Find me here: ❓ LATERAL, free weekly podcast: https://lateralcast.com/ https://youtube.com/lateralcast 📰 WEEKLY NEWSLETTER https://www.tomscott.com/newsletter/ 🟥➕ TOM SCOTT PLUS: https://youtube.com/tomscottplus 👥 THE TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES: https://youtube.com/techdif 🟥 MAIN SITE: https://www.tomscott.com/ On January 1st, 2014, I uploaded the first "Things You Might Not Know" video. Once the initial rush of videos settled down, I aimed for one video a week, and while there have sometimes been guest videos and occasional blatant filler: to my own satisfaction, I never missed a week. But now, it's time to stop. I never got to space. I never got to the ocean depths. And I never got to fly off into the sunset, harnessed underneath a helicopter. I couldn't find an excuse for that one. CREDITS Producer: Cambria Bailey-Jones Director: Guy Larsen DoP: Jamie MacLeod | https://www.jamiemacleod.co.uk/ Stunt Coordinators: Dilwyn Sanderson-Jones; Scott Heffield Drone Team: Lec Park; Andrew Lawrence Pilot: Will Banks Refueller & Ground Co-Ordinator: Gary Wise BTS: Bryn Williams | https://www.brynscamera.com/ Editor / Colourist: Jamie MacLeod Composer: Ben Squires | https://www.benjaminsquires.co.uk/ Sound Mix: Dan Pugsley | https://www.cassinisound.com/ A Penny4 Production | https://www.penny4.co.uk/ Special thanks to Abi Hensby and the team at GB Helicopters | https://gbhelicopters.com/ "Lifted" by Benjamin Squires is available on streaming platforms: https://distrokid.com/hyperfollow/benjaminsquires/lifted/ MONTAGE VIDEOS IN ORDER OF APPEARANCE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B98O6LlLT4Y https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FGxKQvdLrng https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IsmjW7-IaSo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mRQt_PMhBXY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d3WiRunOsWY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bPTSSHRnnWw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fzfpExS_wic https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S0zMip62o5E https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UaGTFeibOEk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tozuzV5YZ7U https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5te73hfCpuU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q1oRaUTbk3k https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-khe6IY9bTM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kjQLT5CKEAU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZLF7yife8YE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DpfrGZJyKmo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UWSckm8zTc8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZX9T0kWb4Y https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCQEc736GO4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DMKcO-T5Y4o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EN9JzxzDXU0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IsWJKyR664s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FO_Ox_dH0M8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2h1s6S4kotE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ef1jPbezKDM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c8W-auqg024 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HuGHV0fbBiE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELGWbY4xBDs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lLUcOFwZvyY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6o38C-ultvw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fJhTu-0zmo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GFWsYJ0_KMI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pk9v3m7Slv8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CwABJGzifao https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72RxerDwzEo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQIu5tZ0vbQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2nQ-rijlX3o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RYGFczNMAMk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Trqqn2xPaY0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0fViGU-Snc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TUKQfMFKfjk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=10Y-gWNJ2Sw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0MqtTlzde0g https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gocwRvLhDf8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2tdiKTSdE9Y https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ecVHYg4_vZw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMLYLcniXIc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G025oxyWv0E https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xXC6U0NfJg8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=39nNXdBFQhA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xym2R6_Qd7c https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vxfJbW6KDp4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F0JDK_71yDg

Britain's power grid is turning inside-out, which means pylons are about to become a lot more controversial in Britain. At the National Grid Training Centre, I climbed one. ■ The "Great Grid Upgrade": https://www.nationalgrid.com/the-great-grid-upgrade National Grid also asked if I'd plug their Early Careers page, for anyone in the UK thinking of joining the industry: https://jobs.nationalgrid.com/UK/content/Early-careers/ Camera: Kamil Manysiak, Nathan Trays, Lauren Morley Local production: Greg May and Matt Ellis at Broadcast Media https://www.broadcastmedia.co.uk/ Editor: Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin Audio mix: Dan Pugsley https://cassinisound.com Thanks to Dave Brain for camera-sensor-dust paintouts @davebrainvfx 🟥 MORE FROM TOM: https://www.tomscott.com/ (you can find contact details and social links there too) 📰 WEEKLY NEWSLETTER with good stuff from the rest of the internet: https://www.tomscott.com/newsletter/ ❓ LATERAL, free weekly podcast: https://lateralcast.com/ https://youtube.com/lateralcast/ ➕ TOM SCOTT PLUS: https://youtube.com/tomscottplus 👥 THE TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES: https://youtube.com/techdif

There's a good reason for it. ■ More about the program: https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/plant/PDEP/prpinfo/ Edited by Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin 🟥 MORE FROM TOM: https://www.tomscott.com/ (you can find contact details and social links there too) 📰 WEEKLY NEWSLETTER with good stuff from the rest of the internet: https://www.tomscott.com/newsletter/ ❓ LATERAL, free weekly podcast: https://lateralcast.com/ https://youtube.com/lateralcast/ ➕ TOM SCOTT PLUS: https://youtube.com/tomscottplus 👥 THE TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES: https://youtube.com/techdif

Nio is a Chinese auto maker that offers an alternative to charging: just swapping out the whole battery whenever you need it. I borrowed one of their cars. ■ Nio: https://www.nio.com/ Camera: Dion Huiskes https://feedbuilders.nl/ Editor: Julian Domanski https://www.juliandomanski.com/ 🟥 MORE FROM TOM: https://www.tomscott.com/ (you can find contact details and social links there too) 📰 WEEKLY NEWSLETTER with good stuff from the rest of the internet: https://www.tomscott.com/newsletter/ ❓ LATERAL, free weekly podcast: https://lateralcast.com/ https://youtube.com/lateralcast/ ➕ TOM SCOTT PLUS: https://youtube.com/tomscottplus 👥 THE TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES: https://youtube.com/techdif

Translation is really difficult. ■ AD: 👨‍💻 NordVPN's best deal is here: https://nordvpn.com/tomscott - with a 30-day money-back guarantee. 🟥 MORE FROM TOM: https://www.tomscott.com/ (you can find contact details and social links there too) 📰 WEEKLY NEWSLETTER with good stuff from the rest of the internet: https://www.tomscott.com/newsletter/ ❓ LATERAL, free weekly podcast: https://lateralcast.com/ https://youtube.com/lateralcast/ ➕ TOM SCOTT PLUS: https://youtube.com/tomscottplus 👥 THE TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES: https://youtube.com/techdif 🌐 TRANSLATION CREDITS FRENCH Dubbing Translator: Noreen Ropers, Aurélia Naamani Dubbing Director: Stéphane Valverde Voice Talent: Pascal Nowak Subtitle Translator: Justine Derhourhi HINDI Dubbing Translator: मीनल वि. पाटिल (द स्क्रिप्ट शॉप ) Dubbing Director: अनुज सुरेका Voice Talent: राजेश शुक्ला Subtitle Translator: संवाद अनुवादक: हिमांशु पाल JAPANESE Dubbing Translator: 琢磨 有香里 Dubbing Director: 工藤 美樹 Voice Talent: 橘 潤二 Subtitle Translator: 大渕 誉哉 LATIN AMERICAN SPANISH Dubbing Translator: Regina Barajas Dubbing Director: Aureliano Castillo Voice Talent: Jesse Torres Subtitle Translator: Andrés Negrete BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE Dubbing Translator: André Conchon Dubbing Director: Gilberto de Syllos Voice Talent: Vitor Paranhos Subtitle Translator: Pollyana Tiussi Translation Studio: Iyuno Operations Manager: Coolbe Hung

The moonlight towers of Austin, Texas, are the last urban municipal lighting towers in the world: because before every street was wired to the grid, how else would you light up a city? ■ Austin Energy: https://austinenergy.com/ ■ Moonlight Towers https://www.austintexas.org/listings/moonlight-towers/5895/ Producer: Jodi Shores at Sparksight https://sparksight.com Director: Kelly Shores at @readysetdrone DoP: Noah Killeen Drone: Kris Waters Editor: Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin 🟥 MORE FROM TOM: https://www.tomscott.com/ (you can find contact details and social links there too) 📰 WEEKLY NEWSLETTER with good stuff from the rest of the internet: https://www.tomscott.com/newsletter/ ❓ LATERAL, free weekly podcast: https://lateralcast.com/ https://youtube.com/lateralcast/ ➕ TOM SCOTT PLUS: https://youtube.com/tomscottplus 👥 THE TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES: https://youtube.com/techdif

At Port Iława in Poland, pilots and captains of massive ships train on 1-to-24 scale ship models: and I got to drive one. ■ The Ship Handling Research and Training Centre: https://www.ilawashiphandling.com.pl/ 🟥 MORE FROM TOM: https://www.tomscott.com/ (you can find contact details and social links there too) Edited by Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin 📰 WEEKLY NEWSLETTER with good stuff from the rest of the internet: https://www.tomscott.com/newsletter/ ❓ LATERAL, free weekly podcast: https://lateralcast.com/ https://youtube.com/lateralcast/ ➕ TOM SCOTT PLUS: https://youtube.com/tomscottplus 👥 THE TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES: https://youtube.com/techdif

Time to correct the record. ■ AD: 👨‍💻 NordVPN's Black Friday deal is on: https://nordvpn.com/tomscott - with a 30-day money-back guarantee. ✅ All corrections: https://www.tomscott.com/corrections/ | ❓ LATERAL, free weekly podcast: https://lateralcast.com/ https://youtube.com/lateralcast/ 🟥 MORE FROM TOM: https://www.tomscott.com/ (you can find contact details and social links there too) 📰 WEEKLY NEWSLETTER with good stuff from the rest of the internet: https://www.tomscott.com/newsletter/ ➕ TOM SCOTT PLUS: https://youtube.com/tomscottplus 👥 THE TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES: https://youtube.com/techdif VIDEOS MENTIONED: 2014 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ko51cynAjzY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ByUPFYxy5vw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gN_PK5pXmIY (Technology Connections' video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zLFG068HtgM ) 2015 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYH1lPm41-0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZ2Qms2fMH8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BTPToO-gfTE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5erVH-zk7Uk 2016 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MVI87HzfskQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=18_6kLLKoEc (Thomas Frank's counterpoint: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mKdm5xSZiOA ) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iGjPn8V4O9E https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5uz6xOFWi4A https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iaSaWfw07Sw 2017 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4aCMDQsx740 2018 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E4nZDSLdIiM 2019 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z5JC9Ve1sfI 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mmh819Lfgfs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m__OZ3ZsO4Y 2021 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8UmsfXWzvEA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2h1s6S4kotE 2022 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wif1EAgEQKI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9XSzwbFCFtc 2023 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1yfX84RMQ3M https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNVuIU6UUiM

