture/exhibitions-and-history/a/1460717.html[Text Wrapping Break]https://today.rtl.lu/culture/exhibitions-and-history/a/1464173.html Resistance in WWII: https://luxembourg.public.lu/en/society-and-culture/history/second-world-war.html https://luxembourg.public.lu/en/society-and-culture/history/battle-bulge.html https://wtamu-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/11310/134/HUBBART-THESIS-2015.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y https://today.rtl.lu/culture/exhibitions-and-history/a/1378319.html Stay Behind Organisations during the Cold War: http://www.digithemis.be/index.php/expo-virtuelle/classified/cold-war/sdra-viii/453-exposition-virtuelle/classified/cold-war/sdra-viii/483-gladio https://www.senate.be/lexdocs/S0523/S05231297.pdf https://www.rtbf.be/info/societe/detail_reseau-gladio-le-patron-des-espions-s-exprime-pour-la-1ere-fois-depuis-1991?id=9128333 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233439386_Introduction_-_Strategy_of_'Stay-Behind' http://www.php.isn.ethz.ch/lory1.ethz.ch/collections/coll_gladio/chronology76c1.html?navinfo=15301 Stay Behind in Luxembourg and the Bommeleeer Scandal: https://www.jstor.org/stable/42002416?seq=1 https://today.rtl.lu/news/luxembourg/a/1141545.html https://today.rtl.lu/news/luxembourg/a/1380811.html https://today.rtl.lu/news/luxembourg/a/1430263.html

Get 20% OFF + Free Shipping @Manscaped instantly at http://www.manscaped.com/GEOGRAPHICS #sponsored → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ/ MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp1tsmksyf6TgKFMdt8-05Q Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ XPLRD: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVH8lH7ZLDUe_d9mZ3dlyYQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw This video is #sponsored by Manscaped. Source/Further reading: General History: https://www.nottinghamshire.gov.uk/culture-leisure/country-parks/history-of-sherwood-forest-robin-hood-and-major-oak Creswell Crags: https://www.creswell-crags.org.uk/explore/our-caves/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440305001081 The Thynghowe: http://mercian-as.co.uk/robin_hoods_village.html https://www.academia.edu/31677651/Revealing_the_Landscape_Community_Archaeology_in_Viking_Sherwood_Forest https://www.academia.edu/4782791/Community_archaeology_at_Thynghowe_Birklands_Sherwood_Forest_Transactions_of_the_Thoroton_Society_of_Nottinghamshire_116_53_72_2012_ Office of the Sheriff: https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-kent/vol1/pp168-176 King John’s Palace: https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1003481 Royal Forests: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4004501?seq=1 https://www.jstor.org/stable/4048336?seq=1 https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1993-09-08-9309070697-story.html https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/07/science/newest-chapter-of-robin-hood-sherwood-forest-was-dying.html https://www.historyextra.com/period/early-medieval/ancient-forests/ https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/magna-carta/charter-forest-1225-westminster/ The Barons’ War: https://www.historyextra.com/period/medieval/barons-crusade-holy-war-henry-iii-simon-de-montfort/ Outlaws and the legend of Robin Hood: http://www.edwinstowe.co.uk/spirit-sherwood.html https://www.scribd.com/article/486776551 https://www.jstor.org/stable/1258519#?seq=1 https://www.jstor.org/stable/450869?seq=1 https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Robin-Hood/ https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2019/01-02/origins-of-england-folk-lore-robin-hood/ https://www.boldoutlaw.com/realrob/real-robin-hood.html https://www.historyextra.com/period/medieval/robin-hood-real-myths-facts/ https://www.britannica.com/topic/Robin-Hood Overview of several landmarks: https://www.jurysinns.com/blog/posts/sherwood Annesley Hall: https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/annesley-hall Cockfighting in 18th century: https://www.barbaraleighantiques.com/2018/09/02/folk-art-history-of-cock-fighting-in-the-british-isles/ Paranormal Activity and the Witch Marks: https://nottstv.com/ceremonies-cellars-woodland-spirits-many-witchcraft-reports-one-part-notts/ https://www.lincolnshirelive.co.uk/news/local-news/retford-ghost-white-lady-rufford-4542744 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-47242603 https://museumcrush.org/decoding-the-witchs-marks-deep-inside-the-caves-at-creswell-crags/ Subterranea Britannica: https://www.subbrit.org.uk/ 5G in the Forest: https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/346645

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/GEOGRAPHICS for 10% off on your first purchase. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ/ MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp1tsmksyf6TgKFMdt8-05Q Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ XPLRD: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVH8lH7ZLDUe_d9mZ3dlyYQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw This video is #sponsored by Squarespace. Source/Further reading: BBC, why has no-one seen Planet Nine? https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210216-the-massive-planet-scientists-cant-find  NASA, Planet 9 in-depth:https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/hypothetical-planet-x/in-depth/  New Scientist, primordial black hole? https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg24933280-100-is-there-an-ancient-black-hole-at-the-edge-of-the-solar-system/  Smithsonian, Hunt for Planet Nine takes a hit: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/new-study-knocks-ninth-planets-theoretical-existence-orbit-180977040/  Scientific American, Planet Nine could be a mirage: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/planet-nine-could-be-a-mirage/  Search for Planet Nine blog: https://findplanetnine.blogspot.com/2021/04/the-inner-oort-cloud-connection.html  Smithsonian, history of the hunt for Planet X: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/brief-history-hunt-planet-x-180957551/  The search for Trans-Neptunian Worlds: https://solarviews.com/eng/hypothet.htm#trans  Nat Geo, the hunt for Planet Vulcan: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/151104-newton-einstein-gravity-vulcan-planets-mercury-astronomy-theory-of-relativity-ngbooktalk  1870s NYT article on Vulcan’s existence: https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1876/09/26/93907664.html?pageNumber=4 Nibiru myth: https://www.space.com/15551-nibiru.html  Britannica, discovery of Neptune: https://www.britannica.com/place/Neptune-planet/Neptunes-discovery  Geographics on Pluto: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g-aSGfw4BIg&t=1s  Nemesis Star: https://www.space.com/22538-nemesis-star.html  Sedna orbit and Planet Nine: https://www.astrobio.net/news-exclusive/getting-wise-about-nemesis/  Mike Brown, Alan Stern rivalry: https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/may/01/2006-space-oddity-pluto-debate-row  Finding most-distant ever objects by looking for Planet 9: https://www.sciencealert.com/farfarout-is-definitely-the-most-distant-known-object-in-the-solar-system  Durer’s Rhino: https://www.historytoday.com/archive/natural-histories/d%C3%BCrer%E2%80%99s-enduring-rhino

Those pesky Soviets are playing with their nuclear toys again. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Source/Further reading: The Kyshtym Complex, CIA and DIA reports https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP02T06408R000800010080-4.pdf https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80T00246A041700340001-1.pdf The Sungul Institute https://books.google.com/books/about/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists.html?id=kAYAAAAAMBAJ General Vlasov https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/soldiers-of-general-vlasov.html Overviews of the Disaster https://www.scribd.com/document/305013590/1-s2-0-0169534786900637-main https://inis.iaea.org/search/searchsinglerecord.aspx?recordsFor=SingleRecord&RN=25008504http://www.environmentandsociety.org/arcadia/nuclear-disaster-kyshtym-1957-and-politics-cold-war CIA Declassified reports on the accident https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP90-00845R000201030008-4.pdf https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP81M00980R000800070023-2.pdf[Text Wrapping Break]https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP88G01116R000700830001-3.pdf The Hanford nuclear site https://www.hanford.gov/page.cfm/HanfordHistory Kyshtym today/Later contamination https://www.rbth.com/lifestyle/328148-alyoshenka-kyshtym-dwarf https://www.scribd.com/document/462483423/2019-Ru-RO https://www.scribd.com/document/86871135/Mayaak-Health-Report https://www.pnas.org/content/116/34/16750 Radiation units https://www2.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/15/2.html#:~:text=The%20original%20unit%20for%20measuring,decays%20per%20second%20%5Bexactly%5D.&text=1%20becquerel%20%3D%201%20radioactive%20decay,%3D%202.703x10%2D11%20Ci. https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-japan-quake-radiation/factbox-how-much-radiation-is-dangerous-idUSTRE72E14R20110315 Safety of Nuclear Plants https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/safety-and-security/safety-of-plants/safety-of-nuclear-power-reactors.aspx[Text Wrapping Break]https://www.iaea.org/topics/nuclear-power-plant-safety

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/GEOGRAPHICS for 10% off on your first purchase. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ/ MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp1tsmksyf6TgKFMdt8-05Q Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ XPLRD: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVH8lH7ZLDUe_d9mZ3dlyYQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw This video is #sponsored by Squarespace. Source/Further reading: “Inventing Niagara” by Ginger Strand https://www.toniagara.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/niagara-falls-at-night-things-to-do.jpg https://bloximages.chicago2.vip.townnews.com/buffalonews.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/editorial/e/24/e24ced73-30f6-58f0-a716-764ac0c01ac8/5f1a4263a269c.image.jpg?resize=1200%2C800 https://www.cbsnews.com/news/daredevil-nik-wallenda-completes-niagara-falls-tightrope-walk/ https://www.google.com/search?q=tightrope+niagara+falls&rlz=1C1CHBF_enUS902US902&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjYoezR093wAhUTbc0KHZfVB0MQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1536&bih=722#imgrc=ynBtII0tTjVlSM https://niagarafallsmuseums.ca/discover-our-history/history-notes/jeff-the-seal

Go to https://curiositystream.thld.co/geographicsjune for unlimited access to the world’s top documentaries and non­fiction series, and for our fans, use promo code geographics and you will save 25% off which comes out to only $14.99 a year. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ/ MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp1tsmksyf6TgKFMdt8-05Q Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ XPLRD: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVH8lH7ZLDUe_d9mZ3dlyYQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw This video is #sponsored by Curiosity Stream. Source/Further reading: National Geographic, were the Hanging Gardens really at Babylon? https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2020/07-08/know-where-7-wonders-ancient-world-except-one-hanging-gardens-babylon/   Independent, Nineveh’s gardens: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/features/biggest-wonder-about-hanging-gardens-babylon-they-weren-t-babylon-8604649.html  World History, overview: https://www.worldhistory.org/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon/  Overview of the Seven Wonders: https://www.worldhistory.org/The_Seven_Wonders/  Britannica, overview: https://www.britannica.com/place/Hanging-Gardens-of-Babylon  History, the Hanging Gardens of Nineveh: https://www.history.com/news/hanging-gardens-existed-but-not-in-babylon  BBC, article on Babylon itself: https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20150302-ancient-babylons-greatest-wonder  History Extra, Babylon overview: https://www.historyextra.com/period/ancient-history/babylon-babylonia-tower-babel-hanging-gardens-hammurabi/  Britannica, Robert Koldewey: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Koldewey

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ/ MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp1tsmksyf6TgKFMdt8-05Q Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ XPLRD: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVH8lH7ZLDUe_d9mZ3dlyYQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw This video is #sponsored by Squarespace. Source/Further reading: Mike Duncan’s excellent Revolutions podcast (several episodes on the Commune!): https://thehistoryofrome.typepad.com/revolutions_podcast/2018/05/84-the-siege-of-paris.html  BBC In Our Time podcast, the Siege of Paris: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000d8rv  Guardian, Vive la Commune: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/07/vive-la-commune-the-working-class-insurrection-that-shook-the-world  NYT, 150 years on: https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/28/world/europe/france-protests-yellow-vests-paris-commune.html  BBC, 150 years on: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56426710  Britannica, the Siege of Paris: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Siege-of-Paris-1870-1871  Seattle CHOP, a modern Paris Commune? Leftwing view: https://theconversation.com/revolutionary-ideals-of-the-paris-commune-live-on-in-black-lives-matter-autonomous-zone-in-seattle-140673  Rightwing View: https://fee.org/articles/seattle-s-autonomous-zone-and-the-paris-commune-of-1871-are-ominously-similar/

Paradise lost. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ/ MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp1tsmksyf6TgKFMdt8-05Q Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ XPLRD: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVH8lH7ZLDUe_d9mZ3dlyYQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw Source/Further reading: National Museum of African American History and Culture, the history of Greenwood: https://nmaahc.si.edu/blog-post/massacre-roots-greenwood  Dreams of Black Wall Street, comprehensive podcast: https://www.dreamsofblackwallstreet.com/episodes  NPR, Building Black Wall Street: https://www.npr.org/2021/06/02/1002538572/black-wall-street  O.W. Gurley bio: https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoinegara/2020/06/18/the-bezos-of-black-wall-street-tulsa-race-riots-1921/  History, when Greenwood flourished: https://www.history.com/news/black-wall-street-tulsa-race-massacre  Al Jazeera, roots of Black Wall Street: https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/5/31/remembering-the-history-of-black-wall-street  Lynchings in Oklahoma: https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entryname=LYNCHING  NYTimes interactive on the district: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/05/24/us/tulsa-race-massacre.html  How Greenwood rebuilt: https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/tulsa-s-greenwood-neighborhood-found-prosperity-after-1921-massacre-then-n1268455  AC Jackson bio: http://blackwallstreet.org/acjackson  History of Tulsa: https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=TU003  History, before and after the massacre: https://www.history.com/news/tulsa-massacre-black-wall-street-before-and-after-photos  Oklahoma Land Rush: https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-oklahoma-land-rush-begins  Rebirth of the Klan: https://www.history.com/news/kkk-birth-of-a-nation-film  Ku Klux Kiddies facts: https://www.history.com/news/kkk-youth-recruitment-1920s  Red Summer death toll: https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/hundreds-of-black-deaths-during-1919s-red-summer-are-being-remembered

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The first 100 people to go to https://www.blinkist.com/geographics are going to get unlimited access for 1 week to try it out. You'll also get 25% off if you want the full membership. The 7-day trial is completely free, and you can cancel at any time during that period. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ/ MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp1tsmksyf6TgKFMdt8-05Q Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ XPLRD: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVH8lH7ZLDUe_d9mZ3dlyYQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw This video is #sponsored by Blinkist. Source/Further reading: History, overview: https://www.history.com/news/a-brief-history-of-halleys-comet-sightings  NASA, 1P/Halley in-depth: https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/comets/1p-halley/in-depth/  UK Space Center: https://spacecentre.co.uk/blog-post/halleys-comet-shaped-history/  Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Halleys-Comet  In Our Time podcast on comets (with some details on Halleys): https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01pw38n  io9 - Halley’s comet through history: https://io9.gizmodo.com/how-halleys-comet-sightings-changed-history-over-the-pa-5637815  Halley’s influence on early-modern astronomy: https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/92735  Edmond Halley, in-depth biography: https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/12011  Scientific American: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/in-the-path-of-halleys-comet-humanity-might-find-its-way-forward1/  Comet Panic of 1910: https://astronomy.com/news/2020/10/halleys-comet-covid-19-and-the-history-of-miracle-anti-comet-remedies   Modern comet list (constantly updating): https://physics.ucf.edu/~yfernandez/cometlist.html#hf

Thanks to CuriosityStream for sponsoring today’s video. Go to https://curiositystream.thld.co/geographicsjune and use code GEOGRAPHICS to save 25% off today, that’s only $14.99 a year. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ/ MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp1tsmksyf6TgKFMdt8-05Q Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ XPLRD: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVH8lH7ZLDUe_d9mZ3dlyYQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw This video is #sponsored by Curiosity Stream. Source/Further reading: Official website, history: https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/the-monument/history  Reprinted 1986 magazine article on the tower, lots of good backstory! http://www.arthurchandler.com/paris-1889-exposition  History, overview of the tower: https://www.history.com/topics/landmarks/eiffel-tower  The Tower and science: https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/the-monument/eiffel-tower-and-science  Eiffel Tower, giant radio transmitter: https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/news/130-years/how-did-radio-save-tower  Gustave Eiffel biography: https://www.biography.com/scientist/gustave-eiffel  Different bio on same: https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/the-monument/gustave-eiffel   France Today, Eiffel and the Fair: https://www.francetoday.com/learn/books/eiffel_and_the_fair/  Nat Geo, photos of - and trivia on - the tower: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/article/140401-paris-france-125-anniversary-eiffel-tower-engineering  Hitler’s order to destroy Paris: https://www.historynet.com/the-nazi-who-saved-paris-from-destruction-during-world-war-ii.htm  1912 footage of attempted parachute jump: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e6YGLpzN7bE  Original NYT article on tower’s completion: https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1889/04/21/106346206.html?pageNumber=13

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Go to curiositystream.com/geographics for unlimited access to the world’s top documentaries and non­fiction series, and for our fans, use promo code geographics and you will save 25% off which comes out to only $14.99 a year. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ/ MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp1tsmksyf6TgKFMdt8-05Q Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ XPLRD: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVH8lH7ZLDUe_d9mZ3dlyYQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw This video is #sponsored by Curiosity Stream. Source/Further reading: Nasa, overview: https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/mars/in-depth/ Britannica, Mars: https://www.britannica.com/place/Mars-planet The Planets, BBC series - episode on Mars: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p06qj2qg Perseverance so far: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00698-5 Britannica, 10 important dates in Martian history: https://www.britannica.com/list/10-important-dates-in-mars-history Microbial life on Mars? https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/im-convinced-we-found-evidence-of-life-on-mars-in-the-1970s/ Subglacial lakes: https://www.nature.com/articles/d43978-020-00008-z Subsurface water on ancient Mars? https://edition.cnn.com/2020/12/02/world/mars-subsurface-habitability-scn-trnd/index.html Late Heavy Bombardment - a false theory? https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-01074-6 NASA, timeline of human observation of Mars: https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/9-12/features/F_Mars_Chronology.html Martian Canals: https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/moon-mars/a17529/a-short-history-of-martian-canals-and-mars-fever/ Mariner 4: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/55-years-ago-mariner-4-first-to-explore-mars Spirit and Opportunity: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/nasa-mars-rover-opportunity-dead-what-it-gave-humankind NASA manned mission: https://www.nasa.gov/topics/moon-to-mars/overview Musk colonization plans: https://www.cnet.com/news/elon-musk-drops-details-for-spacexs-million-person-mars-mega-colony/ 1911 NYT article “Martians Build Two Immense Canals in Two Years”: https://www.nytimes.com/1911/08/27/archives/martians-build-two-immense-canals-in-two-years-vast-engineering.html

Thanks to Keeps for sponsoring this video! Go to https://www.keeps.com/GEOGRAPHICS to get 50% off your first order of Keeps hair loss treatment. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ/ MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp1tsmksyf6TgKFMdt8-05Q Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ XPLRD: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVH8lH7ZLDUe_d9mZ3dlyYQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw This video is #sponsored by Keeps. Source/Further reading: “William the Conqueror” by David Bates “Edward the Confessor” by Frank Barlow “The Feudal Kingdom of England 1042-1216” by Frank Barlow

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/GEOGRAPHICS for 10% off on your first purchase. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ/ MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp1tsmksyf6TgKFMdt8-05Q Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ XPLRD: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVH8lH7ZLDUe_d9mZ3dlyYQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw This video is #sponsored by Squarespace. Source/Further reading: History, the Carrington Event: https://www.history.com/news/a-perfect-solar-superstorm-the-1859-carrington-event  Scientific American, studies warn of cataclysmic solar storms: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-studies-warn-of-cataclysmic-solar-superstorms/  National Geographic: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/110302-solar-flares-sun-storms-earth-danger-carrington-event-science  NASA, 2012 superstorm near-miss: https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2014/23jul_superstorm  NASA Spaceflight, Carrington Event warning: https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/08/carrington-event-warning/  BBC Solar Storms explained: https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-46260959  Cosmos, are Carrington-sized events more common than previously thought? https://cosmosmagazine.com/space/beware-solar-storms-scientists-warn/  Possible other Carrington-sized events: https://spaceweatherarchive.com/2020/08/30/a-warning-from-history-the-carrington-event-was-not-unique/  History of telegraph communication: https://www.elon.edu/u/imagining/time-capsule/150-years/back-1830-1860/  Texas Storm death toll: https://www.npr.org/2021/03/26/981594093/texas-death-toll-in-februarys-winter-storm-nearly-doubles-to-111

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/GEOGRAPHICS for 10% off on your first purchase. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ/ MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp1tsmksyf6TgKFMdt8-05Q Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ XPLRD: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVH8lH7ZLDUe_d9mZ3dlyYQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw This video is #sponsored by Squarespace. Source/Further reading: Triangle Fire: PBS American Experience Documentary Film New York: A Documentary Film by Ric Burns, Episode 4 “Triangle: The Fire that Changed America” by David von Drehle

The first 100 people to go to http://blinkist.com/GEOGRAPHICS will get unlimited access for one week to try it out. You’ll also get 25% off if you want the full membership. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ/ MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp1tsmksyf6TgKFMdt8-05Q Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ XPLRD: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVH8lH7ZLDUe_d9mZ3dlyYQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw This video is #sponsored by Blinkist. Source/Further reading: Lonely Planet, in-depth history: https://www.lonelyplanet.com/china/hong-kong/history Britannica, history of Hong Kong: https://www.britannica.com/place/Hong-Kong/Cultural-life#ref11638 Some details on the Great Clearance and HK piracy: https://zolimacitymag.com/hong-kong-the-pirate-capital-part-i-the-beginning/ First Opium War: https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/opium-war-1839-1842 Second Opium War: https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/Second-Opium-War/ Japanese invasion: https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/japan-invades-hong-kong Japanese Occupation: https://library.ust.hk/exhibitions/japanese-occupation Japanese atrocities: https://www.cofepow.org.uk/armed-forces-stories-list/hong-kong-atrocities 1997 Handover Ceremony: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wHRZyk_3gvU 2019-2020 protests:https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-49340717 Security Law: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-52765838 Patriots Law: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-56264117 New UK immigration law: https://www.dw.com/en/will-uk-hong-kong-immigration-program-trigger-an-exodus/a-56428066 Tanka fishermen history: https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1947244/uncertain-origins-hong-kongs-tanka-people Sun Yat-sen in Hong Kong: https://www.discoverhongkong.com/in/explore/culture/dr-sun-yat-sen-historical-trail.html

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/GEOGRAPHICS for 10% off on your first purchase. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ/ MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp1tsmksyf6TgKFMdt8-05Q Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ XPLRD: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVH8lH7ZLDUe_d9mZ3dlyYQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw This video is #sponsored by Squarespace. Source/Further reading: Gibraltar in WWI: http://livelb.nationalarchives.gov.uk/first-world-war/a-global-view/europe/gibraltar/ https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/intelligence_and_espionage_spain Gibraltar in WWII: https://www.visitgibraltar.gi/history-1914-present-day Air Raids during WWII: https://weaponsandwarfare.com/2020/05/03/italian-air-raids-on-gibraltar/ Operation Felix: https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/2016/11/21/operation-felix-franco-and-hitler-play-cat-and-mouse/ https://www.jstor.org/stable/260712 https://www.historyextra.com/period/second-world-war/hitlers-fury-francos-guile-and-the-bribe-that-saved-the-world/ Operation Tracer: https://web.archive.org/web/20130905140025/http://www.discovergibraltar.com/pages/mainlogo/mainfrm.htm https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/secret-plan-to-bury-soldiers-alive-inside-rock-of-gibraltar-434984.html David Scherr vs the Saboteurs: https://www.mi5.gov.uk/the-battle-for-gibraltar The Queen of Hearts: https://books.google.com/books/about/Blowing_up_the_Rock_German_Italian_and_S.html?id=vOzKDwAAQBAJ The Italian Frogmen raids: https://www.anaim.it/decima/operazioni-decima https://www.marina.difesa.it/noi-siamo-la-marina/storia/la-nostra-storia/medaglie/Pagine/decimamas.aspx Albert Pierrepoint http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/60124/1/albertpierrepointrevised2.pdf Franco’s Blockade https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2019/06/10/inenglish/1560159015_014157.html?outputType=amp http://web.mit.edu/cascon/cases/case_gib.html https://theworldunreported.com/2020/10/08/spains-blockade-of-gibraltar/ Brexit: https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/world-europe-55674148 https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/03/10/is-brexit-driving-gibraltar-into-europes-arms/

Go to https://curiositystream.thld.co/geographicsapr for unlimited access to the world’s top documentaries and non­fiction series. Use promo code geographic to get your first 30 days, completely free! → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ/ MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp1tsmksyf6TgKFMdt8-05Q Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ XPLRD: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVH8lH7ZLDUe_d9mZ3dlyYQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw Source/Further reading: General History: https://www.ancient.eu/uruk/ https://www.metmuseumo.org/toah/hd/uruk/hd_uruk.htm https://books.google.com/books/about/Uruk.html?id=muCvDwAAQBAJ Origins of Uruk: agricultural revolution, societal development and local economy https://archive.org/details/LiveraniMario1998UrukTheFirstCity Origins of Writing: https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/wrtg/hd_wrtg.htm Gilgamesh, his ancestors and Uruk’s trade networks: https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/gilg/hd_gilg.htm https://books.google.com/books/about/Uruk.html?id=muCvDwAAQBAJ https://www.jstor.org/stable/2743567?seq=1 Inanna: https://books.google.com/books/about/Uruk.html?id=muCvDwAAQBAJ Recent Explorations: https://www.rferl.org/a/1099592.html https://www.newscientist.com/article/2094658-the-worlds-oldest-paycheck-was-cashed-in-beer/ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335611840_Venice_in_the_desert_Archaeological_geophysics_on_the_world's_oldest_metropolis_Uruk-Warka_the_city_of_King_Gilgamesh_Iraq https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339079526_URUK_Urban_Structures_in_Magnetic_and_Satellite_Images https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339146914_Uruk-Warka_Archaeological_Research_2016_-_2018_Preliminary_Report

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Thanks to Unbounce for sponsoring today's video. Go to https://thld.co/unbounce_geographics and use the promo code geographics at checkout to get 20% off your first 3 months. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ/ MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp1tsmksyf6TgKFMdt8-05Q Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ XPLRD: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVH8lH7ZLDUe_d9mZ3dlyYQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw This video is #sponsored by Unbounce. Source/Further reading: The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World: from Marathon to Waterloo by Sir Edward Creasy Herodotus’ Historial The Defence of Greece 490–479 BC by JF Lazenby Persian Fire: the First World Empire and the Battle for the West by Tom Holland

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/GEOGRAPHICS for 10% off on your first purchase. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ/ MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp1tsmksyf6TgKFMdt8-05Q Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ XPLRD: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVH8lH7ZLDUe_d9mZ3dlyYQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw Source/Further reading: General info: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/wakefield-prison https://www.examinerlive.co.uk/news/west-yorkshire-news/life-shadow-notorious-monster-mansion-19319802 https://www.doingtime.co.uk/hmp-wakefield/ https://www.prisonphone.co.uk/prison-finder/wakefield-prison/ History: https://www.examinerlive.co.uk/news/history/gruesome-tales-evil-criminals-executed-18659161.amp https://www.scribd.com/book/363793096 https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb201-c000118 https://www.prisonhistory.org/prison/west-riding-house-of-correction-at-wakefield/ http://outwoodcommunityvideo.co.uk/facts-about-her-majestys.html https://institutionalhistory.com/homepage/prisons/major-prisons/wakefield-prison/ https://menwhosaidno.org/context/context_wakefieldX.html https://www.academia.edu/5732896/English_Prisons_An_architectural_history http://www.twixtaireandcalder.org.uk/heritage-trails?ht=Wakefield%E2%80%99s+War:+Wakefield+in+The+Second+World+War Escapes: https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1952/dec/19/wakefield-prison-escapes https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/ira-prisoner-on-life-sentence-who-escaped-from-wakefield-prison-1.2446680 Exceptional Risk Unit and ‘The Seg’: https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/233303/response/575012/attach/3/FOI%2093792%20Response%20141021.pdf?cookie_passthrough=1 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/dec/17/mental-health-prison-segregation-units-prisoners Most dangerous prisoners: https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/britains-most-dangerous-prisoner-kept-21512516.amp https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/brain-eater-killer-robert-maudsley-14888774 https://www.wakefieldexpress.co.uk/news/people/notorious-prisoner-charles-bronson-getting-his-marriage-annulled-two-years-after-wedding-wakefield-prison-806697 https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leeds-46185137 https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/health/coronavirus/life-and-crimes-britains-most-notorious-prisoner-charles-bronson-2537197 https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/crime/charles-bronson-not-guilty-attacking-prison-governor-hmp-wakefield-214051

Go to https://curiositystream.thld.co/geographicsmar for unlimited access to the world’s top documentaries and non­fiction series. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ/ MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp1tsmksyf6TgKFMdt8-05Q Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ XPLRD: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVH8lH7ZLDUe_d9mZ3dlyYQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw This video is #sponsored by Curiosity Stream. Source/Further reading: BBC In Our Time podcast, the Year Without a Summer: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b077j4yv USA Today, overview: https://eu.usatoday.com/story/weather/2016/05/26/year-without-a-summer-1816-mount-tambora/84855694/ History, overview: https://www.history.com/news/the-deadliest-volcanic-eruption-in-history History Today: https://www.historytoday.com/archive/months-past/eruption-mount-tambora Smithsonian: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/blast-from-the-past-65102374/ BBC radio documentary on 1816: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0769l3q Writing Frankenstein: https://www.history.com/news/frankenstein-true-story-mary-shelley National Geographic, more on Frankenstein: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2017/07-08/birth_of_Frankenstein_Mary_Shelley/ Guardian, How the year without summer gave us dark masterpieces: https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jun/16/1816-year-without-summer-dark-masterpieces-beethoven-schubert-shelley Darkness by Lord Byron: https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/43825/darkness-56d222aeeee1b The Bologna Prophecy: https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/jul/14/outlook-perpetual-freezing-darkness-weatherwatch VEI Index guide: http://ete.cet.edu/gcc/?/volcanoes_explosivity/ Cholera in London: https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/medicine/cholera-victorian-london Smithsonian, Can Tambora explain Waterloo? https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/can-napoleons-defeat-waterloo-be-traced-volcanic-eruption-indonesia-180970211/

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/GEOGRAPHICS for 10% off on your first purchase. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out Simon's other YouTube Channels: Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ/ MegaProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw SideProjects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Casual Criminalist: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp1tsmksyf6TgKFMdt8-05Q Today I Found Out: https://www.youtube.com/user/TodayIFoundOut TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ XPLRD: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVH8lH7ZLDUe_d9mZ3dlyYQ Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw This video is #sponsored by Squarespace. Source/Further reading: Steinholt, Y. B. (2005). Rock in the reservation : songs from Leningrad Rock Club 1981-86. https://www.amazon.com/Rock-Reservation-Yngar-Bordewich-Steinholt/dp/0970168438 Overviews: https://popkult.org/leningrad-rock-club/ http://soviethistory.msu.edu/1985-2/the-leningrad-rock-scene/ https://www.rbth.com/arts/2013/03/02/the_leningrad_rock_club_russias_hall-of-fame_rockers_23419.html Photos and Videos: http://soviethistory.msu.edu/1985-2/the-leningrad-rock-scene/the-leningrad-rock-scene-images/ http://soviethistory.msu.edu/1985-2/the-leningrad-rock-scene/the-leningrad-rock-scene-video/ Rock in the USSR: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4214174?seq=1 https://www.jstor.org/stable/40257510?seq=1 http://soviethistory.msu.edu/1985-2/the-leningrad-rock-scene/the-leningrad-rock-scene-texts/a-prophet-in-his-own-country/ http://soviethistory.msu.edu/1985-2/1985-turbulent-youth/turbulent-youth-video/juris-podnieks-is-it-easy-to-be-young-1986/ http://soviethistory.msu.edu/1985-2/1985-turbulent-youth/turbulent-youth-texts/the-rockers/ http://soviethistory.msu.edu/1985-2/the-leningrad-rock-scene/the-leningrad-rock-scene-texts/rock-music-subculture-life-style/ Censorship in 1983 and 1984: https://www.jstor.org/stable/853286?seq=1 It’s a long way to the top: https://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/acdc/itsalongwaytothetopifyouwannarocknroll.html The Komsomol: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Komsomol Estrada: https://rateyourmusic.com/genre/Soviet+Estrada/ The Brodsky Trial: https://www.nytimes.com/1972/10/01/archives/the-trial-of-joseph-brodsky.html https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/joseph-brodsky 13, Rubynshtenia Street: https://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/Hotel_Review-g298507-d16828550-Reviews-Kaleidoscope_on_Rubinshteina_13-St_Petersburg_Northwestern_District.html

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/GEOGRAPHICS for 10% off on your first purchase. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ This video is #sponsored by Squarespace. Source/Further reading: History, overview: https://www.history.com/topics/1980s/exxon-valdez-oil-spill Britannica, overview: https://www.britannica.com/event/Exxon-Valdez-oil-spill Official 1990 Report from the Oil Spill Trustee Council, including timeline: https://evostc.state.ak.us/oil-spill-facts/details-about-the-accident/ DW, a Long, Painful Recovery: https://www.dw.com/en/exxon-valdez-oil-spill-a-long-painful-recovery/a-17515818 National Geographic, how Exxon Valdez changed the industry: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/03/oil-spills-30-years-after-exxon-valdez/ History, Exxon Valdez captain’s conviction overturned: https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-exxon-valdez-captains-conviction-is-overturned Profile of Captain Hazelwood: https://www.outsideonline.com/1920631/captain-went-down-ship Fate of the Exxon Valdez ship: https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/oil-and-chemical-spills/significant-incidents/exxon-valdez-oil-spill/after-big-spill-what-happened-s Mental trauma: https://www.npr.org/2010/12/01/131694848/bp-spill-psychological-scars-similar-to-exxon-valdez

Thanks to Dollar Shave Club for sponsoring! Go to http://DollarShaveClub.com/geographics to get your starter set for $5. After that, razors ship at regular price. #dollarshaveclub #DSC → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ This video is #sponsored by Dollar Shave Club. Source/Further reading: History and descriptions of Highgate Cemetery: https://www.scribd.com/book/187342121[Text Wrapping Break]https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryMagazine/DestinationsUK/Highgate-Cemetery/ https://highgatecemetery.org/visit/who https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/highgate-cemetery https://www.jstor.org/stable/1586489?seq=1 Necropolis - London and Its Dead: https://www.scribd.com/book/224403089 London Cemeteries - An Illustrated Guide: https://www.scribd.com/book/358740902 Maps of Highgate Cemetery: https://www.scribd.com/book/335008656 https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1000810 Photos: https://highgatecemetery.org/about/media Julius Beer: https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101378887-mausoleum-of-julius-beer-in-highgate-western-cemetery-highgate-ward#.X_6mu9j7RPY http://www.victorianweb.org/art/architecture/cemeteries/16.html https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2006/jan/01/4 Karl Marx[Text Wrapping Break]https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1378872[Text Wrapping Break]https://highgatecemetery.org/visit/cemetery/east[Text Wrapping Break]https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/09/world/europe/karl-marx-grave-london.html Marguerite “John” Radclyffe-Hall: https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/3192/marguerite-radclyffe-hall https://spartacus-educational.com/Wradclyffe.htm https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/lesbian-writer-rests-in-restored-peace-1441553.html Tom Sayers: https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/11/01/tom-sayers-a-victorian-bricklayer-who-became-the-worlds-first-heavyweight-boxing-champion-in-1860/ http://www.victorianweb.org/sculpture/funerary/222.html George Wombwell: http://www.georgewombwell.com/organic.html http://www.victorianweb.org/sculpture/funerary/219.html Elizabeth Siddal: https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20200103-the-tragedy-of-arts-greatest-supermodel The Highgate Vampire: https://www.mysteriousbritain.co.uk/hauntings/the-highgate-vampire-how-it-all-began-by-david-farrant/ https://theunredacted.com/the-highgate-vampire-horror-of-the-dead/ https://www.londondreamtime.com/telling-the-story-of-the-highgate-vampire/ https://www.hamhigh.co.uk/lifestyle/heritage/david-farrant-highgate-cemetery-vampire-hunter-dies-half-a-century-3625290

The first 100 people to go to http://blinkist.com/GEOGRAPHICS will get unlimited access for one week to try it out. You’ll also get 25% off if you want the full membership. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ This video is #sponsored by Blinkist. Source/Further reading: Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/place/Sahara-desert-Africa Live Science, overview: https://www.livescience.com/23140-sahara-desert.html Ancient caravan routes: https://www.ancient.eu/article/1344/the-camel-caravans-of-the-ancient-sahara/ Phys.org, Sahara swung between lush and dry conditions: https://phys.org/news/2019-01-sahara-swung-lush-conditions-years.html USGS, The antiquity of the Sahara Desert: https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/antiquity-sahara-desert-new-evidence-mineralogy-and-geochemistry-pliocene-paleosols Guardian, Sahara was home to some of largest sea creatures: https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/jul/12/sahara-was-home-to-some-of-largest-sea-creatures-study-finds Smithsonian, what really turned the Sahara into a wasteland? https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/what-really-turned-sahara-desert-green-oasis-wasteland-180962668/ Smithsonian “The Sahara Is Millions of Years Older Than Thought”: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science/sahara-millions-years-older-thought-180952735 The Sahara’s ancient rock art: https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/regional_introduction/rock-art-in-northern-africa/ io9, more on ancient rock art: https://io9.gizmodo.com/what-happened-to-the-mysterious-humans-of-the-sahara-7-563577739 Garamantes civilization: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/05/gaddafi-sahara-lost-civilisation-garamantes Berber civilization; https://www.ancient.eu/Berbers/ Almoravid culture: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Almoravids NASA, how Saharan dust feeds the Amazon’s plants: https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/nasa-satellite-reveals-how-much-saharan-dust-feeds-amazon-s-plants How dust screws with your health: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/06/concerned-saharan-dust-plume-crucial-to-ecosystem/ An old, but interesting, long-read from the Atlantic on the desert: https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/unbound/langew/extreme.htm

Go to https://curiositystream.thld.co/geographicsfeb for unlimited access to the world’s top documentaries and non­fiction series. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ This video is #sponsored by Curiosity Stream. Source/Further reading: NASA: https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/comets/oumuamua/in-depth/ Astronomy, a history of ‘Oumuamua: https://astronomy.com/magazine/2020/02/our-first-interstellar-visitor Rob Weryk interview: https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/11/interstellar-space-rock/546371/ Scientific American, Mystery of Interstellar Visitor ‘Oumuamua Gets Trickier: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/mystery-of-interstellar-visitor-oumuamua-gets-trickier/ Scientific American, article from Avi Loeb: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/lets-search-for-alien-probes-not-just-alien-signals/ Smithsonian, a natural origin for ‘Oumuamua: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/scientists-suggest-new-origin-story-oumuamua-our-solar-systems-first-interstellar-visitor-180974667/ ‘Oumuamua as a product of gravitational tides: https://astronomynow.com/2020/04/14/oumuamua-was-a-unique-object-now-astronomers-think-there-could-be-trillions-just-like-it/ Hydrogen Iceberg theory: https://www.wired.com/story/oumuamua-might-be-a-giant-interstellar-hydrogen-iceberg/ Rebuttal to the iceberg theory: https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/2020-18 Starshot and LightSail: https://phys.org/news/2020-05-interstellar-probes-starshot.html 2019 test of the technology: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/31/science/lightsail-solar-sail.html 2020 SO: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-data-confirm-2020-so-to-be-the-upper-centaur-rocket-booster-from-the-1960-s

Go to → https://thld.co/lucy_geographics and use the promo code geographics at checkout for 20% off your order today! → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ This video is #sponsored by Lucy. Source/Further reading: “The Free State of Jones: Mississippi’s Longest Civil War” by Victoria E. Bynum “The State of Jones” by Sally Jenkins and John Stauffer https://www.lib.usm.edu/index.php?id=2432 https://calendar.eji.org/racial-injustice/apr/18 http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/articles/309/newton-knight-and-the-legend-of-the-free-state-of-jones

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/GEOGRAPHICS for 10% off on your first purchase. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ This video is #sponsored by Squarespace. Source/Further reading: The Guardian, Sellafield stories: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/mar/11/sellafield-stories-book-nuclear-accident Telegraph, Windscale: we were too busy to panic (paywall): https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/3309842/Windscale-fire-We-were-too-busy-to-panic.html Guardian, from Windscale to Sellafield: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/apr/18/energy.nuclearindustry Sellafield, official UK government history: https://nda.blog.gov.uk/2018/09/07/what-is-sellafield How John Cockroft’s filters avoided a nuclear disaster: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cumbria-29803990 History of the UK atomic project: https://www.atomicheritage.org/history/british-nuclear-program Tom Tuohy obituary: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/may/07/nuclearpower Wired, inside Sellafield: https://www.wired.co.uk/article/sellafield-nuclear-waste-site BBC on THORP: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-46301596 History of Calder Hall: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cumbria-49583192

Go to https://curiositystream.thld.co/geographicsjan2021 for unlimited access to the world’s top documentaries and non­fiction series. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ This video is #sponsored by Curiosity Stream. Source/Further reading: https://pilgrimakimbo.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/normay7562.jpg https://database.motorsportmagazine.com/sites/default/files/people/profile/levegh_pierre.jpg https://www.macsmotorcitygarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/LeMans-1955.jpg https://youtu.be/DrTrZaHSl1I (warning: this video is very graphic.) https://p2d7x8x2.stackpathcdn.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/MoetandChandonTheCelebratorySprayDanGurney-640x475.jpg https://d3lp4xedbqa8a5.cloudfront.net/s3/digital-cougar-assets/whichcar/2018/06/21/-1/The-story-Ford-1966-Le-Mans-victory.jpg https://www.boomerpdx.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/fastisfastLe-Mans-start1.jpg https://velocetoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/piper.jpg https://www.benhuset.dk/jobo1.jpg