No. Mostly. • Written with Molly Ruhl and Gretchen McCulloch. Gretchen's podcast has an episode all about Arrival: https://lingthusiasm.com/post/157167562811/transcript-lingthusiasm-episode-3-arrival-of-the • More Language Files: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLDEnHuhD7CTZES3KXFnwm0 Gretchen's book BECAUSE INTERNET, all about the evolution of internet language, is available: 🇺🇸 US: https://amzn.to/30tLpjT 🇨🇦 CA: https://amzn.to/2JsTYWH 🇬🇧 UK: https://amzn.to/31K8eRD (Those are affiliate links that give a commission to me or Gretchen, depending on country!) Graphics by William Marler: https://wmad.co.uk Audio mix by Graham Haerther and Manuel Simon at Standard Studios: https://haerther.net REFERENCES: Levinson, S.C. (2012). Forward. In Whorf, B. L. Language, Thought, and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf (J. B. Carroll, S. C. Levinson, & P. Lee, Eds.). (2nd ed.) The MIT Press. Chiang, T. (2016). Story Of Your Life. In Stories of your life and others. essay, New York: Vintage Books. Parry, A. (1969). There Is No Russian Word for Privacy. The Georgia Review, 23(2), 196–205. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41396556 Groskop, V. (2017). Personal distance: Why russian life has no room for privacy. The Guardian. Boroditsky, L. (2001). Does language shape thought?: Mandarin and English speakers’ conceptions of Time. Cognitive Psychology, 43(1), 1–22. doi:10.1006/cogp.2001.0748 Chen J. Y. (2007). Do Chinese and English speakers think about time differently? Failure of replicating Boroditsky (2001). Cognition, 104(2), 427–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2006.09.012 Samuel, S., Cole, G., & Eacott, M. J. (2019). Grammatical gender and linguistic relativity: A systematic review. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 26(6), 1767–1786. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-019-01652-3 Haertlé, I. (2017). Does grammatical gender influence perception? A study of Polish and French speakers. Psychology of Language and Communication, 21(1) 386-407. https://doi.org/10.1515/plc-2017-0019 Mickan, A., Schiefke, M. & Stefanowitsch, A. (2014). Key is a llave is a Schlüssel: A failure to replicate an experiment from Boroditsky et al. 2003. Yearbook of the German Cognitive Linguistics Association, 2(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1515/gcla-2014-0004 Deutscher, G. (2010). Through the language glass: Why the world looks different in other languages. Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt and Company J. C. Jackson et al. (2019) Emotion semantics show both cultural variation and universal structure, Science, vol. 366, no. 6472, pp. 1517-1522 🟥 MORE FROM TOM: https://www.tomscott.com/ (you can find contact details and social links there too) 📰 WEEKLY NEWSLETTER with good stuff from the rest of the internet: https://www.tomscott.com/newsletter/ ❓ LATERAL, free weekly podcast: https://lateralcast.com/ https://youtube.com/lateralcast/ ➕ TOM SCOTT PLUS: https://youtube.com/tomscottplus 👥 THE TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES: https://youtube.com/techdif

There's a world in which everyone boards planes with "mobile lounges", PTVs, or Plane-Mates... but this is not that world. ■ Montreal Airport: https://www.admtl.com/en ■ AccessAir: https://accessairsystems.com/ Thanks to Eric Forest and the Montreal Airport team, and to Christian Brice for stepping in for additional camerawork! 🟥 MORE FROM TOM: https://www.tomscott.com/ (you can find contact details and social links there too) 📰 WEEKLY NEWSLETTER with good stuff from the rest of the internet: https://www.tomscott.com/newsletter/ ❓ LATERAL, free weekly podcast: https://lateralcast.com/ https://youtube.com/lateralcast/ ➕ TOM SCOTT PLUS: https://youtube.com/tomscottplus 👥 THE TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES: https://youtube.com/techdif

AMZ Racing's "mythen" holds the world record for electric vehicle acceleration: 0-100km/h in 0.956 seconds. And they let me drive it. ■ AMZ: https://www.amzracing.ch/en https://www.instagram.com/amzracing/ ■ Their world record video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=88cVs5zZFTE Main camera op: Juan Pablo Salazar Additional cam op: Tobias Binder Drone camera ops: Felix Kunz, Marco Odeermatt I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

This script was a nightmare to pronounce. • Written with Molly Ruhl and Gretchen McCulloch. Gretchen's podcast has an episode all about this: https://lingthusiasm.com/post/662535562508517376/lingthusiasm-episode-60-thats-the-kind-of • More Language Files: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLDEnHuhD7CTZES3KXFnwm0 Gretchen's book BECAUSE INTERNET, all about the evolution of internet language, is available: 🇺🇸 US: https://amzn.to/30tLpjT 🇨🇦 CA: https://amzn.to/2JsTYWH 🇬🇧 UK: https://amzn.to/31K8eRD (Those are affiliate links that give a commission to me or Gretchen, depending on country!) Graphics by William Marler: https://wmad.co.uk Audio mix by Graham Haerther and Manuel Simon at Standard Studios: https://haerther.net REFERENCES: Zwicky, Arnold M. 1977. On clitics. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club. Anderson, S. R. 2005. Aspects of the theory of Clitics. New York: Oxford University. Palmer, F., Huddleston, R., & Pullum, G. 2002. Inflectional morphology and related matters. In R. Huddleston & G. Pullum (Authors), The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language (pp. 1565-1620). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316423530.019 Zwicky, Arnold M. 1994. What is a clitic? In Nevis, Joel A. & Joseph, Brian D. & Wanner, Dieter & Zwicky, Arnold M. (eds.), Clitics: a comprehensive bibliography 1892-1991, xii–xx. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Pullum, G.K., & Zwicky, A.M. 1997. Licensing of prosodic features by syntactic rules: the key to auxiliary reduction. Zwicky, A.M. 1970. Auxiliary Reduction in English. Linguistic Inquiry, 1(3), 323–336. Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. 2003. ‘Constructions in grammaticalization.’ In Brian D. Joseph & Richard D. Janda (eds.) The Handbook of Historical Linguistics. Oxford: Blackwel I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

At the New Town Hall, the Neues Rathaus, in Hanover, there's a strange elevator where the track curves unevenly. For years, people from Germany have been emailing me about it: well, I finally visited. ■ More about the Hall: https://www.visit-hannover.com/en/Sightseeing-City-Tours/Tourist-Highlights/The-New-Town-Hall Camera: Maximilian Unger Producer: Viktor Sramo at Klein Aber I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The asterisk is important. ■ AD: 👨‍💻 NordVPN's best deal is here: https://nordvpn.com/tomscott - with a 30-day money-back guarantee. ■ More on the ELT: @ESOobservatory https://eso.org The Extremely Large Telescope, in Paranal, Chile, is probably going to be the largest optical telescope that will ever be constructed. I was invited out there by the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council and the European Southern Observatory, and I wasn't going to turn down a chance like that. 📰 DISCLAIMER While the STFC and ESO invited me and arranged the logistics after arrival into the Antofagasta region, I was not paid for this (not even my travel costs) and I have sole editorial control over the video. This is not an advert. 👥 CREDITS Editor: Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin Script assistant: Laura Conlon Audio mix: Graham Haerther and Manni Simon at Standard Studios Thanks to Alex Fyans, Hannah Conduit, and William Taylor from STFC; to Francisco Rodríguez, Juan Carlos, and Michele Cirasuolo from ESO; and to everyone I met at Paranal! 🖼 IMAGE CREDITS Images and footage from ESO is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/copyright/ First image of an explanet: https://www.eso.org/public/images/26a_big-vlt/ Stars orbiting the supermassive black hole: https://www.eso.org/public/australia/videos/eso1825e/ VLT light path: https://www.eso.org/public/videos/LightPath-VLT2021/ VLTI delay lines: https://www.eso.org/public/videos/esocast13/ ELT render: https://www.eso.org/public/images/elt-fulldome-1_cc/ 📽 PREVIOUS VIDEOS Previously, in Arecibo: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d3WiRunOsWY and in Parkes: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6o38C-ultvw I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Bolwoningen, in Den Bosch, in the Netherlands, are experimental architecture: the surprising part is that people still live there. Local producer: Jasper Deelen Camera: Jeroen Simons Thanks to @NotJustBikes for the Rotterdam cube house footage A lot of my history research from video is based on 2019 book "Experimentele Woningbouw in Nederland 1968-1980: 64 Gerealiseerde Woonbeloften", by Barzilay, Ferwerda and Blom: https://experimentelewoningbouw.nl/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

This is the only pirate reference you're getting from me. • Written with Molly Ruhl and Gretchen McCulloch. Gretchen's podcast has an episode all about this: https://lingthusiasm.com/post/684727483493384192/episode-68-tea-and-skyscrapers-when-words-get • More Language Files: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLDEnHuhD7CTZES3KXFnwm0 Gretchen's book BECAUSE INTERNET, all about the evolution of internet language, is available: 🇺🇸 US: https://amzn.to/30tLpjT 🇨🇦 CA: https://amzn.to/2JsTYWH 🇬🇧 UK: https://amzn.to/31K8eRD (Those are affiliate links that give a commission to me or Gretchen, depending on country!) Graphics by William Marler: https://wmad.co.uk Audio mix by Graham Haerther and Manuel Simon at Standard Studios: https://haerther.net REFERENCES: [etymologies from OED and M-W] Sanchez, T. (2005). Constraints on structural borrowing in a multilingual contact situation. Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania. ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=ircs_reports John Hewson. 1993. A computer-generated dictionary of proto-Algonquian. Gatineau – Quebec : National Museums of Canada. https://protoalgonquian.atlas-ling.ca/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The British Library is one of the six legal deposit libraries for the UK — and the only one that doesn't pick and choose, or have to ask for copies. That's a lot of books to store, and the internet's only making it worse. ■ The BL: https://bl.uk ■ UK Web Archive: https://www.webarchive.org.uk/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

This was so much more complex than I thought. ■ AD: 👨‍💻 NordVPN's best deal is here: https://nordvpn.com/tomscott - with a 30-day money-back guarantee. Graphics by William Marler https://wmad.co.uk Written with Sean M Elliott https://twitter.com/SeanMElliott/ Audio mix and script proofread by Graham Haerther and Manuel Simon at Standard Studios (who had to deal with the audio-nightmare that was the echoey green screen room I filmed in) I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Baťa Skyscraper, in Zlín, Czechia, is a landmark of architecture. And the office of Jan Antonín Baťa... is an elevator. [Correction: Jan Antonín Baťa's birth year is 1898; the graphic is a typo.] Thanks to the museum staff for fact-checking and translation! Camera and local production: Otto Beck, HayotFilms https://hayotfilms.com I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Long barrows are Neolithic constructions that might have been churches, or graveyards, or landmarks. And some are being built again: for the first time in recorded history. ■ Soulton Long Barrow: https://www.soultonhall.co.uk/page/322/soulton-long-barrow.htm ■ Sacred Stones: https://www.sacredstones.co.uk/our-locations/soulton-long-barrow/ Camera: Ryan Priestnall https://www.ryanpriestnall.com/ Editor: Julian Domanski I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Honiton Hot Pennies ceremony is the result of 800 years of tradition: from when rich people would entertain themselves by throwing scalding-hot pennies onto the poor people below. These days, it's a bit less dangerous... but only a bit. DoP: Dave Mackie https://davemackie.co.uk Camera; Jared Zwarts Editor: Julian Domanski I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Zermatt, in Switzerland, bans all private cars and all gasoline cars. But if you run a business, you might be able to buy one of the special, tiny ones that are built right there. ■ Zermatt: https://zermatt.ch ■ Stimbo: https://stimbo.ch/ Camera: Martin Bäbler Editor: Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin Local production by Viven https://viven.ch Thanks to Kevin Tedore for the suggestion Milk float clip licensed from Reuters via Pond5. I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

In Switzerland, there's a new cryonics company: and they invited me to have a look around. I had questions: legal, practical, and ethical, and I want to be clear: this is not an endorsement. I just wasn't going to turn down that invitation. ■ Tomorrow Bio: https://www.tomorrow.bio/ Camera: Martin Bäbler I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

An unexpected update! Thanks to @KarenPuzzles for handling the GoPro ■ The Center: https://www.grizzlydiscoveryctr.org/ ■ Certified bear-resistant products: https://www.igbconline.org/programs/bear-resistant-products ■ The raw footage, public domain: https://archive.org/details/grizzly-bear-selfie or https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oarf76MCrss — note that the rest of this video and my voiceover is not public domain! Previously: If this survives for an hour, it passes the Bear Test. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xn_O2li_jpk Europe camera: Martin Bäbler Yellowstone camera: Erik Resel at Backcountry Media https://backcountrymedia.com I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

This footage is public domain, and the raw files are available at https://archive.org/details/grizzly-bear-selfie ■ An explanation, which is not public domain: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xq4ZkfojSis ■ Two videos taken by grizzly bears at the Grizzy & Wolf Discovery Center, West Yellowstone, Montana. The bears found a previously-lost GoPro Hero 11 in a protective case, in their pond, which had enough battery left to take a couple of brief shots, including a selfie. As these video files were created entirely by bears, by accident, I believe them to be in the public domain. If that's not the case, then as the owner of the camera and potential copyright holder, I'm happy to license these files under CC0 and dedicate them to the public domain as far as legally possible. However, if I don't upload them to YouTube first, then someone else will — and YouTube's copyright systems often get confused by public domain footage, so for my own safety, this is the digital equivalent of sending them to myself in a sealed, postmarked envelope. YouTube's system the license for this listed as "Creative Commons - Attribution", because "Public Domain" is not an option. You are not required to attribute this footage, but if you do use these files, it'd be nice to make a donation to the Grizzly & Wolf Discovery Center. They've got bears to feed. https://www.grizzlydiscoveryctr.org/ 00:00 GX010742.MP4 01:28 GX010743.MP4

At the Grizzly & Wolf Discovery Center in West Yellowstone, Montana, you can get a product certified as bear-resistant... by actual bears. ■ The Center: https://www.grizzlydiscoveryctr.org/ Camera by Erik Resel at Backcountry Media https://backcountrymedia.com Edited by Julian Domanski I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Near San Diego, California, there's a rotating house: and somehow, all the utilities, the electricity, gas and water, work even on the rotating part. How's that possible? ■ Al's site: https://rotatinghome.com ■ The real estate listing: http://navrealestate.co/4903-mount-helix-dr This is not an advert; I received no payment other than access and had full editorial control. Camera: Juan Fracia, Bream Velasquez Local production: @TwoBitDaVinci Graphics: Stijn Orlans I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Near Dayton, Ohio there's a lookalike of the Wright Brothers' Model B: a 1910 aircraft with no cockpit. It's a modern plane with a very old design, and I went for a ride. ■ The Museum: https://www.wright-b-flyer.org/ Edited by Julian Domanski I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

💡 VIDEO SUGGESTIONS: https://tomscott.com/lastcall/ | ❓ LATERAL the podcast: https://lateralcast.com or highlights at https://youtube.com/lateralcast | 📰 NEWSLETTER: https://tomscott.com/newsletter/ | 💥 THE TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES: https://youtube.com/techdif | ➕ TOM SCOTT PLUS the second channel: https://youtube.com/tomscottplus

Well before the first climbing frame was patented as "jungle gym", mathematician Charles Hinton thought they might be able to teach kids four-dimensional thinking. ■ Thanks to the Winnetka Historical Society! More from them: https://www.winnetkahistory.org/gazette/j-is-for-jungle-gym/ Original patents referenced: https://patents.google.com/patent/US1471465A/ https://patents.google.com/patent/US1488244A/ https://patents.google.com/patent/US1488245A/ https://patents.google.com/patent/US1488246A/ Also referenced is "Winnetka: The history and significance of an educational experiment", by Washburne and Marland. I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Through the mountains of Slovenia, there are manual cable cars: some historic, some more modern. There aren't many left. I was able to try one, and to talk to the person who still maintains it. Just to be clear, there are a few of these in other places in the world, too. There's at least a couple in North America, one in Germany, and one in Turkey! (Or at least, I think they still exist.) But the video of the Cicka got me to beautiful Slovenia, and the story that I found there was worth the trip. Local producer: Jure Kreft at Fixmedia https://fixmedia.si Camera: Darko Sintič Audio mix: Manni Simon and Graham Haerther "Cicka - ročna žičnica čez Savo by Jure Senegačnik" is available at https://youtu.be/w3i5BN2VpWs and is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode (that license does not extend to the rest of this video) I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

In an old mill in a remote corner of Italy, sits the Bathysphere Project at Explorandia: a submarine simulator that explores an actual, small pond. It might be the best homemade project I've ever seen. ■ More: https://www.explorandia.it/page/bathysphere Edited by Julian Domanski I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The first few moments of an explosion can't be simulated yet. But there's a team at the University of Sheffield working on it. ■ A paper about their work, including data from a similar test: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/2/964 ■ More from them: https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/civil/ Previously: why Hollywood explosions don't look like real explosions: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nqJiWbD08Yw I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Catesby Tunnel, in the UK, is an old Victorian railway tunnel that has a new use: a secretive car testing facility, like a wind tunnel but in reverse. So rather than just show it to the world, I thought I'd answer a question: if you stick a camera on the outside of your car, how much does the drag cost you? ■ The tunnel: https://catesbytunnel.com/ Camera: Jamie MacLeod https://www.jamiemacleod.co.uk/ Editor: Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin This is not an advert, Catesby Projects and the tunnel team had no editorial control and I wasn't paid. (In fact, I paid quite a bit for the fire safety team!) Thank you to the many people who suggested this over the years, but in particular to David who was able to put me in touch with them directly! I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

At the University of California San Diego, there's the Shake Table: an earthquake simulator with the heaviest payload capacity in the world. ■ More about the table: https://nheri.ucsd.edu/ With thanks to everyone at UCSD, including Shiling Pei and Ioana Patringenaru Camera: Mark Liu and David Baillot Editor: Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

I went inside the former hotel where, for science (and money), people are volunteering to get colds, flu, and RSV. ■ Challenge trials looking for volunteers: https://flucamp.com/ and https://www.1daysooner.org/recruiting-challenge-studies This isn't an advert! the subject was suggested by the team at 1DaySooner, but that's it: no money changed hands and no editorial control was given away. Two bonus facts I couldn't fit in the main video: 😷 There are some challenge trials which require stronger quarantine protocols or negative-pressure rooms, but they're much more rare (and much more difficult to film) 🧻 The tissues that volunteers sneeze into have to be put into a separate bag, so they can be weighed Camera by Jamie MacLeod Edited by Julian Domanski I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

At CEA-Leti, in Grenoble, there's a "funicular" that not many people get to ride: because it's between two clean rooms, and getting to it requires quite a lot of preparation. ■ CEA-Leti: https://www.leti-cea.com/cea-tech/leti/english/Pages/Welcome.aspx For most of my research on this, I'm indebted to this French-language article from by Julien Meyrat: https://www.vepres.fr/vepres-presse-salles-propres-funiculaire/ Camera: Simon Gillouin Editor: Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin Local production by Block8 https://block8production.com I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Agroscope is a Swiss government-backed agricultural research lab. It's got a lot of other resarch projects too, but it also keeps a backup of the Swiss cheese bacterial cultures... just in käse. ■ Agroscope: https://www.agroscope.admin.ch/agroscope/en/home.html Camera: Tobias Buchmann Editor: Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin Local production by Viven https://viven.ch Thanks to Rafael Ferrara for the suggestion! I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Meiringen Air Base, in Switzerland, has an unusual feature: two public roads that go straight over the runway. How do they keep it safe? And, as a side note, just how loud is it when you're standing next to a fighter jet? (Bonus things that didn't fit into the video: the aircraft aren't stored in hangars, but in caverns tunneled into the hillside! And if you want to get really close to the jets, there's a second, much narrower crossing over a taxiway to the caverns. They're not taking off at high speed there, though.) Camera: Tobias Buchmann Editor: Julian Domanski Local production by Viven https://viven.ch I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

At the Department of Collective Behaviour, part of the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, researchers are putting locusts into simulated worlds, both virtual and physical, in the hope that they can figure out how devastating swarms form and move. ■ About the Centre: https://www.exc.uni-konstanz.de/collective-behaviour/ https://www.ab.mpg.de/couzin Edited by Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin Thanks to David Walter for the suggestion This is the most uncomfortable I've ever felt while filming, for a few reasons. First, of course, because of the locust swarm itself. Second, because animal research — even on creatures as simple and pestilent as locusts — always raises ethical questions. Now, the researchers are careful with the locusts, and I don't think many people could have a problem with this. Indeed, most of the world currently has zero ethical restrictions on insect experimentation — but it's still worth interrogating whether this is okay. And finally: because if we can do this so easily to less intelligent creatures... what's to stop something more intelligent coming along and doing the same to us? I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Hideyasu Ito runs the Micro Hovercraft Laboratory, and I got to meet him and ride his incredible four-bubble hovercraft. ■ The Laboratory: @hideito9042 http://mhlabo.web.fc2.com/ or https://twitter.com/microhovercraft Local producer: Yasuharu Matsuno at Mind Architect Camera and edit: Julian Domanski (This video has an English dub available on supported devices. Change the language option to use it!) I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