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/GEOGRAPHICS for 10% off on your first purchase. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ This video is #sponsored by Squarespace. Source/Further reading: https://mfame.guru/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ss-gr.jpg https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-is-ammonium-nitrate-the-chemical-that-exploded-in-beirut/ https://www.fireengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/content/dam/fe/print-articles/vol-100/issue-5/ammonium-nitrate-explosion-held-cause-of-texas-disaster/img-1-1600x1025.jpg https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth11835/m1/1/med_res/ https://youtu.be/TworcINhDhQ?t=147 https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0758/7765/files/Texas_City_Anchor_large.jpg?v=1555529095 https://bloximages.newyork1.vip.townnews.com/galvnews.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/editorial/c/75/c752ca4e-4bac-55e8-ac7c-a420fb51ed26/58f2b27fe4bc0.image.jpg?resize=1200%2C961 https://i.pinimg.com/originals/ec/da/fd/ecdafd79657cd9cdf4877d07e0a839a8.jpg https://img.texasmonthly.com/2017/04/TC_After_searching_for_survivors_4-18-47-copy-e1492371122174.jpg?auto=compress&crop=faces&fit=fit&fm=jpg&h=0&ixlib=php-1.2.1&q=45&w=1120 https://s.hdnux.com/photos/47/55/72/10411674/3/rawImage.jpg https://i0.wp.com/developgalvestoncounty.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/port-of-texas-city.jpg?fit=1024%2C614&ssl=1 https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/FHVXbTj7W_EPmuEeZDnC8z4YI-ykw6py-5yAW3KdwN-HUcAprvzBkiKA8wUmzWcWMmfBl-DV_hgSXClUpiyqimjg5K7H-uRETL6yyaa73F6d1IsbhXL_JaUCMGEVEkyw_YB8sUTJCUNG https://storage.googleapis.com/afs-prod/media/14ba389547434c38b5bff56fbc0018b4/800.jpeg https://www.aljazeera.com/mritems/Images/2011/7/22/201172219139119734_14.jpg https://cdn.britannica.com/58/139558-050-9EEE9E93/Fireboat-response-crews-blaze-oil-rig-Deepwater-April-21-2010.jpg

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/GEOGRAPHICS for 10% off on your first purchase. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ This video is #sponsored by Squarespace. Source/Further reading: BBC Reel: https://www.bbc.com/reel/video/p08vxl52/how-the-soviets-accidentally-discovered-the-gates-of-hell- National Geographic: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2014/07/140716-door-to-hell-darvaza-crater-george-kourounis-expedition/ Vice: https://www.vice.com/en/article/nnq7wz/turkmenistan-has-its-very-own-gate-to-hell Smithsonian: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/giant-hole-ground-has-been-fire-more-40-years-180951247/ History of gas extraction in Turkmenistan: http://www.rpi-research.com/content/Sample_OG_Turkmenistan_eng.pdf President doing donuts around the crater in 2019: https://www.popularmechanics.com/culture/web/a28661297/darvaza-crater-door-to-hell/ Notes on post-Soviet Turkmenistan: https://carnegieendowment.org/2017/01/30/turkmenistan-at-twenty-five-high-price-of-authoritarianism-pub-67839 History of Turkmenistan: https://www.britannica.com/place/Turkmenistan/Turkmen-tribes-and-Russian-invasion More on Turkmenistan’s history: https://www.lonelyplanet.com/turkmenistan/narratives/background/history Turkmenistan’s economic crisis: https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2019/7/15/hyperinflation-and-hunger-turkmenistan-on-edge-of-catastrophe

Join the Trends Community today. Get your first seven days for just ONE dollar. Go to https://trends.co/geographics to get started. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ This video is #sponsored by Trends. Source/Further reading: https://www.bop.gov/about/history/hero_clutts.jsp?i=17 https://www.sfgate.com/default/article/The-Last-Worst-Place-The-isolation-at-2970596.php https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/pSL8b0PxGaGFoxg5Mi6oRsEslmg=/1024x677/filters:fill(auto,1)/SupermaxprisoninColorado-5ac624cfeb97de00373c52f5.jpg https://byronchristopher.org/2017/08/30/inside-the-supermax/

USSR. Nuclear energy. Sigh. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Source/Further reading: New Scientist, Russia’s Toxic Shocker: https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg15621112-400-russias-toxic-shocker-bomb-factories-created-the-most-radioactive-place-on-earth/ Nuclear Engineering Magazine on the clean-up: https://www.neimagazine.com/news/newsrussias-mayak-continues-clean-up-of-lake-karachai-5684170 Nuclear Threat Initiative overview: https://www.nti.org/learn/facilities/894/ Bellona environment group on the clean-up: https://bellona.org/news/russian-human-rights-issues/russian-ngo-law/2015-11-environmentalists-skeptical-about-russian-plans-to-seal-off-radioactive-lake Natural Resources Defense Council overview: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.eg.18.110193.002451 Bellona, Kyshtym disaster: https://bellona.org/news/nuclear-issues/2017-10-the-worst-nuclear-disaster-youve-never-heard-of-celebrates-its-60th-birthday Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/event/Kyshtym-disaster City 40 general overview: https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/jul/20/graveyard-earth-inside-city-40-ozersk-russia-deadly-secret-nuclear Mayak villagers’ tragedy: https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-mayak-villagers-living-in-shadow-nuclear-tragedy/28921944.html 2016 documentary on City 40: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=piX13cLw32w Interview with an American scientist who worked there: https://medicine.utah.edu/radiology/news/2018/02/scott-miller-radiobiology.php First Lightning: https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/soviets-explode-atomic-bomb Bomb yield comparisons: https://graphics.reuters.com/LEBANON-SECURITY/BLAST/yzdpxnmqbpx/

Go to https://curiositystream.thld.co/geographicsdec for unlimited access to the world’s top documentaries and non­fiction series. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ This video is #sponsored by Curiosity Stream. Source/Further reading: The Call of Cthulhu: https://www.scribd.com/book/262694583 The Rub al-Khali: https://www.britannica.com/place/Rub-al-Khali https://scholarworks.uark.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1601&context=etd https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zMSTz_zvhi8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=Khali&f=false Bibliography on Iram/Ubar on Scribd.com: https://www.scribd.com/audiobook/424672837 https://www.scribd.com/book/165237893 https://www.scribd.com/book/87000691 https://www.scribd.com/book/220492077 Herodotus and Strabo: https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/arabia1.asp Biblical mentions: https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/ancient-cultures/ancient-near-eastern-world/who-is-the-queen-of-sheba-in-the-bible/ http://www.christadelphianbooks.org/agora/art_less/o10.html https://www.biblestudytools.com/encyclopedias/isbe/ophir.html Iram of the Pillars in the Quran and the Hadith: http://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=89&verse=6 http://tvkmuslims.blogspot.com/2016/03/discovery-of-2000-years-old-city-of.html https://www.al-islam.org/kamaaluddin-wa-tamaamun-nima-vol-2-shaykh-saduq/chapter-54-shaddad-and-his-paradise-those-who-had https://ahadith.co.uk/whatishadith.php Iram in Arabic poetry and the Arabian Nights: https://www.academia.edu/38695425/A_Paradise_in_the_Desert_Iram_at_the_Intersection_of_One_Thousand_and_One_Nights_Qur_anic_Exegesis_and_Arabian_History https://www.scribd.com/document/87000691/Amid-Ancient-Ruins-Book-Excerpt Ibn Battuta: http://tvkmuslims.blogspot.com/2016/03/discovery-of-2000-years-old-city-of.html https://issuu.com/journalismstudiessqu/docs/ubar_new_version_issuu.docx Philby and Thomas: https://www.scribd.com/document/87000691/Amid-Ancient-Ruins-Book-Excerpt https://www.britannica.com/biography/H-Saint-John-Philby https://www.ames.cam.ac.uk/faculty-library/archive/collection-bertram-sidney-thomas-1892-1950-explorer The expeditions of Clapp, Zarins and Fiennes: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/lawrences-lost-atlantis-found-in-omans-sands-1555493.html http://www2.ups.edu/faculty/velez/FL380/Ubar/Page2.htm https://www.sidetracked.com/sir-ranulph-fiennes/ https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/98/02/22/daily/ubar-book-review.html?scp=7&sq=Atlantis%2520Uncovered&st=Search https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/21/science/the-frankincense-route-emerges-from-the-desert.html

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/GEOGRAPHICS for 10% off on your first purchase. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Squarespace. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Source/Further reading: General History of Ephesus https://www.ephesus.us/ephesus/ephesus_chronology.htm https://www.romanoimpero.com/2014/06/efeso-turchia.html https://www.academia.edu/26153640/Ephesus_in_UNESCO_World_Heritage_in_Turkey_Ankara_2016_412_443 https://www.ancient.eu/ephesos/ http://www.ephesus.ws/ Library of Celsus: https://www.ancient.eu/Library_of_Celsus/ Cemetery of the Gladiators: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289536254_Dying_in_the_Arena_the_Osseous_Evidence_from_Ephesian_Gladiators The Port: https://www.ephesus.us/ephesus/port_of_ephesus.htm The Great Theatre: https://turkisharchaeonews.net/object/great-theatre-ephesus The House of the Virgin Mary: https://medium.com/@VisitEphesus/religious-center-house-of-virgin-mary-selcuk-ephesus-turkey-9cc78c6702f5 https://turkisharchaeonews.net/object/house-virgin-mary-ephesus St Paul in Ephesus: https://www.academia.edu/36303635/APOSTLE_PAUL_AT_EPHESUS_AN_ARCHEOLOGICAL_INVESTIGATION https://www.ephesus.us/ephesus/st_paul_in_ephesus.htm The Story of the Seven Sleepers: http://www.sentiericona.it/public/icone/?p=9029 The Council of Ephesus: https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05491a.htm The Temple of Artemis: https://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/greece/paganism/artemis.html https://www.ancient.eu/Temple_of_Artemis_at_Ephesus/ John Turtle Wood: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG148762

Description updated - Get Surfshark VPN at https://Surfshark.deals/geographics and enter promo code GEOGRAPHICS for 83% off and 3 extra months for free! → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ This video is #sponsoredy by Surfshark. Source/Further reading: History overview: https://www.history.com/topics/natural-disasters-and-environment/mount-st-helens List and bio details on all 57 victims: https://eruptionbook.com/victims/ More details on some victims: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/rosetta-stones/the-cataclysm-vancouver-vancouver-this-is-it/ Mistakes that led to deaths, and details on some of those deaths: https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-may-15-adna-helensvic15-story.html More on the mistakes: https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/164079 How the death toll could’ve been much worse: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2016/03/160320-mount-st-helens-eruption-logging-volcano-olson-ngbooktalk/ Incredible photos of the blast, during and after: https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2015/05/the-eruption-of-mount-st-helens-in-1980/393557/ The weird tale of Harry R. Truman: https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/harry-versus-the-volcano https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2020/apr/26/40-years-ago-in-spokane-man-refuses-to-evacuate-as/ https://www.cbsnews.com/news/one-man-refused-to-leave/ Map of victims: https://www.columbian.com/news/2010/may/18/interactive-map-mount-st-helens-eruption-victims/ Future eruptions: https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mount-st-helens/future-eruptions-mount-st-helens

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Thanks to Dollar Shave Club for sponsoring! Go to http://DollarShaveClub.com/geographics to get your starter set for $5. After that, the restock box ships razors at regular price. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ This video is #sponsored by Dollar Shave Club. Source/Further reading: Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/place/Monaco Official government history: https://en.gouv.mc/Government-Institutions/History-and-Heritage#Periods History from the office of the ambassador:http://monacodc.org/monhistory.html History of the Monte Carlo Casino: https://www.thehistorypress.co.uk/articles/the-monte-carlo-casino-from-empty-tables-to-a-magnet-for-millionaires/ Timeline of events: https://web.archive.org/web/20050413005330/http://www.monaco.mc/monaco/info/history1.html Monaco’s Revolution: https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=https://www.monacohebdo.mc/actualites/societe/revolution-monegasque-1910-1911/&prev=search&pto=aue Succession Crisis: https://www.heraldica.org/topics/national/monaco.htm#1861 Monaco in WWII: https://riviera-press.fr/insider/content/wwii-liberation-monaco Monaco and the Holocaust: https://www.thejc.com/news/world/monaco-to-open-up-archives-on-its-dark-shoah-history-1.497170 1962 Crisis: https://www.historyextra.com/period/historian-at-the-movies-grace-of-monaco-reviewed/ https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/10/weekinreview/the-basics-why-is-monaco-a-country.html#:~:text=Rainier%20faced%20a%20crisis%20in,the%20advent%20of%20the%20euro. Seemingly-detailed history: https://web.archive.org/web/20050408073816/http://www.monaco.mc/monaco/info/history3.html#y1215 Charles III: https://www.hellomonaco.com/sightseeing/grimaldi-family/charles-iii-golden-pages-in-the-history-of-monaco-en/ Outdated, but some good history, esp. on 1967 etc: https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-02-14-mn-3164-story.html Modern Sleaze and scandal: https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/dark-side-monaco-uncovered-murder-793697 Italy, 1848: https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy/The-Revolutions-of-1848

Visit http://www.vessi.com/Geographics to get Vessi's Early Black Friday Sale and use my code "Blaze" to get $25 off your Vessi shoes if you miss the sale! Free shipping to CA, US, AUS, NZ, JP, TW, KR, SGP. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Vessi. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Source/Further reading: History in general: http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/I/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/Forum_Romanum/_Texts/Huelsen*/1/1.html http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/foro-romano_%28Enciclopedia-dei-ragazzi%29/ https://www.ancient.eu/article/26/the-roman-forum/ https://www.ancient.eu/Roman_Forum/ The Regifugium http://www.classics.upenn.edu/myth/php/tools/dictionary.php?regexp=REX+SACRORUM.&method=standard https://www.romasegreta.it/campitelli/foro-romano/umbilicus-urbis.html The Senate: https://www.ancient.eu/Roman_Senate/ 12 Tables of the law: https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dodici-tavole/ https://www.unisalento.it/documents/20152/212281/Testo+XII+Tavole.doc/2cb8dcd7-6a09-8d2e-120a-4e93ad61aa4f?version=1.0&download=true https://www.ancient.eu/Twelve_Tables/ Clodius and Milo: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Titus-Annius-Milo Basilica Julia: https://profcorbo.files.wordpress.com/2013/07/alberto-angela-una-giornata-nellantica-roma.pdf Temple of Vesta: https://www.associazionearcheosoficaroma.it/roma-esoterica-fuoco-sacro-vestali-foro-romano/ https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2018/11-12/vestal-virgins-of-ancient-rome/ Tomb of Romulus : https://roma.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/20_febbraio_17/paolo-conti-pezzo-sarcofago-romolocorriere-web-roma-4b86b3c4-51b9-11ea-b3f1-eafceba2b87d.shtml https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/tutti-dubbi-sepolti-tomba-romolo-ACei8DKB

Thousands of years before anyone thought to construct pointy Egyptian tombs or arrange mysterious stone circles, there was Göbekli Tepe: a 20th century archaeological discovery in Turkey that predates civilization itself. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Source/Further reading: Discover Magazine, in depth: https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/gobekli-tepe-the-worlds-first-astronomical-observatory Smithsonian, similar (if older): https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/gobekli-tepe-the-worlds-first-temple-83613665/ Ancient.eu: https://www.ancient.eu/Gobekli_Tepe/ https://www.ancient.eu/article/234/gobekli-tepe---the-worlds-first-temple/ Official website of the German Archaeological Institute: https://www.dainst.org/en/projekt/-/project-display/21890 Website of the dig team: https://www.dainst.blog/the-tepe-telegrams/the-research-project/ National Geographic: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2011/06/gobeki-tepe/ Why its probably not the product of a forgotten, hyper-advanced civilization: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/no-there-wasnt-an-advanced-civilization-12-000-years-ago/ Skull cult: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2017/06/skulls-cult-turkey-archaeology-neolithic-gobekli/ Astronomy: https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21929303-400-worlds-oldest-temple-built-to-worship-the-dog-star Comet: https://www.newscientist.com/article/2128512-ancient-carvings-show-comet-hit-earth-and-triggered-mini-ice-age/ Paper by the dig-team, why Gobekli Tepe is not an observatory: http://maajournal.com/Issues/2017/Vol17-2/Matters%20arising%2017%282%29.pdf

Get Surfshark VPN at https://Surfshark.deals/geographics and enter promo code GEOGRAPHICS for 83% off and 3 extra months for free! → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ This video is #sponsored by Surfshark. Further reading: “Over the Edge: Death in Grand Canyon” by Michael Ghiglieri and Thomas Myers

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/GEOGRAPHICS for 10% off on your first purchase. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ This video is #sponsored by Squarespace. Source/Further reading: Wired, in-depth: https://www.wired.co.uk/article/olkiluoto-island-finland-nuclear-waste-onkalo The Atlantic, good summary: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/10/what-lies-beneath/537894/ Financial Times (paywall): https://www.ft.com/content/db87c16c-4947-11e6-b387-64ab0a67014c Official Site: http://www.posiva.fi/en/final_disposal/selecting_the_site_the_final_disposal_at_olkiluoto#.X0zrfnkzY2w Germany’s nuclear storage problem: https://www.dw.com/en/nuclear-waste-in-disused-german-mine-leaves-a-bitter-legacy/a-47420382 BBC - How to build a warning that will last 10,000 years: https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200731-how-to-build-a-nuclear-warning-for-10000-years-time Onkalo Construction: http://www.posiva.fi/en/final_disposal/onkalo/the_construction_of_onkalo#.X0zrdnkzY2w Japan Tsunami Stones: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/century-old-warnings-against-tsunamis-dot-japans-coastline-180956448 Chernobyl radiation doses: https://www.oecd-nea.org/rp/chernobyl/c04.html

Thousands of years ago, way before anyone ever stepped onto a football pitch, Britain and the surrounding areas experienced a natural disaster so enormous that it literally changed what the European landmass looked like. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Source/Further reading: BBC: http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160323-the-terrifying-tsunami-that-devastated-britain Independent: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/tsunami-britain-atlantis-6200-bc-archaeology-a9622591.html Britannica, Storegga Slides: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Storegga-slides Older BBC article, but still some good details: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-12244964 Wave’s effect on Doggerland: https://www.bradford.ac.uk/news/archive/2020/scientists-find-new-evidence-of-massive-tsunami-that-devastated-ancient-britain-in-6200bc.php National Geographic, Doggerland: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2012/12/doggerland/ Current Archeology: https://www.archaeology.co.uk/articles/searching-for-the-storegga-tsunami-in-doggerland.htm Doggerland overview: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/maps/doggerland/ Maps of Doggerland: https://www.academia.edu/2480682/Mapping_Doggerland_the_Mesolithic_Landscapes_of_the_Southern_North_Sea Another map of Doggerland’s potential extent: https://www.heritagedaily.com/2020/05/doggerland-europes-lost-land/117925 Time Team Special - Britain’s Stone Age Tsunami: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cBfy2_NyBVU Bristol Channel Floods (1607): https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/what-happened-bristol-hit-tsunami-3659686 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/6311527.stm

Go to https://curiositystream.thld.co/geographicsnov for unlimited access to the world’s top documentaries and non­fiction series, and for our listeners, enter the promo code GEOGRAPHICS when prompted during the sign­up process and your membership is completely free for the first 30 days. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Curiosity Stream. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/

In this special Halloween episode of Geographics, we discuss what is, at the very least, an extremely creepy basement. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Source/Further reading: History on official castle page (translated from Czech): https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&pto=aue&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=auto&sp=nmt4&tl=en&u=https://www.hradhouska.cz/index.php%3Fp%3Dhistorie&usg=ALkJrhgiwrm2oPqGnVzaYV2kA6_eKiny5g Folklore on the official castle website (translated from Czech): https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&pto=aue&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=auto&sp=nmt4&tl=en&u=https://www.hradhouska.cz/index.php%3Fp%3Dtajemne-sily&usg=ALkJrhi4A5ldSZTuiKOk35zuHTrKCvdb_A Photos of the castle: https://www.hradhouska.cz/index.php?p=prohlidka History from the Czech Castles website (translated): https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrady.cz%2Findex.php%3FOID%3D1103%26PARAM%3D11%26tid%3D9376%26pos%3D450 In-depth Prague University thesis on the history of Houska Castle (in Czech): https://contattafiles.s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/astonishing/fffDgOANZ-CWZvD/BPTX_2009_1__0_250755_0_58752.pdf Houska as Nazi library, and references to occult research: https://www.enssib.fr/bibliotheque-numerique/documents/68738-on-the-trail-of-looted-books-from-the-second-world-war-too-many-still-far-from-home.pdf Nazi book stealing: https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/stealing-memories-on-anders-rydells-the-book-thieves/ Occult research in other castles: https://books.google.cz/books?id=yMQiDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA243&lpg=PA243&dq=Nov%C3%BD+Falkenburk+occult+research&source=bl&ots=CJcbDDH9TP&sig=ACfU3U1ygiZi1qmhg5IFzUjHCQdv0VxQEg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiGx_eW4rbsAhWxoFwKHRqeA7IQ6AEwDnoECAEQAg#v=onepage&q=Nov%C3%BD%20Falkenburk%20occult%20research&f=false Letter as a fraud (translated from Czech): https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=cs&u=https://ceskolipsky.denik.cz/zpravy_region/serial_houska_20101126.html&prev=search&pto=aue Atlas Obscura: https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/houska-castle Legends and myths: http://magicbohemia.magic-realist.com/2018/05/21/houska-castle-guards-a-pit-to-hell/ More myths and legends: https://darktourists.com/inside-houska-castle/ More of the same: http://www.tresbohemes.com/2017/04/houska-castle/

Check out my newest channel Sideprojects! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3Wn3dABlgESm8Bzn8Vamgg Before it could become the most internationally recognizable part of Haiti, the Island of Tortuga served as a de facto command center for an infamous band of Golden Age Pirates called the Brethren of the Coast. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Source/Further reading: Alexander Exquemelin’s‘ The Buccaneers of America’ https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Buccaneers_of_America.html?id=8qwKctnigNIC https://books.google.com/books/about/Das_Wahre_Piraten_Buch_The_Buccaneers_of.html?id=A2uQ5xSwduEC https://www.jstor.org/stable/24476354 C C Haring’s ‘The Buccaneers in the West Indies in the XVII Century’ https://archive.org/details/buccaneersinwes00harigoog Angus Kostam’s ‘Buccaneers’ https://www.scribd.com/document/252070113/Osprey-ELI-069-Buccaneers G F Dow and J H Edmonds’ ‘The Pirates of the New England Coast 1630-1730’ https://www.scribd.com/book/271642076 The ‘Matelotage’ https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/09/07/bootylicious Intro Song: https://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/yebanishedprivateers/welcometotortuga.html

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ This video is #sponsored by Squarespace. Source/Further reading: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AAtacama_desert.jpg&psig=AOvVaw2tTLQUS83Hu7K2MSxq-dnj&ust=1596637763428000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCLj3oazhgesCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAJ https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Rain_shadow_effect.jpg https://www.britannica.com/video/22207/Atacama-Desert-Chile https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/ames/camping-on-mars-atacama-rover-astrobiology-drilling-studies https://news.wsu.edu/2018/02/26/life-always-finds-way/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Visible_and_Infrared_Survey_Telescope_for_Astronomy_Before_Sunset.jpg https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/22/science/ata-mummy-alien-chile.html http://latinamericanscience.org/2014/05/chiles-thirst-for-water/ https://itotd.com/articles/6983/sandboarding/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8owbujV4F3o https://volcanomarathon.com/live/race-info/ https://watchers.news/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Lascar1993.jpg https://scielo.conicyt.cl/fbpe/img/rgch/v31n2/img01-03.jpg

In case 2020 hasn't provided you with enough evidence that all human civilization could definitely be wiped out by one calamitous event, then here's a profile on a known supervolcano in Sumatra that has already annihilated the Earth as we know it once in human history. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Source/Further reading: National Geographic: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/02/did-early-humans-in-india-survive-a-supervolcano/ Did Toba have much affect? https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/supervolcano-goes-boom-humans-go-meh/555356/ Ars Technica: https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/03/ancient-campsite-shows-humans-surviving-a-massive-volcanic-eruption/ Comparing notable eruptions: https://geology.com/stories/13/volcanic-explosivity-index/ NYT Supervolcanoes: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/12/science/toba-supervolcano-supereruption.html Podcast on Toba eruption: https://podtail.com/en/podcast/natural-disasters-1/toba-supervolcano/ Human arrival in Sumatra: https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/were-modern-humans-in-indonesia-73-000-years-ago Toba deforestation: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018209004271 Acid rain at Poles: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/11/121107-toba-supervolcano-antarctica-ice-eruption-science BBC, modern impact of supervolcano: https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170724-would-a-supervolcano-eruption-wipe-us-out NASA’s plan to save us all from a supervolcano: https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170817-nasas-ambitious-plan-to-save-earth-from-a-supervolcano Tambora Eruption: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/blast-from-the-past-65102374 Tambora: https://www.wired.com/2015/04/tambora-1815-just-big-eruption Krakatoa: http://nautil.us/blog/the-sound-so-loud-that-it-circled-the-earth-four-times Yellowstone: https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/yellowstone/questions-about-yellowstone-volcanic-history

Go to https://curiositystream.thld.co/geographicsoct for unlimited access to the world’s top documentaries and non­fiction series, and for our listeners, enter the promo code GEOGRAPHICS when prompted during the sign­up process and your membership is completely free for the first 30 days. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ This video is #sponsored by Curiosity Stream. Source/Further reading: History of the Catacombs: The Early Christians in Rome, by the very Reverend, H.D.M. Spence-Jones https://www.nli.org.il/en/books/NNL_ALEPH003124074/NLI History and General Info https://www.scribd.com/read/296577674/The-Catacombs-of-Rome https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R1MiAQAAIAAJ&dq=Le+Catacombe+di+Roma&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=sebastiano https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03417b.htm Antonio Bosio : https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02693a.htm Giovanni Battista De Rossi: https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04739c.htm Catacombs of St Sebastian: https://www.catacombe.org/sansebastiano.html Pre-existing Necropolis: https://www.catacombe.org/piazzola.html Catacombs of Priscilla: http://www.catacombepriscilla.com/visita_catacomba_en.html Catacombs of St Calixtus: https://www.catacombe.roma.it/en/le-origini-delle-catacombe.php Emperor Valerian: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Valerian-Roman-emperor Edict of Milan: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Edict-of-Milan Vandal invasion: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Vandal-Germanic-people Art and Iconography: https://www.academia.edu/31035704/Earliest_frescoes_in_the_Roman_Catacombs_ca._200_in_Great_Events_in_Religion_An_Encyclopedia_of_Pivotal_Events_in_Religious_History_Florin_Curta_and_Andrew_Holt_eds_Santa_Barbara_ABC-Clio_2016_pp._193-194 https://www.catacombe.org/simboli.html https://www.catacombe.roma.it/en/simboli-cristiani.php

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/GEOGRAPHICS for 10% off on your first purchase. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ This video is #sponsored by Squarespace. You can watch Norm Macdonald in arguably the most entertaining episode of Millionaire ever made: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKcMW-LLmFI Source/Further reading: https://web.archive.org/web/20080731033802/http:/www.greenbrier.com/site/activities-detail.aspx?cid=79 https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/civildef.cfm https://www.atomicheritage.org/history/greenbrier-bunker https://www.npr.org/transcripts/533711528 https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/local/daily/july/25/brier1.htm https://youtu.be/dTQkMOiGFL4?t=1490

Start learning a new language today with Babbel! Get 50% off for six months for a limited time only! Visit http://bit.ly/Geographics4 → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ This video is #sponsored by Babbel. Source/Further reading: The Temples of Humankind - info and tour: www.thetemples.org https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/temple-of-damanhur The discovery of the Temples: https://www.academia.edu/30911465/Damanhur_Local_Economy_and_Cult_Controversies_of_a_Magical_Community_in_Italy Foundation, beliefs and family life at Damanhur: https://www.academia.edu/29791846/Children_of_the_Underground_Temple_Growing_Up_in_Damanhur Leaving the Damanhur community: https://www.academia.edu/36883433/Taking_leave_of_Damanhur_Deconversion_from_a_magico_esoteric_community Theosophical Society: https://www.learnreligions.com/theosophy-definition-4690703 Synchronic Lines: https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/The_Synchronic_Lines.html?id=53f1DwAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y Plant Music: https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/xdvzbn/couple-of-hippies-plant-133-v15n10 Selfic art: https://www.academia.edu/24901511/Oberto_Airaudi_and_the_Art_of_Damanhur

This video is sponsored by Ground News. Download Ground News for free here: http://check.ground.news/Geographics → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ This video is #sponsored by Ground News. Source/Further reading: 4 hr podcast on the history of the Aztecs: https://podcasts.google.com/?feed=aHR0cDovL2ZlZWRzLnNvdW5kY2xvdWQuY29tL3VzZXJzL3NvdW5kY2xvdWQ6dXNlcnM6NTcyMTE5NDEwL3NvdW5kcy5yc3M&episode=dGFnOnNvdW5kY2xvdWQsMjAxMDp0cmFja3MvNzI4NTYwMzk5&hl=en-CZ&ved=2ahUKEwjZ26nJ8YDpAhWOy6QKHYv9AwcQieUEegQIChAG&ep=6 BBC Future video: https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20180622-tenochtitlan-the-mexican-metropolis Map of the city: https://www.historytoday.com/archive/cartography/map-tenochtitlan-1524 MET Overview: https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/teno_1/hd_teno_1.htm Some extensive details: https://www.livescience.com/34660-tenochtitlan.html Templo Mayor: https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/teno_2/hd_teno_2.htm Human Sacrifice: https://www.historyextra.com/period/ancient-history/how-many-people-did-the-aztecs-sacrifice/ History of Sacrifice: https://www.ancient.eu/Aztec_Sacrifice/ BBC In Our Time on the Aztecs: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00548v0 BBC In Our Time on the siege of Tenochtitlan: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b016924x Good overview of the conquest from the Spanish side: https://www.historyextra.com/period/tudor/hernan-cortes-montezuma-tenochtitlan-aztec-conquest-conquistadors/ Nat Geo’s version of the same: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2016/05-06/cortes-tenochtitlan/ History’s take: https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/spanish-retreat-from-aztec-capital Overview of the Aztec Empire: https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-americas/aztecs Aztec history in detail: https://www.ancient.eu/Aztec_Civilization/ What was life like for a regular Aztec person? https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/life-in-the-provinces-of-the-aztec-2005-01/ Aztec Law: https://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/aztec-and-maya-law/aztec-social-structure Map of the Aztec Empire pre-conquest: https://cs.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soubor:Territorial_Organization_of_the_Aztec_Empire_1519.png Another map! https://cs.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soubor:Territorial_Organization_of_the_Aztec_Empire_1519.png How the empire grew over time: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aztec_Empire_-_es.svg

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Squarespace. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Source/Further reading: Lonely Planet: https://www.lonelyplanet.com/united-arab-emirates/dubai/narratives/background/history Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/place/Dubai-United-Arab-Emirates/Economy#ref342092 Great History of Britain’s decolonization process: https://www.thenational.ae/uae/sun-sets-on-british-empire-as-uae-raises-its-flag-1.574721 Fodor’s, the making of Dubai: https://web.archive.org/web/20090417083605/http://www.fodors.com/world/africa-and-middle-east/united-arab-emirates/dubai/feature_30001.html Dubai and the pandemic: https://www.ft.com/content/5ff1cc05-64eb-4e1a-bf53-62c7e62d5a2c Dubai and the Great Recession: https://www.businessinsider.com/dubai-three-years-after-recession-a-road-to-recovery-2011-5 Dubai and covid-19: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/coronavirus-united-arab-emirates-dubai-abu-dhabi/2020/07/12/23fbfef2-bf89-11ea-8908-68a2b9eae9e0_story.html ThoughtCo: https://www.thoughtco.com/where-is-dubai-195601 Note on the first recorded mention of Dubai: https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/books/first-printed-book-on-uae-for-sale-1.2019278 Dubai and Oil: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/11/dubai-uae-transformation/ Oil timeline: https://gulfnews.com/business/energy/oil-in-dubai-history--timeline-1.578333 Aden Emergency: https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/aden-emergency-1963-67 The construction boom: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Gulf-States-Construction-Boom-The-1385117 Another quick summary: https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/history-of-dubai Official tourist website: https://www.visitdubai.com/en/articles/history-of-dubai Broader history of the UAE: https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Arab-Emirates/History

Get your first audiobook and access to a monthly selection of Audible Originals for free when you try Audible for 30 days visit https://www.audible.com/GEOGRAPHICS or text "GEOGRAPHICS" to 500 500! → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This channel is #sponsored by Audible. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Source/Further reading: The Forgotten Holocaust: Accounts from the Bengal famine of 1943 https://www.scribd.com/article/460852711 General Overview: https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/famine-bengal-1943.htm The Famine of 1770: https://www.academia.edu/6977392/A_Forgotten_Holocaust_The_Bengal_Famine_of_1770 The Famine of 1873: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330593945_Drought_and_Famine_in_India_1870-2016 The Famine Inquiry Commission (FIC) report: https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19462900136 Amartya Sen: https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=FVC9eqGkMr8C&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=amartya+sen+famine+and+poverty&ots=ht26EihULm&sig=21Me1DNcEZrnXkDUyQnTW63zXcQ#v=onepage&q=bengal&f=false https://www.jstor.org/stable/4364836 https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~dludden/FamineMortality.pdf Tauger, Oswami and Padmanabhan: https://www.academia.edu/25974488/Entitlement_Shortage_and_the_1943_Bengal_Famine_Another_Look The ‘brown spot’ fungus: https://www.plantwise.org/knowledgebank/datasheet/14691 Prom M. Mufakharul Islam: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4132358 Madhusree Mukerjee: https://www.jstor.org/stable/24479300 Churchill exonerated? https://winstonchurchill.hillsdale.edu/did-churchill-cause-the-bengal-famine/ https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/in-the-media/churchill-in-the-news/bengali-famine/ Geophysical Research Letters: Drought and Famine in India (the 2019 Paper) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330593945_Drought_and_Famine_in_India_1870-2016 Media reports in 2019 about Churchill’s responsibilities: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/churchill-policies-blamed-1943-bengal-famine-study-190401155922122.html https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/29/winston-churchill-policies-contributed-to-1943-bengal-famine-study https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/world-history/winston-churchill-genocide-dictator-shashi-tharoor-melbourne-writers-festival-a7936141.html https://www.historyextra.com/period/famine-a-short-history/

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Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Squarespace. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Source/Further reading: Overview of the Sieges: https://www.visit-andalucia.com/one_post.php?id=305&title=the-14-sieges-of-gibraltar New tactics used in the Big Siege: https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryMagazine/DestinationsUK/History-of-Gibraltar/ An account of the Big Siege: https://www.britishbattles.com/war-of-the-revolution-1775-to-1783/siege-of-gibraltar/ Early History of Gibraltar: https://www.visitgibraltar.gi/history-1704-1911 A Spanish account of the history of Gibraltar: http://www.artearqueohistoria.com/DESCARGAS/REVISTA/2014/22_Historia%20de%20Gibraltar%20en%20sus%20documentos%20siglos%20XVIII-XIX.pdf Meet the Guzmans: http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/6846/alonso-perez-de-guzman http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/39302/enrique-de-guzman http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/13838/enrique-perez-de-guzman-y-meneses

Thanks to Dollar Shave Club for sponsoring. Go to http://DollarShaveClub.com/geographics to get your first starter set for $5. After that, full price products will ship at regular prices. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Dollar Shave Club. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M. Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shannon Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Further reading: Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/place/San-Andreas-Fault US Geological Survey: https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/earthquake-hazards/science/back-future-san-andreas-fault?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects San Andreas Fault facts: https://www.livescience.com/45294-san-andreas-fault.html Also: https://traveltips.usatoday.com/san-andreas-history-22705.html Smithsonian: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/what-will-really-happen-california-when-san-andreas-unleashes-big-one-180955432/ Southern California Public Radio’s excellent, in-depth guide to surviving the Big One: https://the-big-one.scpr.org/stories/ CNN explainer: https://edition.cnn.com/2019/07/06/us/what-is-the-san-andreas-fault-line-trnd/index.html 1906 SF quake: https://www.history.com/topics/natural-disasters-and-environment/1906-san-francisco-earthquake https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-great-san-francisco-earthquake Inequality in earthquakes: https://the-big-one.scpr.org/stories/wealth-gap.html Boil Water warnings: https://the-big-one.scpr.org/stories/water.html Northridge quake: https://www.history.com/topics/natural-disasters-and-environment/1994-northridge-earthquake Fort Tejon earthquake: https://www.cco.caltech.edu/~meltzner/tejon.html Cascadia quake: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/07/20/the-really-big-one

In the 1970s, Cambodia's Khmer Rouge ran a horrifying prison camp called S21 that was at the heart of one of the worst genocides ever recorded. Fewer than 1% of those who stayed there made it out alive. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M. Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: Official website of the genocide museum: https://tuolsleng.gov.kh/en/museum/building/ Killing Fields museum: http://www.killingfieldsmuseum.com/s21-victims.html Overview by USHMM: https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/countries/cambodia/case-study/background/origins-of-the-khmer-rouge In-depth NYT article on the discovery of S-21 and its transformation into a museum: https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/c/chandler-voices.html World Without Genoicde: the Cambodian Genocide: http://worldwithoutgenocide.org/genocides-and-conflicts/cambodia Britannica - detailed history of Cambodia: https://www.britannica.com/place/Cambodia/Independence Biography, Pol Pot: https://www.biography.com/political-figure/pol-pot Britannica: Pol Pot: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pol-Pot BBC- Khmer Rouge era: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-10684399 BBC, the tale of two survivors: https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-33096971 Interesting review of Voices of S21: https://english.cambodiadaily.com/news/review-of-voices-from-s-21-terror-and-history-in-pol-pots-secret-prison-624/ S-21 torture methods: http://www.cambodiatribunal.org/2016/06/16/propaganda-torture-and-french-colonial-heritage-looking-into-the-methods-of-the-khmer-rouge/ Medical experiments? https://thediplomat.com/2012/08/chilling-evidence-in-khmer-rouge-trial/ Cambodian incursions into Vietnam: https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/07/opinion/meanwhile-when-the-khmer-rouge-came-to-kill-in-vietnam.html

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Squarespace. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Arnaldo Teodorani Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: Building the White House: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2016/03-04/building-the-white-house/ https://www.historyextra.com/period/21st-century/white-house-facts-president-usa-american-history-when-was-built-washington-rooms-donald-trump-fire/ https://ncarchitects.lib.ncsu.edu/people/P000229 https://www.bjjee.com/articles/us-president-teddy-roosevelt-avidly-trained-judo-jiu-jitsu/#:~:text=He%20was%20taught%20by%20Yamashita,pounds%20prior%20to%20an%20election. https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/the-white-house/#:~:text=The%20cornerstone%20was%20laid%20in,the%20President's%20House%20in%201814. Protecting the White House: https://www.businessinsider.com/american-presidents-escaped-assassination-attempts-2017-5?r=US&IR=T https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/pdfs/Security-and-the-White-House.pdf https://www.whitehousehistory.org/press-room/press-timelines/guarding-the-white-house https://www.wearethemighty.com/history/white-house-security-measures?rebelltitem=4#rebelltitem4 https://edition.cnn.com/2017/06/14/us/white-house-security-breaches-fast-facts/index.html Haunting the White House: https://www.whitehousehistory.org/press-room-old/white-house-ghost-stories https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/churchill/interactive/_html/2_02_00.html https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/10/30/is-the-white-house-haunted-a-history-of-spooked-presidents-prime-ministers-and-pets/ https://apnews.com/c74a98852f074bc5b5d6162f4fb0f0cf https://www.whitehousehistory.org/seances-in-the-red-room

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Squarespace. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Arnaldo Teodorani Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: Geography and Sightseeing: http://www.lochnesssightings.com/index.asp?pageid=498488 https://www.britainexpress.com/scotland/Loch-Ness/index.htm https://www.britainexpress.com/attractions.htm?attraction=1413 https://www.britainexpress.com/scotland/Highlands/properties/cobb-memorial.htm St Columba: https://www.ncregister.com/blog/astagnaro/st.-columba-and-the-loch-ness-monster Sightings and Hoaxes: http://www.lochnesssightings.com/index.asp?pageid=498483 http://www.nessie.co.uk/htm/the_evidence/analysis.html https://www.historyextra.com/period/20th-century/quest-hunt-find-search-loch-ness-monster-history-facts/ https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/lochness/legend3.html http://hoaxes.org/nessie.html https://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/00000144-0a3a-d3cb-a96c-7b3fe4780000 https://lochness.co.uk/livecam.html Mystery solved? https://www.biotechniques.com/dna-sequencing/monster-hunting-scientists-could-have-solved-the-legend-of-loch-ness/ https://www.lochnesshunters.com/the-results https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=11449130#:~:text=Conger%20includes%20some%20of%20the,nets%20off%20Iceland's%20Westmann%20Islands. Michel Foucault https://www.academia.edu/34090266/Foucault_Michel_._Abnormal_Lectures_at_the_College_de_France_1974-1975_New_York_Picador_2003_Society_Must_Be_Defended_Lectures_at_the_College_de_France_1975-1976_._New_York_Picador_2003