I thought maglev trains were a dead-end technology: but it looks like I was wrong. At JR Central's Yamanashi Maglev Test Track, I rode Japan's new maglev. ■ The maglev: https://scmaglev.jr-central-global.com/ ■ The exhibition centre: https://www.linear-museum.pref.yamanashi.jp/english/index.html Local producer: Yasuharu Matsuno at Mind Architect Camera and edit: Julian Domanski (This video has an English dub and limited audio description available. These are experimental and use AI-generated voices, so may not be perfect, and I can't promise they'll stay long-term. On supported devices, change the language option to use them!) I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

I was going to film a video about a robot bicycle park. And then GIKEN, the company who built it, said: you know we do this for cars as well, right? ■ More details: https://www.giken.com/en/products/automated-parking-facilities/ Local producer: Yasuharu Matsuno at Mind Architect Camera: Julian Domanski Editor: Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin I'm a bit worried that this comes across as an advert. It's not — I reached out to the team at GIKEN, they had no editorial control, and no money changed hands. (Although they did, of course, go through all the paperwork required to let me climb into their giant robot parking garage.) They also asked me to include this: “Eco Cycle and Eco Park are brand names of GIKEN LTD. in Japan”, which seemed a reasonable enough request. This video has an English dub available by changing the language option on supported devices. I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The DMV, or Dual Mode Vehicle, on the Asa Coast Railway in Shikoku, Japan, is a hybrid bus and train. And I rode it. ■ The railway: https://asatetu.com/en/ (English) or https://asatetu.com/ (Japanese) An accessible English dub of this video is available. Plus, as there was (unusually) room for it in this video, there's also a version with audio description. You can turn those on in your device's player settings. Both are experimental and use an AI-generated voice, so they're a long way from perfect; I can't guarantee they'll be available for future videos, or even for this one long-term! But hopefully it's a step in the right direction. Local producer: Yasuharu Matsuno at Mind Architect Camera: Julian Domanski I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Nishiyama Onsen Keiunkan is not just the world's oldest hotel, but the world's oldest still-operating business. Or at least, that's one way of looking at it. But things are changing here, just like they always have. ■ The hotel: https://www.keiunkan.co.jp/ Local producer: Yasuharu Matsuno at Mind Architect Camera: Julian Domanski An accessible English dub is available for anyone unable to read subtitles; you can turn it on in your device's player settings. It's experimental and using an AI-generated voice, so it's a long way from perfect, and I can't guarantee it'll be available for future videos, or even for this one long-term! But hopefully it's a step in the right direction. I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Wellington, in New Zealand, has more than a hundred private cable cars. I found out why. ■ Access Automation: https://accessautomation.co.nz/ ■ Rose's book: https://teherengawakapress.co.nz/all-who-live-on-islands/ Editor: Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin Producer: Virginia Wickham at Kevin & Co https://www.kevinandco.co.nz/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The common wisdom is that, once an invasive species is truly established, it can't be eradicated — but I talked to the team from Predator Free Wellington, who think they can do just that. ■ Predator Free Wellington: https://www.pfw.org.nz/ Predator Free 2050: https://pf2050.co.nz/ Editor: Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin Camera: Conor Cameron https://cyansea.nz/ Producer: Virginia Wickham at Kevin & Co https://www.kevinandco.co.nz/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

C1 Espresso, in Christchurch, New Zealand, has a set of pneumatic tubes. But that's not enough on its own to keep a business running. ■ C1 Espresso: http://www.c1espresso.co.nz/ Producer: Virginia Wickham at Kevin & Co https://www.kevinandco.co.nz/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

I just wanted to fix my email. ■ AD: 👨‍💻 NordVPN's best deal is here: https://nordvpn.com/tomscott - with a 30-day money-back guarantee. ■ Code and full conversation: https://www.tomscott.com/fix-gmail-labels-threads/ Script assistant: Laura Conlon No AI assistance was used, except where noted. ALTERNATE TITLES: Crypto and the metaverse aren't the future. AI is. I just wanted to fix my email. I tried ChatGPT and had a minor existential crisis Everything is about to change ChatGPT is Napster, 24 years later. ChatGPT is 2023's Napster. CHAPTERS 0:00 Intro 0:07 I just wanted to fix my email 2:39 Gmail's label system sucks 5:35 Wait, I can fix this with code 7:36 It can't be that good, right? 11:31 Everything is going to change I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo (Yes, that was a "Weird Al" Yankovic reference.)

At Velocity Valley in Rotorua, New Zealand, there's the Shweeb: a pedal-powered monorail. It's a fun ride: but in 2010, Google gave it a million dollars as a potential "future of transit". ▪ Thanks to Velocity Valley: https://velocityvalley.co.nz/ SOURCES: https://web.archive.org/web/20091109051951/http://shweeb.com/index.php?m=faq https://web.archive.org/web/20081012033535/http://www.project10tothe100.com/faq.html https://web.archive.org/web/20120506113239/http://www.google.com/onceuponatime/project10tothe100/ https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-03-27/whatever-happened-to-the-shweeb https://www.nzherald.co.nz/bay-of-plenty-times/business/13m-backing-for-shweeb/ERNGSPNILIFWR7YC4TU2A6DEYY/ https://www.businessinsider.com/google-human-monorail-shweeb-2010-9 Camera: Rakaea Te Rangi-Trotman I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Every few months, when the wind's blowing in the right direction, a bottle of air is taken from Kennaook / Cape Grim, at the northern tip of Tasmania, and saved for science. Here's how and why. ▪ More about the Cape Grim Air Archive: https://research.csiro.au/acc/capabilities/cape-grim-air-archive/ There was no way to put this in the main video, but I have to point to some of the bleak history of Kennaook / Cape Grim, and the massacre that happened there: https://www.ourtasmania.com.au/northwest/history-cape-grim-mass.html CSIRO and I acknowledge the Pennemuker people, traditional owners of Kennaook / Cape Grim, and their continuing connection to their culture; and pay our respects to their Elders past and present. I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Parkes Radio Telescope, part of CSIRO, is one of the most famous telescopes in the world: and it's got a unique way of getting equipment up and down from the central section. ▪ More about the Telescope: https://www.csiro.au/en/about/facilities-collections/atnf/parkes-radio-telescope Edited by Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

"Sentinel chickens" are an early-warning system against some nasty mosquito-borne diseases. I visited a flock in New South Wales, Australia. ▪ More about NSW Health's surveillance: https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/mosquito-borne/Pages/surveillance.aspx MVE was actually found in the area I filmed, just a couple of days later, although in that case it was direct mosquito detection, not via chickens. https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/news/Pages/20230111_00.aspx I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Great Scenic Railway, at Luna Park in Melbourne, Australia, is the second oldest rollercoaster in the world: and it's one of only a few which still uses a manual brake. Here's how it works. ◾ Luna Park: https://lunapark.com.au/ @lunaparkmelbourne Thanks to @JulianOShea on camera: visit his channel for lots of stories about Unknown Melbourne, including this great video about the bridge that trucks keep crashing into: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HR7NivKqfzo I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Poly Canyon, at Cal Poly, is an experimental architecture laboratory. And it's open to the public: http://www.caed.calpoly.edu/content/facilities/poly-canyon Thanks to Jacob DeBoard for the suggestion I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Thanks to Lazarus 3D: https://www.lazarus3d.com/ ▪ Lazarus had no editorial control over this video, and I paid for my own MRI, but of course they helped set everything up and provided the print! Edited by Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin Thanks to Graeme Wiltrout for the suggestion I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Did 18th century firefighters really let buildings burn? Sources below. ■ AD: 👨‍💻 NordVPN's best deal is here: https://nordvpn.com/tomscott - with a 30-day money-back guarantee. Here's the full, thoroughly referenced report: https://www.tomscott.com/corrections/firemarks/ Thanks to historical consultant Paul J Sillitoe: http://www.linkedin.com/in/paul-sillitoe-avi-consultants Thanks to Afonso Noronha for the email sparking this whole discussion! All the corrections on this channel can be found here: https://www.tomscott.com/corrections/ The original video, now deprecated and unlisted: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sehyLDPeB6M I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The brown marmorated stink bug is an invasive pest. To help deal with its numbers, the Oregon Department of Agriculture is releasing its natural enemy: the tiny samurai wasp. There's a lot of work that goes into it. ▪ Thanks to all the team at the ODA, and to Chris Hedstrom for the macro footage. I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Rabbit Line, at UBC's TRIUMF, sends slightly radioactive material under the streets of Vancouver at 100km/h (60mph). Here's how and why. ◾ More: https://www.triumf.ca/headlines/current-events/rabbit-line-gets-replacement Edited by Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Bay of Fundy has cheap, clean power: if you can harness it. ■ AD: 👨‍💻 NordVPN's best deal is here: https://nordvpn.com/tomscott - with a 30-day money-back guarantee. I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Montreal Olympic Sports Centre has a 20m (65ft) diving board. That's twice the Olympic height. Why would anyone need that? ◾ The Centre: https://parcolympique.qc.ca/centresportif/en/ Edited by Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Surely water simulation can be done with computers now? Well, not quite. At the University of Sherbrooke, there's an artificial research river, and I asked them to start it up. ▪ The University's civil engineering department: https://www.usherbrooke.ca/gcivil/ Edited by Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin With thanks to Sherbrooke team members Basem (who also flew the drone!) and André (who also wrote the French subtitles!) I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Udbyhøj Cable Ferry across Randers Fjord in Denmark is electric-powered: but rather than batteries, it's plugged into mains electricity. Here's how it works. ▪ More about the ferry: https://www.randersfjord-faerger.dk/ Production manager: Sissel Vindskov Bødker at GotFat, https://gotfat.dk Camera: Peter Sørensen Runner: Victor Gade Editor: Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin Audio mixer: Dan Pugsley at Cassini Sound https://www.cassinisound.com/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

💡 VIDEO SUGGESTIONS: https://tomscott.com/help/ ❓ LATERAL the podcast: https://lateralcast.com or highlights at https://youtube.com/lateralcast 💥 THE TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES: https://youtube.com/techdif 📰 NEWSLETTER: https://tomscott.com/newsletter/ ➕ TOM SCOTT PLUS the second channel: https://youtube.com/tomscottplus