Go to http://go.thoughtleaders.io/1895820200814 for unlimited access to the world’s top documentaries and non­fiction series, and for our listeners, enter the promo code GEOGRAPHICS when prompted during the sign­up process and your membership is completely free for the first 30 days. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Curiosity Stream. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M. Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: Nat Geo simple overview: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/archaeology/lost-city-petra Nat Geo in-depth: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2016/01-02/petra/ History overview: https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-middle-east/petra Britannica summary: https://www.britannica.com/place/Petra-ancient-city-Jordan The Kingdom of Nabatea - in-depth: https://www.ancient.eu/Kingdom_of_Nabatea/ Archeology: https://www.archaeology.org/issues/360-1911/letter-from/8076-jordan-petra-hinterland Burckhardt’s biography: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johann-Ludwig-Burckhardt UNESCO listing: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/326/ New discovery in 2016: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/09/petra-buried-monument-discovered-jordan Modern explorations of Petra: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/petra-jordan-drone-3d-scan-digital-modeling-180970310/ Map of Nabataean Kingdom: https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/4896 Somewhat old, but interesting article from Smithsonian: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/reconstructing-petra-155444564/ Petra in the time of the Coronavirus: https://www.npr.org/2020/05/06/850157824/1st-time-to-see-it-like-this-petra-tourism-workers-long-for-visitors-to-return

Start learning a new language today with Babbel! Get 50% off for six months for a limited time only! https://bit.ly/Geographics3 → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Babbel. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Arnaldo Teodorani Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: History and General Info http://burlingtonandbeyond.co.uk/wp/ https://www.insider.com/inside-burlington-bunker-britains-secret-underground-city-2017-1 https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1409131 http://www.bbc.co.uk/wiltshire/underground_city/ The Bunker for sale https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/dec/16/a-cinema-a-pool-a-bar-inside-the-post-apocalyptic-underground-future https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/burlington-bunker Soviet Nuclear Programme https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/soviets-explode-atomic-bomb British Nuclear Programme https://www.atomicheritage.org/history/british-nuclear-program Close brushes with total nuclear war http://nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/issues/accidents/20-mishaps-maybe-caused-nuclear-war.htm

The first 100 people to go to http://blinkist.com/geographics are going to get unlimited access for one week to try it out. You’ll also get 25% off if you want the full membership. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Blinkist. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Ben Adelman Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected]

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Squarespace. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Arnaldo Teodorani Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: Geographic facts https://brilliantmaps.com/pan-american-highway/ The Dalton HIghway https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/ockhamsrazor/driving-alaska%E2%80%99s-dangerous-dalton-highway/5897030#:~:text=The%20Dalton%20Highway%20is%20no,series%20World's%20Most%20Dangerous%20Roads.&text=The%20highway%20is%20twinned%20with,of%20Prudhoe%20Bay%20to%20Valdez. History of the Pan American Highway https://www.ucf.edu/pegasus/pan-american-highway/ https://www.worldconstructionnetwork.com/features/the-pan-american-highway-from-alaska-to-argentina/ US foreing policy and interest in Latin America https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP79R01012A002400010001-5.pdf https://globalminingobserver.com/meyer-daniel-guggenheim-copper-196 https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=23 The Darien Gap https://www.academia.edu/21306515/Colombia_Panama_and_the_Pan-American_Highway_Agreements_and_Desagreements https://www.cntraveler.com/story/the-60-mile-darien-gap-leaves-the-pan-american-highway-forever-incomplete Cycling record https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/fastest-cycle-journey-of-the-pan-american-highway?fb_comment_id=677632535683297_936995613080320#:~:text=The%20fastest%20cycle%20journey%20of,July%20to%2016%20October%202018. Drug Smuggling https://www.businessinsider.com/heres-how-drugs-are-getting-smuggled-from-south-america-to-the-us-2017-9?r=US&IR=T https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-50807882 Mountain of Death https://www.dangerousroads.org/central-america/costa-rica/78-cerro-de-la-muerte-costa-rica.html Danger in Peru https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/braving-the-pan-american-highway-of-death-1699763/ Atacama desert https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/destinations/south-america/chile/explore-chile-atacama-desert-stargazing/ Ushuaia https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2000/oct/14/argentina

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Go to http://go.thoughtleaders.io/1895720200714 for unlimited access to the world’s top documentaries and non­fiction series, and for our listeners, enter the promo code GEOGRAPHICS when prompted during the sign­up process and your membership is completely free for the first 30 days. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Curiosity Stream. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M. Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: In-depth feature from the New Yorker: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/07/20/the-really-big-one Detailed piece from Scientific American: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/where-the-pacific-northwest-rsquo-s-ldquo-big-one-rdquo-is-more-likely-to-strike/ The mythology of the 1700 quake: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/rosetta-stones/thunderbird-and-the-orphan-tsunami-cascadia-1700/ More on the mythology - excellent examples: https://slate.com/technology/2015/09/earthquakes-and-tsunamis-in-the-pacific-northwest-native-american-myths-and-geoscience.html Could Cascadia trigger the San Andreas fault? https://www.nwpb.org/2019/12/03/the-big-one-and-another-one-research-shows-cascadia-quakes-sometimes-trigger-san-andreas/ The science-y bit: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/data/crust/cascadia.php Cascadia on a map: https://www.nwpb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/THE-BIG-ONE.jpg

Thanks to Dollar Shave Club for sponsoring. Go to http://DollarShaveClub.com/geographics to get your first starter set for $5. After that, full price products will ship at regular prices. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Dollar Shave Club. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M. Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: National Geographic on why Orkney is important: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2014/08/neolithic-orkney/ Good primer on the various sites: https://www.historyextra.com/period/prehistoric/prehistoric-village-people/ Discovering the Ness of Brodgar: https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/oct/06/orkney-temple-centre-ancient-britain Dedicated history site: http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/skarabrae/index.html Daily life in Skara Brae: http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/skarabrae/skarab2.htm Some details on the houses: https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/articles/in_depth_skara_brae/ Skara Brae’s passages: http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/skarabrae/passages.htm The abandonment of Skara Brae: http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/skarabrae/abandon.htm Skara Brae facts: https://www.ancient.eu/Skara_Brae/ Ness of Brodgar facts: https://www.ancient.eu/Ness_of_Brodgar/ Maeshowe facts: https://www.ancient.eu/Maeshowe/ Farmers first arrive on Orkney: https://www.nessofbrodgar.co.uk/orkney-prehistory/the-neolithic/ Orkney trivia: http://www.orkneyjar.com/orkney/trivia.htm

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Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Squarespace. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M. Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: In Our Time BBC podcast: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00s3h3w Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Great-Wall-of-China Ancient History Encyclopedia: https://www.ancient.eu/Great_Wall_of_China/ National Geographic on the Ming Wall: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2016/03-04/the-great-wall-of-china/ Smithsonian: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/the-great-wall-of-china-is-under-siege-825452/ Timeline of the Great Wall: https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/great-wall-construction.htm Map of the Great Wall over various periods: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Map_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China.jpg Warring States Period with map: https://www.ancient.eu/Warring_States_Period/ Han Dynasty explained: https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-china/han-dynasty # Song Dynasty notes: https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-asia/imperial-china/song-dynasty/a/an-introduction-to-the-song-dynasty-9601279 The Great Wall’s name: http://discover.china.org.cn/idiscoverchina/what-do-chinese-call-the-great-wall/ Protecting the Wall: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/jan/27/china.arts The Wall as a nationalist icon: https://books.google.cz/books?id=bYxlFQF1JccC&pg=PA69&lpg=PA69&dq=when+did+the+great+wall+become+a+nationalist+icon&source=bl&ots=Ut28qx2nXF&sig=ACfU3U3ZlrS5ThluEKF4hlVO7BVgeg4uTQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiO_e-0hOjpAhXR26QKHZotCaEQ6AEwCnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=when%20did%20the%20great%20wall%20become%20a%20nationalist%20icon&f=false Useful timeline on all of China’s dynasties (in order): https://www.historyhit.com/the-dynasties-that-ruled-china-in-order/ State of preservation today: https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2016/01/27/464421353/chinas-great-wall-is-crumbling-in-many-places-can-it-be-saved/

This video is brought to you by Raycon, earbuds with great sound at a great price. Check them out at http://buyraycon.com/geographics. More on them in a bit. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Raycon. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M. Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: Overview from History: https://www.history.com/topics/gay-rights/the-stonewall-riots Overview from Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/event/Stonewall-riots How the Mob got involved with gay bars: https://www.history.com/news/how-the-mob-helped-establish-nycs-gay-bar-scene Excellent NYT account, includes balanced view from the police’s side: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/27/nyregion/stonewall-inn-nyc-1969.html Some eyewitness accounts, years after the fact: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/16/us/revisiting-stonewall-memories-history.html Stonewall and gay liberation: https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2019/jun/19/stonewall-50th-anniversary-night-that-unleashed-gay-liberation Were bricks really thrown? https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/31/us/first-brick-at-stonewall-lgbtq.html PBS, some good details about the interior: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/stonewall-inn-through-years/ National Parks Service Stonewall page: https://www.nps.gov/ston/learn/historyculture.htm Media reaction to the riots: https://theconversation.com/how-the-new-york-media-covered-the-stonewall-riots-117954 Bowery Boys podcast on the riots and aftermath: https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cub21ueWNvbnRlbnQuY29tL2QvcGxheWxpc3QvYWFlYTRlNjktYWY1MS00OTVlLWFmYzktYTk3NjAxNDY5MjJiL2NiMmY0ZDNmLTViNjEtNDFjYS1iMjBmLWFiMDYwMDAzMzc3ZS81NTA3ODY3Yi0xMGNjLTRmYWMtODE5MC1hYjA2MDAwMzM3ODcvcG9kY2FzdC5yc3M/episode/OGNlMTEzNWFlY2M0OWRlYmNhMDI4NWJiNzg3MzYzYTY First pride marches: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/first-pride-marches-photos-1-180972379/ Timeline of LGBT rights in the US: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/stonewall-milestones-american-gay-rights-movement/

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This channel is #sponsored by Squarespace. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M. Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: Three part Discovery Channel documentary: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f3IOtLIbQ78 Singapore before Raffles: http://www.nlb.gov.sg/biblioasia/2019/01/23/looking-back-at-700-years-of-singapore/ National Geo documentary on Singapore as the city of the future: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xi6r3hZe5Tg Britannica’s history: https://www.britannica.com/place/Singapore/History Guardian Story of Cities, Singapore: https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/apr/21/story-cities-singapore-carefully-planned-lee-kuan-yew Some early history: https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/singapore/history http://countrystudies.us/singapore/3.htm Lee Kuan Yew biographies: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lee-Kuan-Yew https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/23/world/asia/lee-kuan-yew-founding-father-and-first-premier-of-singapore-dies-at-91.html Stamford Raffles: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Stamford-Raffles Singapore in WWII: https://www.thoughtco.com/world-war-ii-battle-of-singapore-2361472 https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/singapore-falls-to-japan https://www.roots.sg/learn/stories/world-war-ii/story Japanese occupation: http://www.nlb.gov.sg/biblioasia/2019/05/21/wartime-victuals-surviving-the-japanese-occupation/ Sook Ching: https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/arts/fresh-look-at-war Singapore ejected from Malaysia: http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/dc1efe7a-8159-40b2-9244-cdb078755013 Thatcher parising Singapore: https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/106017

Register to receive 700 doubloons, 7 days premium time, 1M credits, and two port slots with 2 premium ships the USS Charleston and the Japanese Ishizuchi when you use code READY4BATTLE2020 and click here → http://warships.thld.co/geographics (Applicable to new users only) Want to play on console? Check out World of Warships Legends https://wowslegends.com → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by World of Warships. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M. Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: A bucketload of statistics: http://cic.cdep.ro/en/general-presentation/palace-of-parliament-the-building Anca Petrescu obituary (paywall): https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/10421302/Anca-Petrescu.html Some interesting notes: https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/blueprintforliving/sense-of-place:-the-palace-of-the-parliament,-bucharest/7843262 CNN: https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/ceausescu-trail-bucharest-romania/index.html Economist: https://www.economist.com/eastern-approaches/2013/11/15/anca-petrescu-eastern-europes-most-controversial-architect Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/22/romania-palace-of-the-parliament-communism-30-years-after-fall-nicolae-ceausescu-christmas-day Romania’s revolution: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50821546 Revolution: https://balkaninsight.com/2019/12/19/new-book-clears-mystery-about-romanias-blood-soaked-revolution/ Footage of the 1989 speech being interrupted: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wWIbCtz_Xwk&feature=youtu.be&t=152 The Bucharest Earthquake of 1977: https://www.inyourpocket.com/bucharest/The-Bucharest-Earthquake-of-1977_71569f Cult of personality: https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/30/magazine/the-cult-of-ceausescu.html Trial and execution video: https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/the-execution/owEqbEU3jGAuDg?hl=en

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Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Geographics. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M. Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Sources: Interesting overview, lots of good facts: https://www.1843magazine.com/travel/liechtenstein-the-magic-princedom Very detailed online resource (in German only, but available here via Google Translate): https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Revolution_1848&prev=search Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/place/Liechtenstein BBC: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17536589 Liechtenstein’s official website, including history: https://www.liechtenstein.li/en/country-and-people/history/creation-of-liechtenstein/ Some pre-history: http://www.liechtensteinusa.org/page/history War of the First Coalition: https://www.thoughtco.com/french-revolutionary-wars-1221703 Confederation of the Rhine: https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/articles/the-confederation-of-the-rhine/ 1809 uprising: https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=de&sp=nmt4&u=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Aufstand_1809&usg=ALkJrhi4jFyhC-Zmea6XW9fYCNvayVzW5g 1831 Riots: https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=de&sp=nmt4&u=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Unruhen_1831/32&usg=ALkJrhiXiYxRb70Oms-_5K3oHOiyFeg1XQ WWI: https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=de&sp=nmt4&u=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Erster_Weltkrieg&usg=ALkJrhjRI-XiFGxNeRvWKuiSC9WHT1-5lQ Rotterdam murders: https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=de&sp=nmt4&u=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Rotter-Entf%25C3%25BChrung&usg=ALkJrhibpGfKnLY9BH428zXMrDf9CSjDlw WWII: https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=de&sp=nmt4&u=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Zweiter_Weltkrieg&usg=ALkJrhhHChO-3A9hSrfzZQEt9DN-6qRr_g Liechtenstein Czech dispute: https://www.dw.com/en/liechtenstein-prince-loses-court-case-over-property-seized-by-czechs-after-world-war-ii/a-52531651 Money laundering: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2002/oct/27/theobserver.observerbusiness9

The first 100 people to go to http://blinkist.com/geographics are going to get unlimited access for one week to try it out. You’ll also get 25% off if you want the full membership. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Blinkist. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Arnaldo Teodorani Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: Dien Bien Phu Today – tourism and memory https://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/Attractions-g662329-Activities-Dien_Bien_Phu_Dien_Bien_Province.html https://www.indochinatravelpackages.com/blogs/dien-bien-phu-tourist-attractions/ https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2006_num_93_350_4197 https://www.indochinatravelpackages.com/blogs/dien-bien-phu-tourist-attractions/ The Battle https://books.google.com/books/about/Hell_in_a_Very_Small_Place.html?id=sHvOA9VGbwYC https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02rsxrv https://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/fr/la-bataille-de-dien-bien-phu https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/01/dien-bien-phu-battle-france-vietnam-indochina-war https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-27243803 http://foreignlegion.info/battle-of-dien-bien-phu/ https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1991/BHD.htm Genevieve de Galard, the Angel nurse of Dien Bien Phu https://www.lexpress.fr/actualites/1/styles/genevieve-de-galard-l-infirmiere-de-dien-bien-phu-n-a-rien-oublie_1536280.html German legionnaires at Dien Bien Phu: https://www.lexpress.fr/actualites/1/styles/des-legionnaires-allemands-en-premiere-ligne-a-dien-bien-phu_1536281.html Antonio, the Italian legionnaire https://ricerca.gelocal.it/mattinopadova/archivio/mattinopadova/2017/09/13/padova-toni-il-ragazzino-legionario-che-fini-ucciso-in-indocina-34.html https://www.lanazione.it/arezzo/cultura/i-diari-del-premio-pieve-antonio-cocco-in-vietnam-per-un-votaccio-1.3378370 Phan Thanh Tam. Viet Minh painter https://www.lexpress.fr/culture/livre/carnet-de-guerre-d-un-jeune-viet-minh-a-dien-bien-phu_971856.html https://vietnamtheartofwar.com/1932/06/27/pham-thanh-tam-biography/

Try Dashlane Premium free on your first device: http://www.dashlane.com/geographics. Use the coupon code ‘geograhics’ to get 10% off Dashlane Premium. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Dashlane. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M. Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: Extremely detailed overview of the Trail: https://www.historynet.com/oregon-trail History’s take: https://www.history.com/topics/westward-expansion/oregon-trail The Great Emigration Begins: https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/a-thousand-pioneers-head-west-on-the-oregon-trail Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Oregon-Trail History and culture (via the National Park Service):https://www.nps.gov/oreg/learn/historyculture/index.htm The Donner Party: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2017/06/donner-party-cannibalism-nation-west/ Oregon Treaty: https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/oregon-territory https://www.nwcouncil.org/reports/columbia-river-history/treatyoforegon Manifest Destiny: https://www.history.com/topics/westward-expansion/manifest-destiny Law and order on the trail: https://www.legendsofamerica.com/crime-punishment-overland-trail/ California genocide: https://www.history.com/news/californias-little-known-genocide Recreating the trail in 2015: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/07/150712-oregon-trail-history-pioneers-ngbooktalk/

Enjoy my educational content? Well, why not check out my new channel Megaprojects: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0woBco6Dgcxt0h8SwyyOmw → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M. Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: Description and discovery: https://www.ancient.eu/Newgrange/ Archeology and symbolism: https://www.museum.ie/Archaeology/The-Winter-solstice-at-Newgrange Official website: http://www.worldheritageireland.ie/bru-na-boinne/historical-background/ Britannica, basic facts: https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Newgrange/601152 Neolithic Ireland: https://www.britannica.com/place/Ireland/Neolithic-Period UNESCO listing: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/659/ Religious aspects of the solstice: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09bfnhc Travel doc on visiting for solstice: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08590kb Is the solstice roofbox only 50 years old? https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/newgrange-sun-trap-may-be-only-50-years-old-says-archaeologist-1.2913483 Arrival of the Beaker Folk: https://mythicalireland.com/MI/blog/ancient-sites/the-beaker-people-and-their-replacement-of-neolithic-dna-is-this-remembered-in-irish-myth/ Iron Age Newgrange: https://www.academia.edu/28884815/The_Br%C3%BA_A_Hiberno-Roman_Cult_Site_at_Newgrange Rediscovering Newgrange: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/20/travel/ireland-newgrange-ancient-passage-tombs-mounds.html Visiting today: https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/newgrange-ireland-stone-age/index.html

Thanks to Dollar Shave Club for sponsoring. Go to http://DollarShaveClub.com/geographics to get your first starter set for $5. After that, full price products will ship at regular prices. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Dollar Shave Club. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M. Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: BBC - The Monster Atomic Bomb that was too Big to Use: https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170816-the-monster-atomic-bomb-that-was-too-big-to-use Atomic heritage foundation: https://www.atomicheritage.org/history/tsar-bomba Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tsar-Bomba History of Severny and the Novaya Zemlya: https://www.britannica.com/place/Novaya-Zemlya#ref78301 Some good descriptions of damage caused: https://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Russia/TsarBomba.html Slate, with some descriptions of the island pre-test: http://www.slate.com/blogs/atlas_obscura/2014/10/30/tsar_bomba_the_most_powerful_nuclear_weapon_ever.html Atlas Obscura: https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/novaya-zemlya Gizmodo: https://gizmodo.com/the-biggest-bomb-in-the-history-of-the-world-5977824 What would happen if Tsar Bomba had landed on Nagasaki: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/heres-what-nagasaki-would-have-looked-like-if-the-tsar-bomba-had-replaced-fat-man-17038940/ Medium: https://medium.com/war-is-boring/the-tsar-bomba-was-a-50-megaton-monster-nuke-6855dcaeb618 Andrei Sakharov, father of the Soviet hydrogen bomb: https://www.atomicheritage.org/profile/andrei-d-sakharov Sakharov’s change to dissident: http://blog.nuclearsecrecy.com/2014/01/31/sakharovs-turning-point-first-soviet-h-bomb-test/ USSR hydrogen weapons program: https://www.atomicheritage.org/history/soviet-hydrogen-bomb-program Nenets people today (pictures): https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2019/aug/21/a-world-of-fire-and-ice-life-with-the-nenets-in-pictures Nuclear stockpiles by country: https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/Nuclearweaponswhohaswhat