There's a lot of articles written about how tap water in Warsaw is constantly tested by a small team of clams. It felt like a hoax to me: so I went to find out. ▪ Thanks to MPWiK Warsaw: https://www.mpwik.com.pl/ Producer: Marcin Krasnowolski https://polishfixer.com Camera: Michał Opala Editor: Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Headington Shark, in Oxford, UK, is a local icon: but it was protest art, put up without permission. Now, the local government wants to protect it. ▪ The Shark House: https://www.headingtonshark.com/ Edited by Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

At the Swiss Military Museum in Full, there's the last remaining example of a 1970s tank-driving simulator. But there's no virtual worlds here: it's connected to a real camera and a real miniature model. ■ More about the museum: https://www.festungsmuseum.ch/ Camera: Tobias Buchmann Producer: Sebastian Capeda at Viven https://viven.ch Editor: https://www.davestevenson.co.uk/ Audio mix: Dan Pugsley https://cassinisound.com (my microphone failed inside the very noisy simulator; he did an incredible job!) I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Gotthard Base Tunnel in Switzerland is 57km long: and I think its greatest piece of safety equipment is nowhere near the tunnel itself. ■ Thanks to Swiss Federal Railways https://www.sbb.ch/ - drone filming near the tracks was specially approved with railway staff. ■ For tours into the Gotthard Tunnel and to the visitors' window, see Uri Tourism: https://www.uri.swiss/de/erleben/seilbahn-eldorado-uri/eisenbahn/gotthard-tunnel-erlebnis/ Camera: Alicja Pahl Producer: Sebastian Capeda at Viven https://viven.ch Editor: Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Doppelmayr Garaventa Monorack is a decades-old product. I've no idea how I missed it before. But for the third video in the Monorail Trilogy, this isn't an advert: I'm just happy to be proved wrong. ▪ More about the Monorack: https://www.doppelmayr.com/products/monorack/ Previously, Wuppertal in 2016: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F4KZLcvMQWg (I'm not proud of this video -- the Tim Traveller has done a much better video on the system here, and you should probably watch that instead: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9IFh6wFTJiQ ) And the Roadmachines monorail in 2020: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Irv3KJR6B80 (Thanks also to Grotto de Peo in Ronco sopra Ascona. If you're ever in the area, their food is delicious.) Camera: Alicja Pahl Producer: Sebastian Capeda at Viven https://viven.ch I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The treadwheel crane, or treadmill crane, sounds like something from Astérix or the Flintstones. But at Guédelon in France, not only do they have one: they're using it to help build their brand new castle. ▪ More about Guédelon: https://www.guedelon.fr/ Camera: Simon Gillouin Editor: Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin Producer: Axel Zeiliger https://block8production.com I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

It's about synchronisation, right? Well, not exactly... I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Aéroplume, in France, is a helium blimp sized for one person. €60 gets you half an hour's flight. I had to try it. ■ More about Aéroplume: https://aeroplume.fr ■ This isn't sponsored: I paid for my flight at the normal price, I was the one to contact them asking permission, and Aéroplume had no editorial control. I am, however, amazed that in the ten years this has been going, no-one's ever told me about it before! Edited by Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The @Royal Albert Hall is 150 years old; the roof is 600 tonnes of glass and steel. And it turns out that there's a terrifying technicians' trampoline, acoustic-dampening mushrooms, and a complete lack of connections. Thanks to everyone at the Royal Albert Hall: https://www.royalalberthall.com/ Camera by Jamie MacLeod https://www.jamiemacleod.co.uk/ Aerial operations by Phil Conrad and Freddie Conrad from Photodrones https://www.photodrones.com Edited by Taran van Hemert https://www.youtube.com/taranvh (The Royal Albert Hall is within the Hyde Park no-fly-zone. Drone operations were specially permitted and approved by the aviation authorities.) I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The "T-Rex" is the University of Texas' large mobile shaker, and I got to see it in action. ■ More about the shakers: https://utexas.designsafe-ci.org/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Chicago and Sanitary Ship Canal is the path that invasive carp would take to reach the Great Lakes. So to stop them, the US Army Corps of Engineers has installed an electric barrier. Although for obvious reasons, I didn't get to see it close up. Sources, apart from the interview and the team I talked to: https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130400272 https://www.npr.org/2009/12/04/121104335/chicago-canal-flooded-with-toxin-to-kill-asian-carp https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5542199 https://apnews.com/article/d44c3701de7847bea3b7218e1f3d3fc8 https://dnr.wi.gov/news/mediakits/mk_carpcontrol.asp Edited by Dave Stevenson http://www.davestevenson.co.uk/ Thanks to Captain Nate at Peoria Carp Hunters https://peoriacarphunters.com/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

On Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, there's a summer tradition: "mail jumping". It's a bit dangerous, a bit ridiculous, and would never be allowed to start today. But it's a tradition. ■ Thanks to the Lake Geneva Cruise Line: https://www.cruiselakegeneva.com/ Edited by Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

At the Remote Encoding Center in Salt Lake City, keyers process 1.2 billion images of mail every year. It's a more difficult job than I thought. Edited by Michelle Martin: https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin Thanks to Zack from JerryRigEverything for being the camera op: https://youtube.com/jerryrigeverything I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

In Soda Springs, Idaho, there's a geyser that fires carbonated water into the air, on the hour, every hour. I paid a visit. ■ Thanks to all the folks from Soda Springs who helped with this video! Edited by Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin Camera by Mason Scharf, Terry Gilbert, and Gregg Haney, each of whom happened to be in the right place at the right time for a different eruption: thank you all for stepping in, it looks much better than a tripod shot would! I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Tradinno weighs 11 tonnes, has a 12-metre wingspan, and breathes fire. And every year, someone has to stab it with a spear. ■ More information: https://www.bayerischer-wald.de/attraktion/die-drachenhoehle-41ad70b6b8 Location camera: Moritz Janisch Producer: Marcel Fenchel https://www.fenchel-janisch.com/ Editor: Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

I feel like there are other YouTube channels that would take a different approach here. ▪ With thanks to Professor Brian Kalt: his original article is here: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=691642 -- any inaccuracies that have slipped in are mine alone, and this is, obviously, not legal advice! To save you doing the research, my location while recording this was approximately 44.14 N, 111.05 W. I got three mosquito bites in under thirty minutes, including one on my hand. (And the credits for this one are very old-school, so I'm adding a slightly self-aggrandising note here: I did everything for this video! The camera, the editing, the sound mix, the graphics. It's good to know I can still do that occasionally!) I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Hudson River Special Flight Rules Area is an incredible thing: unrestricted airspace right next to Manhattan. We flew it. ■ Thanks to John De Groot, and to Century Air (who mostly provide pilot training, so I'm grateful that they took the time to arrange this!): http://centuryair.com/ - this is not sponsored, I paid for my flight and their time. The flight and radio procedures in this video have been significantly shortened for time, and operations over the city were pre-approved with local air traffic control. This is not intended as a substitute for proper instruction or for reference. Edited by Isla McTear Audio mix by Dan Pugsley https://cassinisound.com I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

There are only a few working Link Trainers left in the world: but before microprocessors, before display screnes, half a million pilots learned the basics of instrument flying inside one. More: https://www.most.org/explore/link-flight-trainer/ Edited by Michelle Martin, https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

It feels like no-one's told the world about this yet. ■ AD: 👨‍💻 NordVPN's best deal is here: https://nordvpn.com/tomscott - with a 30-day money-back guarantee! ■ More: Royal FloraHolland's flower auction in Aalsmeer had a famous clock: a literal Dutch auction where the first person to press their button would win. But it's no more, and that's down to the internet. https://www.royalfloraholland.com/en/about-us/who-we-are/royal-floraholland/visit-the-auction Location camera: Dion Huiskes https://feedbuilders.nl Editor: Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin Producer: Jasper Deelen https://fixer-netherlands.com Footage via Open Images: https://www.openbeelden.nl/media/653209 and https://www.openbeelden.nl/media/43281/ is from Polygoon-Profilti (producer) / Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision (curator), licensed under Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike license 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en (which does not extend to the larger video, see https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/ShareAlike_interpretation ) I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The team at Sparkmate (https://Spkm.co/Build) asked if I had any ideas for things to build. And I realised that, yes, I had a question to answer: and it all goes back to an old kids' television show called "Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons"... This isn't an advert for Sparkmate. I've not been paid, and they had no control over the edit, the story, or whether it was published at all. However, they've obviously given a large amount of time, money and effort to put this together, and hopefully that's clear from the video! They're also hiring: https://Spkm.co/JoinTheSpark And on Instagram: https://Spkm.co/Insta Edited by Isla McTear Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons is a Century 21 Television / ITC Entertainment production, and the full series is available on Blu-Ray here: https://amzn.to/3OlIZgp (that's an affiliate link) I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Monte Kaolino, in Bavaria, Germany, is 35 million tonnes of quartz sand, piled up over the years from a nearby kaolin mine. In the 1960s, one guy just turned up with skis, and now half a century later it's a theme-park destination for sandboarders and skiiers. ■ More: https://www.montekaolino.eu/ Location camera: Moritz Janisch Producer: Marcel Fenchel https://www.fenchel-janisch.com/ Editor: Dave Stevenson http://davestevenson.co.uk I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Wasserspiele of Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe are 300 years old, powered entirely by gravity, and entertaining tourists. As legacies for rich people go, there are far worse ones. ■ More about the Bergpark: https://museum-kassel.de/en/museums-parks-palaces/unesco-world-heritage-site-of-bergpark-wilhelmshoehe Location camera: Moritz Janisch Producer: Marcel Fenchel https://www.fenchel-janisch.com/ Editor: Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin

Les machines de l'île, in Nantes, are famous for their giant mechanical elephant. And to my surprise, tourists can just pay and ride it. ■ More information: https://www.lesmachines-nantes.fr/ Edited by Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin Camera: Guillaume Juin https://www.guillaumejuin.fr Producer: Axel Zeiliger at Block8 https://block8production.com Thanks to Jérémie Chabot for the suggestion I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The "accelerated pavement testing facility" in Nantes can simulate decades of road traffic in a few months. Here's how. ■ More information: https://lames.univ-gustave-eiffel.fr/en/equipments/the-pavement-fatigue-carrousel Editor: Dave Stevenson http://davestevenson.co.uk Camera: Guillaume Juin https://www.guillaumejuin.fr Producer: Axel Zeiliger at Block8 https://block8production.com Thanks to Jérémie Chabot for the suggestion I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