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Squarespace. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M. Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: What if Yellowstone actually erupted: https://www.vox.com/2014/9/5/6108169/yellowstone-supervolcano-eruption How you could tell an eruption was coming: https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/what-might-happen-if-yellowstone-were-really-heading-towards-an-eruption National Geo, When Yellowstone erupts: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2009/08/yellowstone/ Old BBC predictions on how the eruption could effect Europe: http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/supervolcano/article2.shtml Why Yellowstone probably won’t erupt: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/rosetta-stones/will-yellowstone-erupt-soon-and-kill-us-all/ Supervolcano 101: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/earth/reference/supervolcano-yellowstone/ Timeline of Yellowstone’s prehistory: https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/volcano.htm Britannica’s history of Yellowstone: https://www.britannica.com/place/Yellowstone-National-Park Pre-park years: https://yellowstone.net/history/timeline/the-pre-park-years-1795-1871 Comparing the Explosivity Index of recent eruptions: https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/msh/comparisons.html Supereruption Q&A: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/yellowstone/yellowstone_sub_page_91.html Why Ring of Fire earthquakes can’t cause Yellowstone to erupt: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/yellowstone/article_home.html?vaid=211 Tambora eruption figures: https://www.wired.com/2015/04/tambora-1815-just-big-eruption/

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Try Dashlane Premium free on your first device: http://www.dashlane.com/geographics. Use the coupon code ‘geographics’ to get 10% off Dashlane Premium. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Dashlane. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Arnaldo Teodorani Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected]

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Go to https://NordVPN.com/geox or use code GEOX to get 70% off a 3 year plan plus 1 additional month free. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by NordVPN. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: https://www.ancient.eu/Machu_Picchu/ https://www.britannica.com/place/Machu-Picchu https://www.history.com/topics/south-america/machu-picchu https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/peru/machu-picchu/secrets/ In Our Time podcast on the Inca: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0005t68 BBC Radio doc on finding Machu Picchu: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b015cmrt Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui: https://www.ancient.eu/Pachacuti_Inca_Yupanqui/ Fall of the Inca Empire: https://www.ancient.eu/article/915/pizarro--the-fall-of-the-inca-empire/ That time a beer commercial damaged the sacred site! http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/923415.stm Building Machu Picchu: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/wright-inca-engineering/ Machu Picchu’s water system: https://www.archaeology.org/issues/59-1301/76-sidebars/394-machu-picchu-inca-hydraulic-engineering The Inca writing system: https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23931972-600-we-thought-the-incas-couldnt-write-these-knots-change-everything/ Yale and the missing objects: https://www.npr.org/2010/12/15/132083890/yale-returns-machu-picchu-artifacts-to-peru Machu Picchu visitors per year: https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-travel/how-many-tourists-visited-machu-picchu-in-2018

Want some fun with your facts? Check out BUSINESS BLAZE: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M. Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: Brief history before atomic tests: https://www.bikiniatoll.com/history.html See also: https://www.everyculture.com/Oceania/Bikini.html Marshall Islands history and culture: http://mistories.org/intro.php Operation Crossroads: https://www.atomicheritage.org/history/operation-crossroads https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/crazy-story-1946-bikini-atoll-nuclear-tests-180963833/ The sad story of what happened to the Bikinians during their exodus: https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2002/aug/06/travelnews.nuclearindustry.environment A history of the tests, the islanders, and how Bikini came to mean swimwear: https://theconversation.com/bikini-islanders-still-deal-with-fallout-of-us-nuclear-tests-more-than-70-years-later-58567 UNESCO designation: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1339/ History of the Marshall Islands: https://www.britannica.com/place/Marshall-Islands/History History of German colonies in Asia Pacific: https://www.nla.gov.au/selected-library-collections/german-colonies-in-the-pacific Radioactivity of the Marshall Islands: https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/jpgjwg/after-70-years-of-fallout-will-bikini-atoll-ever-be-safe-again-marshall-islands-nuclear-tests Castle Bravo: https://www.atomicheritage.org/history/castle-bravo https://medium.com/war-is-boring/those-who-witnessed-castle-bravo-looked-into-armageddon-fa7610578413 Footage of the Baker test: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zTk0IH_Y0iY Bikini Atoll climate change: https://grist.org/article/the-u-s-forced-bikini-islanders-to-deal-with-nuclear-tests-and-climate-change-now-its-walking-away/

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Squarespace. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M. Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: St Helena, island prison: https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/articles/saint-helena-prison-island/ History of the island: https://www.britannica.com/place/Saint-Helena-island-South-Atlantic-Ocean/History Battle of Leipzig: https://www.history.com/topics/france/battle-of-leipzig Napoleon’s downfall: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Napoleon-I/Downfall-and-abdication Longwood House history: https://sainthelenaisland.info/longwoodhouse.htm Napoleon at Longwood: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/journey-st-helen-home-napoleon-last-days-180971638/ Napoleon’s fall and exile on Elba: https://shannonselin.com/2016/02/how-did-napoleon-escape-from-elba/ https://www.historytoday.com/napoleon-elba-1814 https://time.com/3714089/napoleon-exile-history/ Escape from Elba: https://www.history.com/news/elba-exile-napoleon-escape The Hundred Days: https://www.britannica.com/event/Hundred-Days-French-history https://historycollection.co/napoleons-hundred-days-legendary-french-commander-met-waterloo/ Exile on St Helena: https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/Napoleons-Exile-on-St-Helena/ Napoleon on St Helena: https://shannonselin.com/2015/10/napoleons-arrival-at-st-helena/ Why St Helena? https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/articles/why-st-helena/ Escape plans and shenanigans: https://shannonselin.com/2013/11/could-napoleon-have-escaped-from-st-helena/ Napoleon’s death: https://www.historyextra.com/period/georgian/where-when-what-killed-napoleon-bonaparte-died-st-helena-was-murdered/

The first 100 people to go to http://blinkist.com/geographics are going to get unlimited access for one week to try it out. You’ll also get 25% off if you want the full membership. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Blinkist. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M. Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: English Heritage, lots of information: https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/stonehenge/history-and-stories/history/ Interactive maps of Stonehenge over the decades: https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/stonehenge/history-and-stories/stonehenge-landscape/ History’s take: https://www.history.com/topics/british-history/stonehenge Nat Geo: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/archaeology/stonehenge/ Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Stonehenge Ancient history: https://www.ancient.eu/stonehenge/ Cracking the mystery: http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20170713-why-stonehenge-was-built Amesbury Archer: https://salisburymuseum.org.uk/collections/stonehenge-prehistory/amesbury-archer Changing populations in Britain (Beaker folk, etc): https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/news/2018/february/the-beaker-people-a-new-population-for-ancient-britain.html https://www.nhm.ac.uk/press-office/press-releases/ancient-dna-shows-migrants-introduced-farming-to-britain-from-eu.html Stonehenge Barrows: https://heritagecalling.com/2015/07/10/a-brief-introduction-to-bronze-age-barrows/ Medieval references: https://sarahpeverley.com/2017/01/14/medieval-depictions-of-stonehenge/ https://www.medievalists.net/2017/06/medieval-history-stonehenge/ Inigo Jones, Stonehenge: https://www.bl.uk/picturing-places/articles/inigo-jones-and-the-ruins-of-stonehenge Stonehenge ownership: http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/wiltshire/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_9020000/9020849.stm https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-34282849 Stonehenge aerodrome: https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/stonehenge/history-and-stories/first-world-war-aerodrome/ 100 years of care: http://blog.english-heritage.org.uk/stonehenge-100-years-of-care/ Stonehenge in art - lots of images here: https://artuk.org/discover/stories/stonehenge-in-art 1950s restoration: http://blog.english-heritage.org.uk/excavation-restoration-stonehenge-1950s-60s/

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Squarespace. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Arnaldo Teodorani Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: Official website http://www.sanmarino.sm/on-line/home.html Facts http://www.deagostinigeografia.it/wing/schedapaese.jsp?idpaese=151 https://www.closestairportto.com/city/san-marino/san-marino/ http://www.sanmarino.sm/on-line/home.html https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sm.html Food https://www.sanmarinosite.com/territorio/gastronomia/ http://www.visitsanmarino.com/contenuto/About-San-Marino/Gastronomia.html History http://www.sanmarino.sm/on-line/home/san-marino/storia.html Lincoln’s honorary citizenship https://history.state.gov/countries/san-marino Fascism in San Marino http://www.educazione.sm/on-line/home/docenti/risorse-per-la-didattica/addendum-sammarinese/documento41070668.html Jewish refugees in San Marino http://www.educazione.sm/on-line/home/docenti/risorse-per-la-didattica/documento41110251.html Crime https://sanmarinortv.sm/news/politica-c2/insediata-la-commissione-consiliare-sulle-infiltrazioni-della-criminalita-organizzata-a182617 https://www.sanmarinortv.sm/news/cronaca-c3/direzione-antimafia-crimini-ambientali-in-aumento-a182609 https://www.iltempo.it/politica/2015/08/07/gallery/paradiso-fiscale-e-paradossi-di-s-marino-984562/ https://espresso.repubblica.it/attualita/cronaca/2012/09/19/news/san-marino-stato-di-camorra-1.46685 https://giornalesm.com/san-marino-vallefuoco-e-sinatra-alla-sbarra-a-rimini-processo-vulcano/ Olympics https://www.cons.sm/san-marino-team/ https://www.paolociraci.it/olimpiadi/medaglie-san-marino-smr.htm Micro-State Games https://www.cons.sm/games_categories/giochi-dei-piccoli-stati-deuropa/ Manuel Poggiali https://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Manuel+Poggiali https://www.crash.net/motogp/news/914587/1/twotime-champion-poggiali-becomes-gresini-rider-coach Little Tony https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0514510/bio https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/10123461/Little-Tony.html http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/notizie/2013-05-27/morto-roma-little-toni-223532.shtml?uuid=AbwYKrzH Cakegate https://palermo.gds.it/articoli/cronaca/2015/05/14/voleva-la-torta-di-little-pony-ma-si-ritrova-la-faccia-di-little-tony-delusione-per-una-bimba-b3a6a4c2-d5cf-45b1-9119-77fe196c5dde/ Eurovision 2015 https://eurovision.tv/participant/anita-simoncini-michele-perniola

Get started with Dollar Shave Club for just $5: http://dollarshaveclub.com/geographics → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Dollar Shave Club. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: Overview: https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/battle-of-gettysburg History of the town, pre-Civil War: https://www.destinationgettysburg.com/history-of-gettysburg.asp https://www.gettysburgpa.gov/history Notes on the effect of the battle on the town: https://www.nps.gov/gett/learn/historyculture/index.htm Details of battle and casualty statistics: https://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/battles/gettysburg https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/gettysburg Britannica’s in-depth take: https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Gettysburg Excellent podcast analysing the Gettysburg Address: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07c2w5j Text of the Gettysburg Address: http://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/gettysburg.htm Ghosts of the battlefield: https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/oct/30/halloween-gettysburg-americas-most-haunted-town French and Indian War: https://history.state.gov/milestones/1750-1775/french-indian-war Missouri Compromise: https://www.britannica.com/event/Missouri-Compromise Lead up to Civil War: https://www.britannica.com/topic/secession Fort Sumter: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/fort-sumter-the-civil-war-begins-1018791/ Gettysburg and shoes: http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2015/03/battle-gettysburg-really-begin-search-shoes/ https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/169278 https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/7-gettysburg-myths-and-misconceptions

Get started with Curiosity Stream: http://go.thoughtleaders.io/1650520200225 → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Curiosity Stream. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M. Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: Overview: https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/chicxulub-crater Discovery of the impact crater: http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20181111-the-buried-secrets-of-the-deadliest-location-on-earth Life in the Cretaceous period: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/prehistoric-world/cretaceous/ https://www.britannica.com/science/Cretaceous-Period The day of impact: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/dinosaur-killing-asteroid-impact-chicxulub-crater-timeline-destruction-180973075/ https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/09/last-day-dinosaurs-reign-captured-stunning-detail/ The weeks after impact: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/what-happened-seconds-hours-weeks-after-dino-killing-asteroid-hit-earth-180960032/ http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160415-what-really-happened-when-the-dino-killer-asteroid-struck Why the impact struck the worst possible place: https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-39922998 How the impact was good for bacteria https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/01/science/asteroid-dinosaurs-crater-bacteria.html Quick re-emergence of life: https://www.space.com/36239-dinosaur-killing-asteroid-strike-chicxulub-life-return.html Alternative, volcano theory: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/02/what-actually-killed-dinosaurs-volcanoes-heat-up-debate/ https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/09/dinosaur-extinction-debate/565769/ Permian-Triassic extinction: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/prehistoric-world/permian-extinction/ Former theories for what killed the dinos: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2016/04/160418-what-killed-dinosaurs-chicxulub-crater-drill-science/ https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-top-ten-weirdest-dinosaur-extinction-ideas-23642539/ First dino fossils discovered: http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150603-the-land-that-gave-us-dinosaurs Math on the yield of Chicxulub vs Tsar Bomba: https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3dur1q/how_many_tsar_bombas_would_it_take_to_match_the/

Check out Business Blaze: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYY5GWf7MHFJ6DZeHreoXgw → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M. Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: Detailed Lore podcast on Clipperton Island: https://www.lorepodcast.com/episodes/35 Narrative version of the tale: https://www.damninteresting.com/the-tyrant-clipperton-island/ General overview: https://www.britannica.com/place/Clipperton-Island Clipperton Island timeline: https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/oceania/cp-history.htm Some extra facts: http://admin.nationalgeographic.org/projects/pristine-seas/expeditions/clipperton-atoll/ General overview, Mexican perspective: https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/english/island-mexico-lost-france Synopsis: https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/clipperton-island A history of guano: https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/when-the-western-world-ran-on-guano Islands claimed under the US Guano Islands Act: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/9/140926-pacific-island-guano-national-monument-history/ Scurvy: https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/scurvy

Check out Curiosity Stream: http://go.thoughtleaders.io/1634420200211 → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Curiosity Stream. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M. Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: Photoessay documenting the changes in Kazakhstan: https://avauntmagazine.com/fishing-camels-of-the-aral-sea/ How Kazakhstan is reviving the sea, while Uzbekistan is killing it: https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20180719-how-kazakhstan-brought-the-aral-sea-back-to-life The second phase of the Kokaral dam: https://kazakh-tv.kz/en/view/society/page_203237_restoration-of-aral-sea-is-common-responsibility Nat Geo’s take: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2015/06/vanishing-aral-sea-kazakhstan-uzbekistan/ Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/place/Aral-Sea The view on the ground (BBC podcast): https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02k871g Virgin Lands Campaign: https://www.rbth.com/multimedia/history/2017/08/16/virgin-lands-campaign-how-the-ussr-tried-to-counter-food-shortages_823652 Map of the Aral Sea changing over time: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/world-of-change/AralSea The Aral Sea in the Medieval Period: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225573961_Extent_of_the_Aral_Sea_Drop_in_the_Middle_Ages Child Mortality rates by country, 1990-2018: https://www.unicef.org/media/60561/file/UN-IGME-child-mortality-report-2019.pdf

Get Dollar Shave Club! http://dollarshaveclub.com/geographics → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Dollar Shave Club. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: History: https://www.space.com/33947-baikonur-cosmodrome.html History (somewhat outdated site, but its info largely appears accurate): http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_origin.html http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_foundation.html Sputnik: https://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/ https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Mission_Odissea_-_F._De_Winne_-_english/Baikonur_from_the_steppes_of_Kazakhstan_to_space Sergei Pavlovich Korolev: https://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/mar/13/yuri-gagarin-first-space-korolev Laika and Sputnik II: https://www.space.com/17764-laika-first-animals-in-space.html Kazakhstan-Russia lease agreement: https://www.globalsecurity.org/space/world/russia/baikonur4.htm On rituals and faith in spaceflight: https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/g1695/inside-russias-baikonur-cosmodrome-spaceport/?slide=1 https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20140610-the-strange-rituals-of-cosmonauts Clip from The White Sun of the Desert: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=erABk3zHSFY

The first 500 people who click the link in the description will get 2 free months of Skillshare Premium: https://skl.sh/geographics → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Skillshare. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: Popular Mechanics, history and future: https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/infrastructure/a22539919/the-hoover-dam-changed-americaand-it-might-do-it-again/ National Parks Service: https://www.nps.gov/articles/nevada-and-arizona-hoover-dam.htm ThoughtCo history: https://www.thoughtco.com/geography-of-hoover-dam-1435729 History: https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/building-of-hoover-dam-begins Interesting podcast on the engineering behind it all: https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/unprofessional-engineering/e/hoover-dam-yeah-you-wont-believe-what-all-went-into-it-46761947 What’s under the lake: http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20140917-nevadas-secret-underwater-world 1902 Reclamation Act: https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Blog/Item/The%20Arid%20West%20The%20Newlands%20Reclamation%20Act%20of%201902 St Francis Dam failure, 1928 - effects on Hoover Dam: http://failuremag.com/article/the-st.-francis-dam-failure# Colorado River Compact, 1922: https://www.britannica.com/place/Colorado-River-United-States-Mexico/Economic-development#ref466005 Hoover Dam strike: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/hoover-workers-strike/ Repayment: https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-05-31-mn-9239-story.html Naming: https://time.com/4045046/hoover-dam-name-history/ First hydroelectric dam: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/sep30/first-hydroelectric-plant-opens/ Lake Mead’s decline: https://www.latimes.com/business/hiltzik/la-fi-hiltzik-lake-mead-20190208-story.html Future of the dam: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/07/24/business/energy-environment/hoover-dam-renewable-energy.html

Get started with Curiosity Stream: http://go.thoughtleaders.io/1650620200114 → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Curiosity Stream. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Arnaldo Teodorani Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: Five things to do https://www.atlasobscura.com/things-to-do/easter-island-chile Thor Heyerdal http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/thor/ https://www.kon-tiki.no/expeditions/easter-island-expedition/ The Rapa Nui https://theculturetrip.com/south-america/chile/articles/a-brief-history-of-the-rapa-nui-islanders/ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/easter-island-society-collapse-natives-revealed-study-rapa-nui-a8489476.html Secrets and History of Easter Island, including function of the Moai: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-secrets-of-easter-island-59989046/ https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/world-heritage/easter-island/ https://www.cnn.com/2018/08/13/world/easter-island-statue-study-intl/index.html https://listverse.com/2014/08/19/10-fascinating-theories-surrounding-easter-island/ https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/03/scientists-think-theyve-solved-one-mystery-of-easter-islands-statues/ https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0210409 Prof Diamond’s Ecocide theory: https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/jan/15/society Dr Jarman’s and Prof Lipo’s counter-theories: https://theconversation.com/the-truth-about-easter-island-a-sustainable-society-has-been-falsely-blamed-for-its-own-demise-85563 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ajpa.23273 http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/02/160222-easter-island-rapa-nui-collapse-archaeology-moai-mataa-warfare-weapons-Jared-Diamond/ Unesco site, many pictures and videos available here: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/715/

Sponsored by World of Warships! Register to receive 250 doubloons, 1M Credits, the USS Charleston premium ship, one port slot and 3 days premium time when you use code BATTLESTATIONS2020 and click here: http://go.thoughtleaders.io/1674220200130 Applicable to new users only. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by World of Warships. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: Excellent overview of building the Great Pyramid: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2017/01-02/egypt-great-pyramids-giza-plateau/ Report on direct sources for early construction, plus building details: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/ancient-egypt-shipping-mining-farming-economy-pyramids-180956619/ Slaves? No, probably not: https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/were-jews-ever-really-slaves-in-egypt-1.5208519 Podcast on the myths and facts behind building the Pyramids (multiple parts): https://ourfakehistory.com/index.php/episodes/episode-97-who-built-the-pyramids-part-i/ Britannica overview: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pyramids-of-Giza Overview beyond Giza: https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/the-egyptian-pyramids Fourth Dynasty: https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Egypt/The-Old-Kingdom-c-2575-c-2130-bce-and-the-First-Intermediate-period-c-2130-1938-bce#ref22296 Building the Sphinx:https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-egypt/the-sphinx Snefru: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Snefru Khufu: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Khufu http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/khufu.shtml Khafre: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Khafre-king-of-Egypt

Signup for your FREE trial to The Great Courses Plus here: http://ow.ly/bJh530qdmJM → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by The Great Courses Plus. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: History of the hotel: https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/ryugyong-hotel-architecture-origins/index.html Overview: https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/ryugyong-hotel North Korean famine: https://www.history.com/news/north-koreas-devastating-famine In depth: https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2011/12/how-kim-jong-il-starved-north-korea/250244/ Tales of the famine: https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/north-koreas-hunger Cannibalism in the famine: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/02/05/the-cannibals-of-north-korea/ Kim eating pizza as his countrymen starve: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3559266.stm History podcast on Kim Jong-il, the handover of power, and the famine: https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/joe-streckert/interesting-times/e/54416554?autoplay=true How the LEDs were installed: https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/2180004/ryugyong-worlds-tallest-empty-hotel-dazzles-north-korean-capital Some words on Pyongyang architecture: https://failedarchitecture.com/pleasure-postponed-pyongyangs-tourist-hotels/ Juche explained: https://www.vox.com/world/2018/6/18/17441296/north-korea-propaganda-ideology-juche 2014 apartment collapse: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-27459186