In southern France, there's a man called Christian who flies a microlight aircraft, alongside flocks of birds. And he takes passengers. ■ More about Fly With Birds: https://www.flywithbirds.com/ Camera: Simon Gillouin Editor: Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin Producer: Axel Zeiliger https://block8production.com I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Chauvet cave, in the south of France, is one of the most important archaeological sites in the world, filled with art that's tens of millennia old. No-one's allowed in, for very good reasons: but just a few kilometres away, there's a near-exact copy. Is that enough? Camera: Simon Gillouin Editor: Dave Stevenson http://davestevenson.co.uk Producer: Axel Zeiliger https://block8production.com More about Chauvet II: https://grottechauvet2ardeche.com/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Funchal Airport, on the island of Madeira, was too short for modern commercial airliners: but there was nowhere to extend to. The solution is one of the greatest civil engineering projects of our time. Producer: Aitken Pearson https://firecrestindependent.com Assistant Producer: Elsa Gouveia Camera: Elton Cantoni Editor: Dave Stevenson http://davestevenson.co.uk The 1990 photo of the airport is by Peter Forster, "pizzodisevo 1937", and was posted to Flickr under a Creative Commons by-sa 2.0 license here: https://www.flickr.com/photos/31818720@N00/111945171 - license details at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Monte Toboggans, in Funchal on the island of Madeira, are wicker sofas: a bit like the gondolas of Venice, only you're going downhill in regular traffic. More about them: https://www.carreirosdomonte.com/ Producer: Aitken Pearson https://firecrestindependent.com Assistant Producer: Elsa Gouveia Camera: Elton Cantoni Editor: Dave Stevenson http://davestevenson.co.uk I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

"Daly's Bridge", in Cork, Ireland, is better known as the Shakey Bridge. Because it shakes. But what happens when a bridge like that has to be repaired and refurbished? • Thanks to Cllr McCarthy: his site is http://corkheritage.ie/ ! Edited by Dave Stevenson http://davestevenson.co.uk A thorough study of how the Bridge shakes: http://publish.ucc.ie/boolean/pdf/2015/00/32-ODonnell-2015-00-en.pdf [PDF] I did try (a lot!) to get an interview with someone from RPS Group, who were in charge of the refurbishment, but I just wasn't able to make contact. However, I'm indebted to Michael Minehane, principal engineer, whose talk to Engineers Ireland gives a lot of in-depth information about the bridge was refurbished! You can watch it here, along with Cllr McCarthy's history of the bridge: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j52poh2ZfSA Thanks to Youssuf Radwan for the suggestion! I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Thanks to Engineered Arts! https://www.engineeredarts.co.uk/ | AD: 👨‍💻 NordVPN's best deal is here: https://nordvpn.com/tomscott - with a 30-day money-back guarantee! Edited by Dave Stevenson http://www.davestevenson.co.uk/ I haven't been able to do VPN advertising for a long time. Well, this one time, I don't have to: because the robot double's going to do it for me. With many thanks to all the team at Engineered Arts who worked on this. To be clear, this is not sponsored by them, I paid money (technically, NordVPN's money) for the Mesmer robot -- or at least, for the silicone mask and 3D printed skull that were put together for just one day! I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Did I need to get a radio controlled clock and travel to Anthorn to film this video? Absolutely not. But for a few minutes, that clock was really, really accurate. • Thanks to the team at NPL! More about NPL Time: https://www.npl.co.uk/time-frequency/time-scales I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Deepstore doesn't let many people film in their massive facilities. So when the team at Laura Ashley invited me down into the mine to look at their archives, I jumped at the chance. Thanks to Deepstore https://www.deepstore.com/ and Laura Ashley https://www.lauraashley.com/ ! Camera by Ryan Priestnall https://ryanpriestnall.com Edited by Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

On Sunday, the South Terminal at London's Gatwick Airport will reopen for the first time since 2020. It turns out that mothballing an entire terminal isn't quite as easy as turning out the lights. Thanks to all the team at Gatwick Airport! (To be clear, this isn't a sponsored video: I approached them about filming this, and I'm grateful for the access. I did not expect to get out on the airfield.) Bonus fact for pulling down the description: this was filmed on Wednesday, when the cloud of Saharan dust was in the atmosphere. I had to do a lot of colour-correction to make the outside scenes look normal! Camera by Matt Gray: https://mattg.co.uk I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

I can't make science fiction any more. So, to get the ideas I have out of my head, I went to a Standard BBC Quarry, and put all of them one video. Pull down the description for a list of the books that inspired these! FICTION RECOMMENDATIONS, all FREELY AVAILABLE ONLINE: ACCELERANDO by Charles Stross (2010): novel created from short stories. https://www.antipope.org/charlie/blog-static/fiction/accelerando/accelerando-intro.html Arguably the peak of late-noughties singularity fiction, a fad for the "rapture of the nerds" that's mostly passed now. It's still worth a read, even if its early sections are already feeling a little dated: BIT PLAYERS by Greg Egan (2014): short story. https://subterraneanpress.com/magazine/winter_2014/bit_players_by_greg_egan Part one of a trilogy that continues in 3-Adica and Instantiation, available in this short story collection: https://amzn.to/3tLn1dO [that's an Amazon affiliate link] EVERYONE IN SILICO by Jim Munroe (2004): novel. https://jimmunroe.net/writing/free_ebook_released.html A book from the peak era of Adbusters, talking about corporate-sponsored mind-uploading, the author tried to invoice a load of brands for the entirely-uninvited "product placement". LENA by qntm (2021): short story. https://qntm.org/mmacevedo Terrifying Wikipedia article from the future. And while it's technically about uploading, it's also not about uploading: https://qntm.org/uploading REFERENCED IN THE VIDEO BUT I HAVEN'T READ YET: THE AGE OF EM by Robin Hanson (2016) https://amzn.to/36eqGJl [affiliate link] BBC Micro-style on-screen counter thanks to the Octagon Simulator from Graeme Cole: https://www.greem.co.uk/octagonsimulator/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

"Anderson's Piano" is a set of wires and signals at the Pass of Brander, near Falls of Cruachan in Scotland, that try to detect when there might be a boulder on the track. They're 140 years old, and so far no-one's been able to find a better solution — but they're working on it. Thanks to all the team at Network Rail and Scotland's Railway: https://scotlandsrailway.com/ Edited by Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

In Fife, in the south-east of Scotland, there's the Elie Chain Walk: a footpath that's got a reputation for being dangerous. It isn't — as long as you're prepared, and as long as you watch out for the tide. Thanks to Allan Dunlop and Carrie Blair from Outdoor Education Fife, for both guiding me and holding the cameras! I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Rochester, in the south-east of England, was a city for nearly 800 years. And then, in 1998, an administrative error took that city status away, likely forever. Here's the story. Research and script assistance from Jess Jewell REFERENCES: BBC article: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/england/1991827.stm Kent Online article: https://www.kentonline.co.uk/medway/news/labour-lost-city-status-deliberately-say-tories-191729/ Minutes of the meeting: https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/minute_1197_policy_and_resources Additional research links: https://city-of-rochester.org.uk/features/rochester-city-status Local Government Act (1972) see: https://www.lawteacher.net/acts/local-government-act-1972.php Charter Trustees Regulations (1996): https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1996/263/made I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

In the 1960s, America was running "Operation Plowshare": the idea that perhaps nuclear bombs could be used for peace, not war. At least some British scientists had similar ambitions, and it involved setting off a nuclear bomb under Wheeldale, in the North York Moors National Park. Based on catalogue reference ES 26 in the National Archives, mainly ES 26/2 and 26/4. "Atomic Weapons Research Establishment and Atomic Weapons Establishment: Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Explosions: Files and Reports". Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0: https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/ The Open Government License does not cover personally identifying information, so names and signatures on documents have been blurred. Operation Plowshare footage from the Prelinger Archives: https://archive.org/details/Plowshar1961 and https://archive.org/details/Plowshar1961_2 I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Hill House, in Helensbrugh, Scotland was decades ahead of its time... but that means it's also experimental. And damp. ■ More about the Hill House and how to visit: https://www.nts.org.uk/visit/places/the-hill-house Edited by Michelle Martin: https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin Camera by Ben Fitzhugh I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Hutton's Unconformity, at Siccar Point, is about an hour east of Edinburgh, in Scotland, and I've wanted to set my own two feet on it for years. And from it, I've got a bigger question: is there anything we've missed? The story of the Hutton Unconformity: https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/GeositesSiccarPoint https://www.edinburghgeolsoc.org/edinburghs-geology/huttons-unconformity/ https://www.pesgb.org.uk/news/huttons-unconformity-siccar-point/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The International Cocoa Quarantine Centre, at the University of Reading, has an important job: stop pests and viruses from hitching a ride, as researchers try to breed better and hardier varieties of cocoa. Here's how they do it. ■ https://research.reading.ac.uk/cocoa/international-cocoa-quarantine-centre-reading/ Articles mentioned: https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/nov/21/cocoa-crisis-world-chocolate-stash-melting-away https://people.com/food/world-chocolate-shortage-mars/ More reading and sources: https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/preventing-a-future-without-chocolate https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23631571-800-cocoa-quarantine-one-tropical-tent-near-london/ Edited by Michelle Martin: https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The 1933 British penny is one of the most famous coins in the world. I'm not saying this is definitely a heist movie waiting to happen... but I do think someone should write it. ■ Thanks to the team at Baldwin's, and the penny's owner, for letting me film it! https://www.baldwin.co.uk/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Predicting the future is a fool's errand, but I tried it: talking about phones, lifelogging, and social changes. And on top of that: what do I think's coming in 2032? ■ Full original talk: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WcPhMqLPuvQ 2012 photo credits: Andy Davidson, IMG_1790, https://www.flickr.com/photos/andy_d/7906847522/ Andy Davidson, IMG_1791, https://www.flickr.com/photos/andy_d/7906848920/ both licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ The Brief History of the Dead by Kevin Brockmeier: https://amzn.to/3qkj9jP [that's an affiliate link] Thanks to Garry, Alex and K for suggesting this video! I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Mannequins are generally bought, used once for a project, and then thrown away to landfill. Except here, at Mannakin in Lincolnshire. Thanks to Roz and the team at Mannakin: https://mannakin.com My first thought was "don't those mannequins rot, just sitting out there in the weather?" And then I realised: no, not really, they're fibreglass. That's part of the problem Mannakin's trying to help with! Edited by Michelle Martin @mrsmmartin I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