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for a 10% off on your first purchase In today’s Geographics, we’re headed for downtown Los Angeles, to the area known as Skid Row. At the intersection of South Main and 7th Street stands the Cecil Hotel, which infamously became known as ‘the deadliest hotel in LA’, or ‘LA’s tower of terror’, or even as ‘the most haunted hotel in Los Angeles.’ This video is #sponsored by Squarespace. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Arnaldo Teodorani Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected]

Go to http://go.thoughtleaders.io/1650420200128 for unlimited access to the world’s top documentaries and non­fiction series, and for our listeners, enter the promo code ‘biographics’ when prompted during the sign­up process and your membership is completely free for the first 30 days. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Curiosity Stream. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Arnaldo Teodorani Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: Watch our video about Pocahontas: https://youtu.be/yLt62E635O8 Visiting Jamestown https://historicjamestowne.org/ https://historicjamestowne.org/archaeology/angela-site/ https://historicjamestowne.org/visit/plan-your-visit/new-towne/ https://historicjamestowne.org/visit/plan-your-visit/fort-site/ https://historicjamestowne.org/collections/archaearium/ Indentured servitude https://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/feature/indentured-servants-in-the-us/ Cannibalism https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/skeleton-of-teenage-girl-confirms-cannibalism-at-jamestown-colony/2013/05/01/5af5b474-b1dc-11e2-9a98-4be1688d7d84_story.html http://www.history.org/Foundation/journal/Winter07/jamestownSide.cfm http://www.history.org/Foundation/journal/Winter07/jamestown.cfm https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/5/130501-jamestown-cannibalism-archeology-science/ History of Jamestown https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Cpa9237hhfEC&oi=fnd&pg=PA175&dq=jamestown+colony&ots=FHrTaqanaF&sig=fvOpqFU4JUHvnfxq5lGXK1oJ25I#v=onepage&q=jamestown&f=false https://www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/a-short-history-of-jamestown.htm https://www.historyisfun.org/jamestown-settlement/history-jamestown/ https://www.nationalgeographic.org/photo/jamestown-1607-clash-cultures/ https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/07/150728-jamestown-archaeology-forensics-pocahontas-history-skeletons-religion/ https://historicjamestowne.org/history/history-of-jamestown/ Why did it almost fail https://www.americanhistoryusa.com/why-was-jamestown-colony-such-a-mess/ George Percy’s ‘A trewe relacyon’ http://www.history.org/Foundation/journal/Winter07/jamestownDiary.cfm https://www.history.org/index.cfm?showSite=mobile Pocahontas https://historycollection.co/16-facts-about-the-real-pocahontas/ https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/true-story-pocahontas-180962649/

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics for 10% off on your first purchase → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Squarespace. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Arnaldo Teodorani Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: Story and description of the house https://www.toptenz.net/10-interesting-facts-about-the-winchester-mystery-house.php https://mysteriousuniverse.org/2019/03/the-bizarre-tale-of-the-winchester-mystery-house/ https://winchestermysteryhouse.com/sarahs-story/ https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/527411/14-haunting-facts-about-winchester-mystery-house Life of Sarah Winchester https://www.biography.com/personality/sarah-winchester https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/527411/14-haunting-facts-about-winchester-mystery-house Mary Jo Ignoffo’s biography of Sarah https://www.mercurynews.com/2010/11/05/first-full-length-biography-of-rifle-heiress-sarah-winchester-by-south-bay-author-mary-jo-ignoffo-challenges-some-legends/ Haunted house? https://allthatsinteresting.com/winchester-mystery-house https://eu.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2018/01/30/winchester-house-helen-mirren-true-story/1076785001/ The WInchester ‘73 http://homesteadfirearms.com/appraisals/winchester/1873/history-1873.htm https://truewestmagazine.com/rifles-frontier-era/ Richard Allen Wagner http://thetruthaboutthewinchesterhouse.com/ http://thetruthaboutsarahwinchester.com/

Out on the vast plains of the Kazakh steppe lies a place with an eerie secret. Covering an 18,500 square km stretch of wilderness, it looks to all intents and purposes like just another swathe of endless grassland. Yet this quiet exterior hides a sinister past. During the years of the Soviet Union, this area was strictly off-limits.Those who could get close enough witnessed blinding flashes, watched in awe as mushroom clouds expanded across the sky. This place’s name was the Semipalatinsk test site, also known as the Polygon. Today, we know it as the most-nuked place on Earth. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M. Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: History: https://www.historytoday.com/archive/behind-times/kazakhstan%E2%80%99s-nuclear-nightmare Effects of individual blasts on human health: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01034-8 Photos of some deformities, etc (WARNING): https://www.edouphoto.com/index.php?/project/under-a-nuclear-cloud/ History and sites of Polygon: https://caravanistan.com/kazakhstan/north/semey/kurchatov-polygon/ Soviet Atomic program: https://www.atomicheritage.org/history/soviet-atomic-program-1946 US Nuclear testing: https://www.atomicheritage.org/location/nevada-test-site https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jun/06/downwinders-nuclear-fallout-hollywood-john-wayne Lavrentiy Beria Biographics: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FbTwOHMp0ps

What’s that landscape of idyllic valleys nestled on the Pyrenees mountain range? Is it a Spain? Is it a France? No, it’s the 16th smallest country in the world, the Principality of Andorra. Join me in Today’s Geographics, as we explore some useful and pointless facts about this charming country. We will learn about Andorra’s unique system of government, its history and about that one time when a con artist became its King … → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Arnaldo Teodorani Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: History https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsEurope/FranceAndorra.htm https://www.everyculture.com/A-Bo/Andorra.html https://all-andorra.com/history/ https://www.studycountry.com/guide/AD-history.htm Facts https://everything-everywhere.com/8-facts-about-andorra/ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/an.html King Boris https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesEurope/EasternRussia_Skossyreff01.htm https://www.albedomedia.com/cultura/historiografia/venturas-y-desventuras-del-rey-de-andorra/ Tax haven and scandals https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/092815/why-andorra-considered-tax-haven.asp https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/02/andorra-to-renounce-banking-secrecy-as-it-sheds-tax-haven-status https://www.ft.com/content/bcedb7ae-cf1b-11e4-9949-00144feab7de https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/business/international/andorra-follows-up-on-us-inquiry-by-cracking-down-on-bpa.html https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/10/16/inenglish/1571227960_029446.html Anthem http://www.andorramania.uk/anthem-of-andorra.php http://en.tapartoche.com/form/page-partition.php?miniature=5892.gif https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2019/09/07/france-coach-apologises-albania-andorran-anthem-played-euro/ Clean energy https://www.evwind.es/2019/12/12/replace-andorras-thermal-coal-with-wind-energy-solar-and-storage/72437

It’s one of the most iconic sights in Australia, perhaps in the world. In the Central Desert, a vast sandstone monolith rises from an endless flat plain, its red walls changing color with the shifting sunlight. Taller than the Eiffel Tower, older than the Himalayas, and covering more area than the entire nation of Monaco, it goes by the ancient name of Uluru. Today, it is one of the most sacred places in the entire world. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: Timeline: https://www.environment.gov.au/topics/national-parks/uluru-kata-tjuta-national-park/culture-and-history/history-park Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/place/Uluru-Ayers-Rock#ref210100 Aganu stories: https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/culture/stories/ Aganu culture: https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/culture/ History of Uluru as tourist site: https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/history/ Geological history: https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2017-06-27/how-did-uluru-and-kata-tjuta-form/8572068 https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/discover/nature/geology/ The impacts and thoughts behind closing Uluru to climbers: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/24/world/australia/uluru-climbing-ban.html https://www.vice.com/en_au/article/bj5xn8/the-strange-sad-history-of-people-climbing-uluru Origins of the aboriginals: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/science/aboriginal-australians-dna-origins-australia.html Aboriginals and colonials: https://australianstogether.org.au/discover/australian-history/colonisation/ Ernest Giles: http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/giles-ernest-3611 William Gosse diary: https://collections.slsa.sa.gov.au/resource/D+6994/8(L) Extinct Shrimp in Uluru rock pools: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-09-29/tourist-poo-killed-rare-shrimp-on-uluru/1446342?pfmredir=sm

Geographics: Get 1 year of premium antivirus & free VPN for just $20 at https://www.totalav.com/geographics → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Geographics. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: Timeline of the Alamo: https://www.thealamo.org/remember/history/chronology/index.html Texas Revolution: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Texas-Revolution Alamo: https://www.britannica.com/place/Alamo Some background and context: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/remembering-the-alamo-101880149/ Good overview of the situation in Mexico leading up to the revolution: https://www.revolutionspodcast.com/2018/08/903-mexico-.html Battle of Gonzales: https://www.thoughtco.com/texas-revolution-battle-of-gonzales-2360826 How the Alamo and battlefield looked in 1836: https://www.thealamo.org/remember/savethealamo/digitalbattlefield/splitscreen/index.html

In the middle of the Ob River in Siberia lies a forgotten island. Never officially named, it’s known after the nearest village: the hamlet of Nazino. But people who live in this desolate region know the island has another, secret name; a name you will never find on Google Maps. Over seventy years ago, dark things happened on this strip of earth surrounded by icy waters, things so horrifying they were kept hidden for decades. Things which resulted in this nameless place becoming known as Cannibal Island. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: Excellent overview: https://www.rferl.org/a/cannibal-island-in-1933-nearly-5-000-died-in-one-of-stalin-s-most-horrific-labor-camps/29341167.html Short synopsis, lots of stats: https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/nazino Another overview, some extra details: https://historycollection.co/the-nazino-affair-the-tragedy-of-cannibal-island/3/ In-depth review of an in-depth book on the subject: https://networks.h-net.org/node/10000/reviews/10320/hardy-werth-cannibal-island-death-siberian-gulag Some context to the deportations: https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/books/horrors-unearthed-in-the-unknown-gulag-and-cannibal-island/ Dekulakization (1929-33), and similar horrors in Ukraine’s famine: https://www.rferl.org/a/1103172.html Collectivization: https://www.britannica.com/topic/collectivization Holodomor: https://www.britannica.com/event/Holodomor Brief overview of the gulags: https://www.britannica.com/place/Gulag

Our very first Geographics video was about a Russian prison, Pyatak, made famous by its remote location and by the regime of isolation to which its inmates are sentenced. In today’s Geographics, we will explore another prison, which in a way is the radical opposite of Pyatak. This correctional facility is located in one of the most densely populated districts of a great European capital. Its residents are unlikely to complain about being left alone … if anything, overpopulation is more of a problem. So, welcome, or should I say Bienvenues to La Santé Prison in Paris, France. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Arnaldo Teodorani Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: A quick history of La Santé: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2844551/Inside-notorious-prison-home-Carlos-Jackal.html https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/07/la-sante-prison-paris-visitors-welcome Architect Vaudremer and the Panopticon: https://criminocorpus.org/fr/bibliotheque/doc/2334/ https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/vaudremer-joseph-auguste-emile https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bentham-project/who-was-jeremy-bentham/panopticon Apollinaire: http://www.openculture.com/2019/01/when-pablo-picasso-and-guillaume-apollinaire-were-accused-of-stealing-the-mona-lisa-1911.html https://guillaume-apollinaire.fr/ Mesrine: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/jacques-mesrine-le-grand-gangster-1766392.html Carlos: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Carlos-the-Jackal https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/07/la-sante-prison-paris-visitors-welcome Ben Bellah: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/11/ahmed-ben-bella https://www.pambazuka.org/governance/ahmed-ben-bella-i-spent-24-and-half-years-prison http://www.archipress.org/?page_id=658 Jean Genet: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Genet https://www.faber.co.uk/9780571250387-miracle-of-the-rose.html Michel Vaujour: https://www.parismatch.com/Actu/Societe/Michel-Vaujour-son-evasion-de-la-prison-de-la-Sante-en-photos-1576847 The 2000 medical report https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/28/world/expose-of-brutal-prison-jolts-france-s-self-image.html https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/21/france-la-sante-prison-paris-renovation The New Santé https://www.tellerreport.com/news/--renovated-health-prison-reopens-in-paris-after-four-years-of-work-.SyN4FdgM4.html Islamist radicals at La Santé https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/societe/la-prison-de-la-sante-accueille-ses-premiers-detenus-radicalises_2089483.html Neighbourhood complaints: https://www.20minutes.fr/paris/2567331-20190719-paris-bordel-heures-fixe-riverains-prison-sante-exasperes

The place I am describing is one of the Easternmost regions of Russia and was almost entirely uninhabited until the start of the 20th Century, when prospectors first found precious metal. In any other place, or at any other time, it could have become a land of plenty and opportunity; instead, it became a sprawling region of despair and meaningless death, home to hundreds of thousands of slaves, forced to toil in labour camps. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Arnaldo Teodorani Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: What Shalamov saw and learned in Kolyma: https://shalamov.ru/en/library/34/1.html www.gulag.eu http://gulaghistory.org/nps/onlineexhibit/stalin/living.php https://www.rbth.com/multimedia/2015/07/27/kolyma-in-the-shadow-of-time-the-most-frightening-gulag-camp-today_327857 https://www.rbth.com/history/330455-russia-ussr-gulag-stalin https://www.rbth.com/history/326157-kolyma-russias-far-eastern-land https://www.nps.gov/malu/learn/news/upload/gulag_fact_sheet.pdf https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/1404085/Road-of-Bones-where-slaves-perished.html https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2018/06/12/forty-five-things-i-learned-in-the-gulag/ https://shalamov.ru/en/biography/

Rovaniemi is the capital of Lapland, in Northern Finland, and it is placed just a smidge over the line of the Arctic Polar Circle. Unsurprisingly, the climate is positively freezing during the winter months. The average temperature recorded in February 2018 was 13 degrees Celsius below zero. In the Fahrenheit world, this is more or less Alaska. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Arnaldo Teodorani Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: Official website of Rovaniemi: https://www.visitrovaniemi.fi/ The Story of Rovaniemi: https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/dec/19/the-dark-history-of-santas-city-how-rovaniemi-rose-from-the-ashes-alvar-aalto More on Rovaniemi’s attractions: https://www.lapland.fi/visit/plan-your-stay/rovaniemi-santa-northern-lights-trip/ Architect Alvar Aalto https://www.alvaraalto.fi/en/information/alvar-aalto/ The Finland conspiracy: https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4573

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Squarespace. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Arnaldo Teodorani Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: Gabriele D’Annunzio and Fiume: https://www.raiplay.it/video/2019/04/Passato-e-Presente-Limpresa-di-Fiume-7a8ef1dc-05dc-493c-8d3e-8b9d63a70da6.html https://www.historytoday.com/miscellanies/fiume-escapade https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/18/opinion/dannunzio.html https://allthatsinteresting.com/gabriele-dannunzio http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/58/laddaga.php https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/the-first-duce-by-michael-ledeen/ Slav phobic stance of the Fiume legionnaires: https://www.balcanicaucaso.org/aree/Croazia/Il-centenario-dell-impresa-di-Fiume-anniversario-che-divide-196602 D’Annunzio’s wives and lovers: http://www.vastospa.it/html/notizie_dal_mondo/prov_pe_pe_dannunzio_amori.htm The Regency of Carnaro and its constitution: https://www.lintellettualedissidente.it/storia/la-costituzione-piu-bella-del-mondo/ Guido Keller: https://www.lintellettualedissidente.it/storia/super-keller/ Mussolini’s ambivalence: https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/marco-paolini-legge-m-il-figlio-del-secolo/id1439300676?i=1000423912441 Futurism: https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/f/futurism The Peace negotiations and ‘mutilated victory’: https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/vittoria_mutilata

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/geographics → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Squarespace. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M. Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: Nerve gas tests: www.theguardian.com/science/2004/may/06/science.research www.historyworkshop.org.uk/testing-secret-agents-a-century-of-human-experimentation-at-porton-down/ Original construction of Porton Downs: www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205204320 History of chemical weapons in warfare: https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/a-brief-history-of-chemical-war Maddison’s death: https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/sep/28/military.antonybarnett Timeline of Sarin tests: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1832084/ Inside Porton Down: https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-36606510 Bioweapons and germ warfare at Porton Down: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/apr/21/uk.medicalscience https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/may/16/britain-secret-biological-warfare-testing Government’s own website on Porton Down: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/the-truth-about-porton-down Porton Down inquiry timeline: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3744110.stm Operation Paperclip: https://www.history.com/news/what-was-operation-paperclip Porton Down animal trials: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/07/20/thousands-of-pigs-rabbits-and-monkeys-mutilated-at-mods-porton-d/

Check my other channel Biographics! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M. Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: History and engineering: https://interestingengineering.com/a-short-history-of-the-panama-canal Conditions for workers: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-panama-canal-took-huge-toll-on-contract-workers-who-built-it-180968822/ Early Panama Canals: https://www.pancanal.com/eng/history/history/early.html Panama history with Colombia: https://www.britannica.com/place/Panama/Sports-and-recreation#ref41027 Thousand Days War: https://www.britannica.com/event/The-War-of-a-Thousand-Days US role in Panama revolution: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/10/panama-canal-president-jp-morgan-tax-haven https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/panama-declares-independence Inaugural voyage: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/panama_gallery_09.shtml History of the Zone: https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/apr/06/story-cities-16-panama-canal-zone-history-us-run-divided-city https://www.britannica.com/place/Canal-Zone Vasco Nunez de Balboa: https://www.biography.com/explorer/vasco-nunez-de-balboa

The journey to the Express was not a simple one. For upper class travellers to enjoy a luxury, non-stop train ride across seven nations, it would take the dream of a lovesick Belgian engineer, with his rather interesting supporting cast: an American industrialist, the inventor of US tabloid journalism, the Prince of Wales, and one of the most prolific mass murderers of the 19th and 20th Centuries. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Arnaldo Teodorani Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] More from Geographics: Aralsk 7: The USSR’s Anthrax Island https://youtu.be/QMS6MGUtHH0 The Paris Hotel de Ville: Robespierre, Napoleon, and Revolution! https://youtu.be/9C6fWYg0s6I

Get NordVPN for 70% off right here: https://nordvpn.org/geographics → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by NordVPN. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M. Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: Major credit to Stephen Harding, writer of The Last Battle, on which a ton of these sources were based: https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/15843097-the-last-battle https://www.historynet.com/the-battle-for-castle-itter.htm https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-for-Castle-Itter https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32622651 (Some history outside the Battle - in German): http://burgen.tibs.at/burgen_schlosser_tirol/itter.htm Dachau: https://www.britannica.com/place/Dachau-concentration-camp-Germany Sepp Gangl (in German): https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Gangl_(Offizier)&prev=search

MAJOR CORRECTION: AUTHOR IS M. MORRIS. We listed Arnaldo by mistake. Our personal apology to Morris Get started with DASHLANE: https://www.dashlane.com/geographics Check my other channel Biographics! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Dashlane. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M. Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] More from Geographics: Aralsk 7: The USSR’s Anthrax Island https://youtu.be/QMS6MGUtHH0 The Paris Hotel de Ville: Robespierre, Napoleon, and Revolution! https://youtu.be/9C6fWYg0s6I Source/Further reading: Korean War background: https://www.history.com/topics/korea/korean-war Armistice of Korean War: https://thediplomat.com/2018/08/the-long-road-to-the-korean-war-armistice/ Incidents etc: https://www.britannica.com/place/demilitarized-zone-Korean-peninsula Propaganda Villages: http://www.slate.com/blogs/atlas_obscura/2013/10/14/a_fake_village_and_a_colossal_flagpole_north_korea_s_bizarre_propaganda.html https://www.stripes.com/news/s-koreans-living-in-dmz-village-enjoy-great-benefits-and-high-risk-1.441431 Landmines: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/north-korea-south-korea-removing-land-mines-dmz-panmunjom-arrow-head-hill/ Wildlife: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/apr/13/wildlife-thriving-korean-demilitarised-zone Events of 1968: https://www.nbcnews.com/news/north-korea/north-korean-ex-assassin-recalls-1968-year-mattered-most-n840511 Tunnels of Aggression: https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/third-tunnel-of-aggression UNESCO: https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20190712006400315 Trains: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/rail-journeys/north-korea-rail-travel/ https://www.npr.org/2018/12/05/672305891/south-korea-sends-first-train-in-plan-to-reconnect-with-north

​Technically speaking, the Suez Canal is the artificial waterway running north to south across the Isthmus of Suez in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. The Canal separates the African continent from Asia, while providing the shortest sea route between Europe and the Indian and western Pacific oceans. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Arnaldo Teodorani Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] More from Geographics: Aralsk 7: The USSR’s Anthrax Island https://youtu.be/QMS6MGUtHH0 The Paris Hotel de Ville: Robespierre, Napoleon, and Revolution! https://youtu.be/9C6fWYg0s6I