I invited Rohin from @Medlife Crisis, Sophie from @Soph's Notes, @Mike Boyd, Sam from @Wendover Productions, and @Mia Mulder to play some games. They'll be tempted by individual profit over group wealth, in an environment designed to slowly break their team apart. But all they knew is: they'd be sat around a table trying to win cash: over $10,000. This is a show about trust, about loyalty... and about Money. Games Producer: David Bodycombe Games AP: Liam MacLeod Production Assistant: Molly Williams Runners: Edward Hubbard, Alice Rostant Dealer: Chahna Windross Camera operators: Jamie MacLeod, Aidan Bryan, Elisa Spigariol, Ami Bevilacqua Camera trainee: William Davis DIT: Rachel Hutchings Stills Photography: James Gowdy Gaffer: Marc Spicer Spark: Jamie Montgomery Lighting Trainee: Luigi Truscelli Sound Operators: Tom Bartlett, Ollie Drummond Graphic Design: Simon Buckmanster, Kate Willaert Motion Graphics: Dom Burgess, Elsie Heersink, Josh Sherrington Composer: Benjamin Squires Editor: Jamie MacLeod Edit Assistant: Rachel Hutchings Colourist: Ciaran O'Brien Sound Mixer: Dan Pugsley Production Designer: Louis Grant Special thanks: Khyan Mansley, Edith Windle, Caroline Hardman, Chris Dickson, Charlotte Dann, Grace Lee, Graeme Cole, Howard Swains, Jonathan Richards, Jonathan Warschauer, Joshua Felix, Kav Benepal, Mark Norman Francis, Matt Gray, Michelle Martin, Nat Aves, Nick Gates, Rita Wilcox, Ross Hroff, Sally Le Page, Tim Hall Director of Photography: Ciaran O'Brien Producer: Ashley Horne Series Director: Sammy Paul Series Producer: Cambria Bailey-Jones Executive Producers: Guy Larsen, Tom Scott Episode 1: This game is inspired by the Platonia Dilemma, from Douglas Hofstadter's book Metamagical Themas. Episode 3: This game is inspired by the Public Goods Game, a standard of experimental economics. Episode 5: This game is inspired by the Ultimatum Game, first described by Güth et al in 1982. A Nebula Original A Penny4 Production © Pad 26 Limited MMXX This was originally a five-episode series for Nebula: for this free-to-air release, it's been combined into a single omnibus episode. The changes are limited to: cutting the "previously on" sections; adjusting the music to cleanly bridge episodes; and combining all the credits into one end-of-the-series set. I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Electrical Network Frequency analysis, ENF analysis, matches background hum against power grid logs. I talked to one of the researchers who works on it, and also set them a challenge. Thanks to @Answer in Progress, @Hannah Witton and @Steve Mould! I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Thames Barrier can't be allowed to fail. Here's how the engineers make sure it doesn't. More about the Thames Barrier: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/the-thames-barrier Producer/Director: Cambria Bailey-Jones Editor: Michelle Martin Camera Operator: Jamie MacLeod Drone Director: Alex Glynn Drone Team: Ian Hunter, Tim Hubbard Runner: Rebecca Johnson Colourist: Jamie MacLeod Sound Design: Dan Pugsley Executive Producer: Guy Larsen A Penny4 Production: https://www.penny4.co.uk I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

➕ CREATORS: https://tomscott.com/people 🗺️ PLACES: https://tomscott.com/places 🤝 COLLABS: https://tomscott.com/collabs 📰 NEWSLETTER: https://tomscott.com/newsletter 💡 IDEAS: https://tomscott.com/ideas 👥 TECH DIF: https://youtube.com/mattandtom ➕ PLUS: https://youtube.com/tomscottplus I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo 0:00 Intro 0:05 Call for creators 0:41 Call for locations 0:55 Collaborations 1:13 Newsletter 1:34 Ideas for here 1:54 One final thing

At $8.3 million dollars for around 40 milligrams, the British Guiana 1c magenta is the world's most expensive object by weight: it's a postage stamp from 1856, the only one of its kind. More about the stamp and Stanley Gibbons: https://www.stanleygibbons.com/collecting-stamps/one-cent-magenta I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Bridgwater Carnival, in Somerset, has a long tradition of squibbing: a huge procession of people holding fireworks right above their heads. This year, I got the chance to be one of the squibbers. Thanks to all the Bridgwater Carnival team: their site is https://www.bridgwatercarnival.org.uk/ Camera: Dave Mackie and Nyles Hollister Edited by Michelle Martin: https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin (Thanks to the person who first emailed me about this: the reply-to address on your email is broken, so I've never been able to get in touch to say thanks, and don't want to name you here without permission. It was a great idea!) I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

In most of the world, inhaling radon for pain relief sounds like a bizarre idea. In some places, though, it's so accepted that it's prescribed by doctors and covered by health insurance. And I have no idea how to talk about it. Thanks to the team at the Radonstollen in Bad Kreuznach: you can find out more about them at https://www.acuradon.com SOURCES: The paper I reference in the video is "Radon Exposure—Therapeutic Effect and Cancer Risk" by Maier et al, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010316 — it is, as far as I can tell, the most comprehensive analysis of all the studies so far, and I recommend reading not just the paper but also the extensive bibliography. As mentioned in the video, they claim no conflict of interest but some of the funding does ultimately come from the radon therapy industry. There are a LOT of papers about this, and about radiation hormesis. A Google Scholar search will rapidly send you down a rabbit hole of "this seems like it works" papers, followed by "this study had a very small sample size" or "this study had flaws" meta-analysis. I am not qualified to analyse their quality and conflicts of interest, so in this case, departing from my usual policy, I'm leaving that exploration as an exercise for the reader! Location camera operator: Richard Bielau Producer: Maximilian Thesseling of Klein Aber https://kleinaber.de/ Editor for Bad Kreuznach footage: Isla McTear I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Lorenbahn, the Lüttmoorsiel-Nordstrandischmoor island railway, is famous for the tiny, private trains that take residents to and from the mainland. But that's not why it was built: and it's got a more useful purpose as well. Thanks to everyone from Landesbetrieb für Küstenschutz, Nationalpark und Meeresschutz Schleswig-Holstein, and to the islanders, for all your time and patience! Camera operator: Richard Bielau Producer: Maximilian Thesseling of Klein Aber https://kleinaber.de/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

In Brienz/Brinzauls, a small village in the east of Switzerland, there's a village slipping into a valley and a road that's surprisingly dangerous. Thanks to everyone I interviewed: pull down the description for links and more details! CCTV footage from Geopraevent, used with permission: https://www.geopraevent.ch/ More details on the Brienz radar: https://www.geopraevent.ch/project/rockfall-radar-brienz/ CSD Engineers: https://www.csd.ch/en Camera: Alicja Pahl Producer: Sebastian Capeda at Viven https://viven.ch Editor: Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

At a pumped storage plant in western Austria, a company called Energy Robotics is testing robot dogs for inspection. All the fancy Boston Dynamics publicity stunts aside: are the robots actually useful? ■ As ever: this is not an advert, Energy Robotics and illwerke vkw had no editorial control. They just asked "do you want to fly your drone inside the Obervermuntwerk II hydroelectric power plant to film a robot dog", and of course I immediately said yes. Energy Robotics: https://www.energy-robotics.com/ illwerke vkw: https://www.illwerkevkw.at/ Edited by Michelle Martin: https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

In Lübeck, Germany, there's one of several eHighway test projects: overhead catenary wires, where electric trucks with pantographs can pull power directly from the grid. Thanks to everyone who gave so much time to make this video possible! More about the eHighway: https://www.ehighway-sh.de/de/ehighway.html Prof. Cebon's work at the Centre for Sustainable Road Freight: https://www.csrf.ac.uk/author/dcebon/ Camera operator: Richard Bielau Producer: Maximilian Thesseling of Klein Aber https://kleinaber.de/ With thanks to all the team at the eHighway and at Spedition Bode GmbH I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Brünnlisau shooting range in Switzerland has its targets on the other side of a major road. And it's safe. Here's how and why. Thanks to everyone at the Schiessanlage Brünnlisau! Camera: Alicja Pahl Producer: Sebastian Capeda at Viven https://viven.ch Editor: Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

On a little canal off the Elbe river in Germany, sits the McBoat: the world's only paddle-through McDonalds. It seemed like the sort of thing I should investigate. Camera operator: Richard Bielau Producer: Maximilian Thesseling of Klein Aber https://kleinaber.de/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

An elevator that can go smoothly from horizontal to vertical isn't possible... right? Turns out that the conventional wisdom is wrong, and the Schmid Peoplemover has been doing that for many years. Camera: Moritz Janisch Producer: Marcel Fenchel https://www.fenchel-janisch.com/ Engineering consultant: Calum Douglas Animation: Pete McPartlan I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

In Darmstadt, Germany, there's the Eisenbahnbetriebsfeld: a model railway connected to actual railway signalling equipment, so that controllers can learn without putting any real trains in danger. I got to learn the very basics. ■ More about the railway (in German): https://www.eisenbahnbetriebsfeld.de/ Camera: Moritz Janisch Producer: Marcel Fenchel https://www.fenchel-janisch.de Editor: Isla McTear With thanks to Deutsche Bahn and DB Training, AKA Bahn, the Institut für Bahnsysteme und Bahntechnik at TU Darmstadt, and all the team at the Eisenbahnbetriebsfeld! I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Nürburgring Nordschleife is the longest permanent racetrack in the world: 21km of unforgiving blind corners and hills, nicknamed "the Green Hell". Oh, and some days, it's also just a public toll road with no speed limit. More about the Ring: https://www.nuerburgring.de/en.html About "Touristenfahrten", Tourist Drives: https://nuerburgring.de/driving/touristdrives Driver: Andy Gülden Camera: Moritz Janisch Producer: Marcel Fenchel https://www.fenchel-janisch.com/ Location assistance: Misha Charoudin (who included me in his vlog from the day! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uu0VnfvKgKw ) I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Over the Manchester Ship Canal, you'll find the Hulmes Ferry, the Thelwall Ferry, and the Warburton Toll Bridge. They're all strange in their own way, all under the control of one company, and all dating back to old laws and legal documents from a hundred years ago. I was in the area, so I stopped by, and found that things might be changing soon. REFERENCES: Manchester Ship Canal Act (1885) Rixton and Warburton Bridge Act (1863) (NOTE: it looks like permission for the toll bridge was set up by the 1863 Act, but that was a different bridge over the River Mersey, and the laws and permissions were transferred over to the Ship Canal when they needed a bigger bridge and it is a complete mess of legal wrangling. As it doesn't affect the final story, I quietly elided that whole section because it was far too dull!) Other references: https://moneyweek.com/414922/11-november-1887-work-begins-on-the-manchester-ship-canal https://hulmesferry.co.uk/ https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/tiny-manchester-ferry-youve-probably-16391489 https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/legislation_governing_the_bridge https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/387618/response/935840/attach/2/160706%20Rixton%20and%20Warburton%20Bridge%20Act%201863.pdf?cookie_passthrough=1 https://www.warringtonguardian.co.uk/news/14619324.pictures-and-video-everything-you-need-to-know-about-one-of-the-worlds-smallest-ferries-thelwall-penny-ferry/ https://www.warringtonguardian.co.uk/news/19452780.warrington-council-opposes-warburton-toll-bridge-fee-rise/ https://www.warringtonguardian.co.uk/news/19455874.conservative-group-calls-warburton-toll-bridge-inquiry/ https://www.warburtontollbridge.co.uk/download-consultation/ Inflation calculator: https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/monetary-policy/inflation/inflation-calculator And thanks in particular to Stuart at the Hulmes Ferry for friendly conversation when I arrived! I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