If a Nation’s wealth and power were to be measured in stubbornness, resilience, and inventiveness, rather than GDP, Scotland would be a top-5 Superpower. The people that brought to you televisions, refrigerators, penicillin, and gin & tonic have gone through many a rough patch throughout their history. Very often, hard times were related to their rocky relationship with their Southern neighbours, the English. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Arnaldo Teodorani Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] More from Geographics: Aralsk 7: The USSR’s Anthrax Island https://youtu.be/QMS6MGUtHH0 The Paris Hotel de Ville: Robespierre, Napoleon, and Revolution! https://youtu.be/9C6fWYg0s6I

Get started with DASHLANE: https://www.dashlane.com/geographics Check out my other channel TopTenz! https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 This video is #sponsored by Dashlane. Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M. Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170926-the-deadly-germ-warfare-island-abandoned-by-the-soviets https://www.theguardian.com/science/2005/apr/21/russia.internationalnews (interviews with former workers): https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/12/magazine/anthrax-island.html (some cool video and photos): https://www.ozy.com/good-sht/your-chance-to-see-an-abandoned-soviet-island-with-a-dark-past/91386 https://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-ideas/weird-and-wacky/the-island-that-was-once-the-worlds-largest-biologicalwarfare-testing-ground/news-story/57e84ff7633ce569892ad4757aa69b61 Compound 19 anthrax outbreak: https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/11/decades-after-deadly-lab-accident-a-secret-russian-bioweapon-decoded/ Compound 19 anthrax outbreak: https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p04xm4c2 US Anthrax letters: https://www.history.com/news/anthrax-attacks-terrorism-letters UK Anthrax Island: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/1457035.stm

On January 1st, 1892, Anne led her two younger brothers off their boat, still gasping at the sight of the colossal statue raising the torch of Liberty over New York City. Anne was met by a party of serious-looking but smiling officials, who welcomed her with gifts, and even some gold coins! Anne was a teenager from Ireland, and probably thought of herself as being just an ordinary girl, another one of the many Europeans in search of a new life and a brighter future in the New World. But Anne was special. She was the first passenger to disembark at the newly opened Federal immigration station in New York harbor. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Arnaldo Teodorani Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected]

Check my other channel Biographics! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ Originally constructed as a 16th Century City Hall, the Hotel de Ville has stood at the epicenter of the wildest events in history. It was on its doorstep that the French Revolution ignited, in its opulent rooms that Robespierre tried to commit suicide, and in its vast corridors that a radical anarchist sect siezed Paris at the end of the Franco-Prussian War. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M. Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/place/Paris/The-Hotel-de-Ville The Hotel and the Paris Commune of 1790-92, plus Insurrection of August 10: https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/paris-commune/ Death of Robespierre: https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/robespierre-overthrown-in-france July Revolution of 1830: https://www.britannica.com/place/France/The-revolution-of-1830#ref465333 Podcast on July Revolution (multiple episodes): https://www.revolutionspodcast.com/2017/04/604-stop-the-presses.html Biographics on Louis-Philippe and July Monarchy: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVVjRQ5i3E8 1848 and the Second Republic: https://www.britannica.com/place/France/The-Second-Republic-and-Second-Empire Biographics on Napoleon III, 1848 and 1870: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cn7Bxsqhcps The Paris Commune (1871): https://www.britannica.com/event/Commune-of-Paris-1871 Paris Commune (1871): https://www.thoughtco.com/paris-commune-4147849 Great podcast on the Paris Commune: https://www.revolutionspodcast.com/2018/06/86-the-commune.html Liberation of Paris, 1944: https://www.euronews.com/2019/08/24/liberation-of-paris-75th-anniversary-the-story-of-the-french-capital-being-freed-of-nazi-c Early years of Hotel: https://www.geriwalton.com/places-of-french-revolution-hotel-de/

Check my other channel Highlight History: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnb-VTwBHEV3gtiB9di9DZQ To many, this marked the beginning of the Cold War. Churchill’s ‘iron curtain’ may have been a figure of speech, but across many borders in Europe this division took the form of physical barriers: walls or structures to prevent capitalist infiltration of the ‘paradise on Earth’ that was real socialism. More likely, these barriers were to prevent citizens of Eastern Europe from fleeing repressive regimes and police states. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Arnaldo Teodorani Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris

In the annals of world history, there are a handful of prisons whose very names are guaranteed to send a shiver down your spine. Alcatraz is one, Devil’s Island another. But even these can’t hold a candle to the most notorious prison of them all. We’re talking, of course, about the Tower of London. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M. Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: (Quick overview, lots of stories): https://www.historyextra.com/period/medieval/anne-boleyn-guy-fawkes-and-the-princes-a-brief-history-of-the-tower-of-london/#targetText=The%20Tower%20of%20London%20was,subdue%20the%20inhabitants%20of%20London. https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/tower-of-london https://www.britain-magazine.com/carousel/history-of-the-tower-of-london/ A history of the Tower menagerie: https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2016/09/22/rare-beasts-birds-calaboose/ Guy Fawkes and the gunpowder plot: https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-death-of-guy-fawkes Some technical details: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tower-of-London Ranulf Flambard: https://www.durhamworldheritagesite.com/history/prince-bishops/early-bishops/ranulf-flambard

Check my other channel Biographics! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ Imagine, if you will, a city of eternal night. A place so intensely crowded that sunlight never penetrates its alleyways. Overhead, wires dangle from the ceilings. Neon signs fizz in doorways. All around you, 33,000 people are crammed into self-built apartments barely 10m square, while overhead great airships rumble through sky. Is this a vision from the future? The setting, perhaps, for some dystopian sci-fi novel? → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M. Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: Concise history of the Walled City: https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1581649/kowloon-walled-citys-fight-exist (some history and accounts of a happier side): https://www.archdaily.com/800698/heres-what-western-accounts-of-the-kowloon-walled-city-dont-tell-you Interesting documentary by the Wall Street Journal: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dj_8ucS3lMY WSJ Interactive: https://projects.wsj.com/kwc/#chapter=people BBC footage from inside the Walled City at the time (1980) (good footage, but reportage focused on the negatives): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JchVQMuxRVA Average US bedroom size: https://www.doorwaysmagazine.com/average-bedroom-size/#targetText=We%20determined%20that%20the%20average,14%20feet%20by%2016%20feet.

Check my other channel Biographics! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ It’s been called the last great adventure of the 19th Century. In 1896, prospectors in Yukon Territory fished a thumb sized nugget of gold out Rabbit Creek. The find triggered a human tsunami not seen since the days of the California Gold Rush. Across the US, tens of thousands abandoned their homes to take their chances in the northern wilderness. At a time when a city like Seattle might have a population of only forty thousand, one hundred thousand people converged on Klondike, hoping to strike it rich. Instead, what many of them found was death, disease, and destitution. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M. Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: Excellent overview of the Gold Rush: https://www.historynet.com/klondike-gold-rush History Hit podcast on the rush: https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/dan-snows-history-hit/e/klondike-gold-rush-48087943 Stories of the Gold Rush: https://www.nps.gov/klgo/learn/historyculture/stories.htm Soapy Smith: https://www.historynet.com/soapy-smith-con-mans-empire.htm History’s take: https://www.history.com/topics/westward-expansion/klondike-gold-rush Shorter overview: https://www.nps.gov/klgo/learn/goldrush.htm All the things that could kill you: https://www.nps.gov/articles/klgo-death.htm Klondike Kate: https://books.google.ie/books?id=rJQCwqIIhwEC&pg=PA141&lpg=PA141&dq=klondike+Kathleen+Rockwell&source=bl&ots=i_wS9sX8W2&sig=FWWDEbLOUrP3yHU1f45T2UHbQ0M&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GJkIVOy7FZCA7QbdjYDIDA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=klondike%20Kathleen%20Rockwell&f=false Dawson City: http://explorenorth.com/yukon/dawson-history.html Wyatt Earp in Klondike: https://truewestmagazine.com/wyatt-earps-alaskan-adventure/ California Gold Rush: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b05nxgdd https://www.thoughtco.com/going-to-california-49ers-gold-rush-3893676 Nome gold rush: https://postalmuseum.si.edu/gold/nome.html

It’s the city where East meets West. On Ferhadija street in the heart of Sarajevo, the grand Austro-Hungarian architecture of Christian Europe suddenly gives way to the low roofs and timber frames of the Muslim Ottoman Empire. For centuries, this was the multicultural epicenter of Europe, a city where Catholics, Jews, Muslims, and Orthodox Christians all rubbed shoulders. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M. Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: https://www.britannica.com/place/Sarajevo https://www.lonelyplanet.com/bosnia-and-hercegovina/sarajevo/history Ottoman Sarajevo: http://visitsarajevo.ba/sarajevo-in-ottoman-empire-2/?lang=en Origin of name: https://www.sarajevotimes.com/read-how-some-cities-in-bih-got-their-names/ Austrian rule and Franz Ferdinand assassination: https://www.ft.com/content/293938b2-afcd-11e3-9cd1-00144feab7de http://visitsarajevo.ba/sarajevo-in-austro-hungarian-empire/?lang=en Bosnian Crisis of 1908: https://www.britannica.com/event/Bosnian-crisis-of-1908 Jews of Sarajevo: https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/sarajevo-bosnia-and-herzegovina-jewish-history-tour Sarajevo in WWII: https://sarajevo.travel/en/text/april-6-sarajevos-liberation/182 History of ethnic tensions in Yugoslavia: https://www.ricksteves.com/watch-read-listen/read/understanding-yugoslavia Siege: https://owlcation.com/humanities/The-Siege-of-Sarajevo Siege images: https://www.rferl.org/a/twenty-five-years-on-from-the-siege-of-sarajevo/28407397.html Some siege numbers, and a lack of justice even in 2019: https://balkaninsight.com/2019/03/11/sarajevo-siege-how-perpetrators-of-deadly-attacks-remain-unprosecuted/ Tito Nostalgia in Sarajevo: https://balkaninsight.com/2017/03/13/strife-torn-bosnians-yearn-for-tito-s-golden-age-03-10-2017/ Franjo Tudjman: https://balkaninsight.com/2017/10/11/why-croatia-s-president-tudjman-imitated-general-franco-10-12-2017/ Interactive Demographic map of Bosnia today: http://www.popis.gov.ba/popis2013/mapa/?lang=eng (Timeline): http://sarajevo.ba/sarajevo-through-history/?lang=en

In the heart of central Europe, in the middle of a deep, dark forest, lies a mountain range that changed the world. It’s smaller than the Alps, less dramatic than the Dolomites, and far less romantic than the Carpathians. And yet, its place in modern European history is so vast, so great, that its reputation could dwarf even the Himalayas. Known as the Sudetes, this borderland between the forests of Germany and the hills of the Czech Republic may not be famous. But the region around it is. In 1938, the Sudetenland helped plunge Europe into war. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M. Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: Early history: https://www.radio.cz/en/section/special/ethnic-germans-in-the-czech-lands-and-the-fateful-steps-which-led-to-their-mass-expulsion-after-ww-ii Some notes on 1620: https://www.historytoday.com/archive/windischgratz-and-bohemian-revolt-1848 https://www.radio.cz/en/section/czechs/the-battle-of-white-mountain 1848: https://ww1.habsburger.net/en/chapters/separate-ways-effects-1848-revolution-bohemia 1919 fight for the Sudetenland: https://www.britannica.com/place/Austria/First-Republic-and-the-Anschluss#ref409171 In the First Czechoslovak Republic (1919-1938): https://www.britannica.com/topic/Czechoslovak-history/Czechoslovakia-1918-92#ref42109 Map, German population in Czechoslovakia, 1930: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sudetendeutsche.png (Lead up to WWII): https://www.britannica.com/place/Sudetenland (Opinions of visitors in 1937 – including that the Sudetenland issue will resolve itself): https://www.radio.cz/en/section/archives/rising-tensions-in-the-sudetenland-1 (Overview of what some key players were thinking (apparently there was nearly a coup against Hitler over the issue!): https://spartacus-educational.com/GERsudetenland.htm Expulsion of the Germans: https://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/revenge-on-ethnic-germans-czech-town-divided-over-how-to-commemorate-1945-massacre-a-646757.html “Wild Expulsions” and organized marches: https://www.radio.cz/en/section/special/memories-of-world-war-ii-in-the-czech-lands-the-expulsion-of-sudeten-germans https://www.radio.cz/en/section/talking/expulsion-of-czech-germans-bitter-memories-and-disrupted-relations 2015 – Sudeten Germans association in Germany finally gives up claims on homeland: https://www.thelocal.de/20150302/world-war-2-history-sudeten-germans-give-up-right-to-homeland

The Maya were a native people of Mexico and Central America who inhabited the lands comprising modern-day Yucatan, Quintana Roo, Campeche, Tabasco, and Chiapas. Their civilization stretched well beyond current-day Mexican borders, southward through Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador and Honduras. The overall time span of the Maya extended from 7000 BCE to 1524 CE. But their civilisation reached its apex of maximum splendor during the so-called ‘Classic Period’, from 250 to 900 CE. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Arnaldo Teodorani Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: Official website: http://www.tikalnationalpark.org/ UNESCO official page: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/64/

Check my other channel Biographics! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ It’s the land at the edge of the world. A howling emptiness of jagged mountains, broken icebergs, and endless snow. It’s a song of ice and, well, more ice. A land that’s the coldest, driest, windiest, and most uninhabitable of anywhere on Earth. Those who went there knew it as the Great White Silence, the Southern Land, the end of the world. But you know it by its far more ancient name: Antarctica. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M. Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: (In our Time): https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00ss2th https://www.britannica.com/place/Antarctica/History Gondwana: https://www.britannica.com/place/Gondwana-supercontinent Scott of the Arctic: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/scott_of_antarctic.shtml https://mashable.com/2017/01/29/terra-nova-expedition/?europe=true Discovery expedition: https://www.rrsdiscovery.com/exploration-article/the-story/ Glossopteris indica discovery: https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-15384729 Antarctic Treaty: https://www.ats.aq/e/ats.htm http://www.antarctica.gov.au/law-and-treaty/history Operation Highjump: https://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/operation-highjump-18223476/ Carsten Borchgrevink: https://www.south-pole.com/p0000087.htm Extracts from his book: https://archive.org/stream/FirstonAntarcti00Borc#page/246/mode/2up Alexander von Tunzelmann: https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/photo/first-landing-antarctica (Rime of the Ancient Mariner): https://discoveringantarctica.org.uk/science-and-exploration/journey-south/the-rime-of-the-ancient-mariner/

Spanish author and journalist Arturo Perez-Reverte once defined the Vatican City as the smallest, yet more powerful State on Earth. This tiny City State, nested inside Rome, measures only 0.17 square miles, with a population of 840 inhabitants. Yet its ruler, the Pope, holds spiritual, moral and sometimes even political influence over a community of 1.4 Billion Catholics worldwide. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Arnaldo Teodorani Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Other Biographics Videos: Thonis Herakleion: The Sunken City of the Pharaohs https://youtu.be/oNonDhuD5jw Pyatak Prison: The Russian Alcatraz https://youtu.be/6H7mm7qe_L4

Over four billion kilometers away from us lies a distant, frigid world. On its barren surface, nitrogen falls as snow. Vast plains of frozen methane lie in the shadow of ice water mountains. From the surface of this hostile place, the sun appears nothing more than a star, a single pinprick of light among millions. The name mankind gave this silent world? Pluto. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Morris M. Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: (Overview): https://www.britannica.com/place/Pluto-dwarf-planet Key dates in Pluto history: https://www.britannica.com/list/10-important-dates-in-pluto-history Percival Lowell: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Percival-Lowell Lowell’s searches for Pluto: http://www.astronomy.com/year-of-pluto/2015/05/percival-lowells-three-early-searches-for-planet-x Clyde Tombaugh: https://time.com/3956963/pluto-planet/ Pluto discovery: https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/pluto-discovered Alan Stern and New Horizons: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/06/feature-how-alan-stern-s-tenacity-drive-and-command-got-nasa-spacecraft-pluto Demotion to dwarf planet: https://www.britannica.com/story/why-is-pluto-no-longer-a-planet https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-33462184 History of photos of Pluto: https://qz.com/927404/the-dramatic-way-our-view-of-pluto-has-changed-over-the-past-87-years/ Charon: https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/pluto-moons/charon/in-depth/ Early days of the New Horizons mission: http://discovermagazine.com/1993/may/thelastworld215 Neptune as the 13th planet: https://books.google.cz/books?id=ELd-ve_35R8C&pg=PA115&lpg=PA115&dq=neptune+13th+planet&source=bl&ots=eecJNKemzR&sig=ACfU3U3G3Ola48dDuua5AnBiz5Ywxy7BQw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPwLGc8pbkAhXB86YKHYe8AaYQ6AEwCnoECAsQAQ#v=onepage&q=neptune%2013th%20planet&f=false

Seattle, Washington, is known for being the home of two of the biggest tech companies in the United States- Microsoft, and Amazon.com. With all of its modern charm, few people would ever notice that there is an entire hidden underground city beneath the streets. This is known as the “Seattle Underground”, and it still contains shops and buildings that once served as the city’s businesses. So...Why did the city of Seattle build an entire new town on top of the old one, and how did they do it? Find out on today’s Geographics. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Shannon Quinn Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected]

Siberia, Russia, 30th of June 1908. We are in a woodland area surrounding the Tunguska river, not far from modern day Krasnoyarsk. Simply known as Tunguska. One of the most desolate areas of the most desolate region of the Russian Empire. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Arnaldo Teodorani Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected]

For the moment, join me in a visit to the Nevada Desert and let’s find out what the fuss is all about. Where exactly is Area 51 and how it looks like? What are the speculations flourished around its existence? And finally: what classified activities have actually been happening, as recently acknowledged by the US Government? → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Arnaldo Teodorani Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected]

Life is sweet, if you are not a slave, if you are a Roman Citizen. The Empire extends from Spain to the Black Sea, from Britannia to Egypt. After the year of four emperors, 69 CE, Rome has been under the firm and stable rule of Emperor Vespasian for ten years. The Emperor has just started building the Flavian Amphitheatre, which will be known as Colosseum. For the moment, you are content with your own local gladiatorial shows in an Arena that can sit half the population of your rich and beautiful town. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Arnaldo Teodorani Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Other Biographics Videos: Thonis Herakleion: The Sunken City of the Pharaohs https://youtu.be/oNonDhuD5jw Pyatak Prison: The Russian Alcatraz https://youtu.be/6H7mm7qe_L4

Every city has many layers. Under its grand monuments, museums and Churches, real life goes on. Under its roofs and buildings, the passions, stories and secrets of its inhabitants, move, undetected. In the city we are visiting today, you can peel another layer and look under the surface. You will discover a parallel city, a labyrinth of galleries, chambers, pits and underground lakes, unique in Europe → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Arnaldo Teodorani Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Source/Further reading: Official tourist website - http://catacombes.paris.fr/en Guided tour with access to restricted areas - https://thetourguy.com/tours/paris/paris-catacombs-tour-skip-the-line

In 2011, Japan was ravaged by a magnitude 9 earthquake, followed by a massive tsunami. In Fukushima prefecture, TEPCO’s Daiichi Nuclear Reactor exploded and exposed the surrounding area to radiation. Now, this radioactive material is seeping into the Pacific ocean, and it has made the surrounding areas into a post-apocalyptic nightmare. Few people outside of Japan know what really happened at Fukushima, or how the consequences of this one disaster could potentially affect the whole world. On today’s Geographics, we bring you the story of Fukushima. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Shannon Quinn Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected] Other Geographics Videos: Thonis Herakleion: The Sunken City of the Pharaohs https://youtu.be/oNonDhuD5jw Pyatak Prison: The Russian Alcatraz https://youtu.be/6H7mm7qe_L4

The Mediterranean is home to many mysteries and wonders. Both natural beauties and human made shipwrecks lay at the bottom of the sea, awaiting to be discovered. As the famous poem [TA1] puts it: “Right here on the ocean floor Such wonderful things surround you What more is you lookin’ for? Under the sea We got the spirit You got to hear it Under the sea” [Subtitle: “Under the Sea” by Alan Menken, From The Little Mermaid → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Arnaldo Teodorani Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected]

About 460 km north of Moscow, in the Vologda province, a small lake rests among a sprawling woodland. The lake is called Novozero and its middle stands an island called Ognenny Ostrov. Despite its name meaning “Fiery Island” or “Fire Island”, it is surrounded by ice most of the year, connected to the mainland only by a narrow bridge. → Subscribe for new videos two times per week. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw?sub_confirmation=1 Our sister channels: Biographics - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClnDI2sdehVm1zm_LmUHsjQ TopTenz - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-hpFPF4nOKoKPEAZM_THw/ Credits: Host - Simon Whistler Author - Arnaldo Teodorani Producer - Jennifer Da Silva Executive Producer - Shell Harris Business inquiries to [email protected]