NERC's Space Geodesy Facility, hidden away in the English countryside, fires lasers at satellites. Because it turns out that knowing a satellite's position exactly is really, really difficult. More about the Facility: http://sgf.rgo.ac.uk/ Thanks to Jay Dickieson for the suggestion! I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The flight between Papa Westray and Westray takes 80-90 seconds and covers about 2km. Why does it exist? And what's it like? On a rainy day in the Orkney Islands, I went to find out. Thanks to Sam from Wendover Productions! https://www.youtube.com/wendoverproductions I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Orkney Islands, off the northern tip of Scotland, have so much electricity that it's actually a problem. Here's why: and here's what they're doing about it. Kirkwall Pier drone shot by Colin Keldie, courtesy of EMEC: http://www.emec.org.uk/ O2 Turbine drone shot courtesy of Orbital Marine: https://www.orbitalmarine.com/ SOURCES: https://www.4coffshore.com/news/ofgem-extends-orkney-transmission-link-deadline-nid23512.html https://www.orcadian.co.uk/new-renewable-generation-connections-welcomed-for-first-time-in-eight-years/ https://www.ssen.co.uk/ANM/ https://www.ssen-transmission.co.uk/projects/orkney/ https://www.oref.co.uk/orkneys-energy/ https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jan/20/orkney-northern-powerhouse-electricity-wind-waves-surplus-power-hydrogen-fuel-cell https://www.sciencefocus.com/future-technology/the-orkney-islands-the-energy-revolution-starts-here/ https://www.theengineer.co.uk/hydrogen-diesel-injection-orkney-ferry/ https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/blaze-at-tesla-big-battery-extinguished-after-three-day-battle-for-control-20210802-p58f6x.html I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Ness of Brodgar, in Orkney, is one of the most important archaeological sites in western Europe. This week, it was covered by old, worn-out tires. Here's why. ■ Thanks to the Ness team! More about them, volunteering, and donating: https://www.nessofbrodgar.co.uk/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Tower Bridge is a tourist attraction these days: but first and foremost, it's a working, lifting bridge. And river traffic comes first. • Thanks to the Tower Bridge team: they have details of their tours here: https://www.towerbridge.org.uk/ Produced by: Cambria Bailey-Jones Edited by: Guy Larsen Camera: Jamie MacLeod 2nd Unit Camera: Jimmy Blake Drone Director: Matthew Bateman Drone Operators: Ian Hunter, Phil Conrad A Penny4 Production: https://www.penny4.co.uk Filmed safely: https://www.tomscott.com/safe/ REFERENCES: Corporation of London (Tower Bridge) Act 1885, https://vlex.co.uk/vid/corporation-of-london-tower-808108441 Hansard debate on Tower Bridge 1970, https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1960-01-27/debates/9f990ccf-e0e0-439c-bdbb-ef42162e4c57/TowerBridge I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

On the German coast of the Baltic Sea, there's a tourist attraction that I think is very strange: the "Tauchgondel", a room that sinks under the waves and lets you go diving... without getting wet. More about the Tauchgondel: https://www.tauchgondel.de/ Filmed safely: https://www.tomscott.com/safe/ Camera operator: Richard Bielau Production team: Klein Aber https://kleinaber.de/ Thanks to Letizia Geltz for the suggestion! I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Iceland has a new volcano, Fagradalsfjall: I wanted to visit, to talk about the infrastructure around it, and work out how the country deals with a new and dangerous tourist attraction. It didn't go well. Thanks to Bjorn Steinbekk, who I thoroughly recommend if you need a fixer or drone pilot in Iceland! https://www.steinbekk.com/ He's also the person who flew a drone into the lava: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HmGKL19W_UM The quote is from Sam Hughes' Ra, which is free online. I thoroughly recommend it: https://qntm.org/ra Filmed safely: https://www.tomscott.com/safe/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Here's the full video from a camera attached to a bucket on the Claughton Aerial Ropeway! And here's my whole video about the ropeway and its history: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6RiYXI1Tfu4 Thanks to all the team at Forterra: https://www.forterra.co.uk/ Filmed on a GoPro Hero 9 with Hypersmooth Boost enabled I've got a newsletter now! It goes out every week and includes interesting links I've found while researching that week: https://www.tomscott.com/newsletter/ And there's an experimental second channel in progress: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNyOrINHtdM I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

In Claughton, Lancashire, the Forterra brickworks produces 50 million bricks a year, from shale that's quarried a mile and a half away. To get that shale to the brickworks: the last aerial ropeway in the country. These used to be common: but now, the last one will be gone by 2036. Thanks to all the team at Forterra: https://www.forterra.co.uk/ Thanks to Dave Martin for the idea! Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) Filmed safely: https://www.tomscott.com/safe/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo I've got a newsletter now! It goes out every week and includes interesting links I've found while researching that week: https://www.tomscott.com/newsletter/ And there's an experimental second channel in progress: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNyOrINHtdM

▶ Newsletter! https://www.tomscott.com/newsletter/ ▶ People! https://www.tomscott.com/people/ ▶ Places! https://www.tomscott.com/places/ ▶ Channel! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNyOrINHtdM ▶ Ideas! https://www.tomscott.com/contact/

In Ocado's grocery warehouses, thousands of mechanical boxes move on the Hive. Are they all individual robots? Or is this one giant hive mind? • Thanks to Ocado: https://www.ocadogroup.com/technology/technology-pioneers (this video is not sponsored, and they had no editorial control). Reference: Strandwitz P. (2018). Neurotransmitter modulation by the gut microbiota. Brain research, 1693(Pt B), 128–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2018.03.015 -- I should probably have put a "might" in there, but that's a thorough review of research and I think the claim just about holds up! Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) Filmed safely: https://www.tomscott.com/safe/ Thanks to Grant Hurst from Casual Historian for suggesting the title: https://www.youtube.com/user/grantghurst I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

What do you do with a disused phone box? And can they help save lives? • Thanks to the Community Heartbeat Trust: https://www.communityheartbeat.org.uk/ • and the East of England Ambulance Service: https://www.eastamb.nhs.uk/ Automated external defibrillators, or AEDs, help save lives: but they need to be in an obvious, easy-to-access, public place that's protected from the elements. Conveniently, it turns out there's a disused red telephone box sitting in the middle of a lot of British villages... Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) Filmed safely: https://www.tomscott.com/safe/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo BONUS SECRET LINK: I'm rolling out a weekly email newsletter. It goes out on Mondays at the same time as I publish here: it's got a link to the week's new video, plus interesting links I've found over the week, and occasionally behind-the-scenes stuff or secret projects. If that's for you, have a look here: https://www.tomscott.com/newsletter/ (If you tried to sign up to this a few weeks ago and never got a message about it: there were technical troubles. That's why the rollout is slow and experimental! Try again, it should work now.)

Around the old mining areas of North Wales, you can find rock cannon: old Welsh firework sites. Most of the world has never heard of them: so we recreated them on a test range. • Thanks to Steve from Live Action FX: http://liveactionfx.com/ • Thanks to Owain for the idea! Edited by Michelle Martin: https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin Filmed safely: https://www.tomscott.com/safe/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo BONUS SECRET LINK: I'm experimentally trying out a weekly email newsletter. It goes out on Mondays at the same time as I publish here: it's got a link to the week's new video, plus interesting links I've found over the week, and occasionally behind-the-scenes stuff or secret projects. If that's for you, have a look here: https://www.tomscott.com/newsletter/ (If you tried to sign up to this a few weeks ago and never got a message about it: there were technical troubles. That's why the rollout is slow and experimental! Try again, it should work now.)

Barra Airport, in Na h-Eileanan Siar in the west of Scotland, is unique: it's the only commercial airport where the runway's made of sand, and tide covers it up twice a day. Here's how it works. Thanks to all the team at Barra Airport: https://www.hial.co.uk/barra-airport I chartered with Hebridean Air Services from Oban: https://www.hebrideanair.co.uk/ Scheduled flights are available with Loganair: https://www.loganair.co.uk/ Editor: Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) Location fixer: Vikki McCraw from Locations 365 http://locations365.co.uk Filmed safely: https://www.tomscott.com/safe/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

In Glenelg, on the west coast of Scotland, there's the Skye Ferry: the last turntable ferry in the world. And the reason for that turntable is a lot more clever than I initially thought. Thanks to all the team at the Skye Ferry! https://skyeferry.co.uk Editor: Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) Graphics: William Marler https://wmad.co.uk Location fixer: Vikki McCraw from Locations 365 http://locations365.co.uk Filmed safely: https://www.tomscott.com/safe/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Gruinard Island, in the north-west of Scotland, was where Britain tested its biological weapons. That story's been told many times: but I found something in the archives that I don't think anyone's ever noticed before. Thanks to the boat crew and voice artists! Location fixer: Vikki McCraw at Locations 365 http://www.locations365.co.uk/ SOURCES from the National Archives: WO 188/2783 WO 188/3169 WO 32/20442 DEFE 55/118 DEFE 68/991, 992, 993 One other stories I found but couldn't fit into the video: the government spent a long time trying to work out the legal ramifications of selling the island back. In the end, they agreed to guarantee the cleanup for 150 years, which to me is the strongest evidence that there's nothing dangerous left there: they wouldn't have taken that risk otherwise! Filmed safely: https://www.tomscott.com/safe/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Decades before NASA's Apollo program, the British Interplanetary Society wanted to go to the moon: in a spacesuit that looked like a suit of armour. Thanks to all the team at the National Space Centre: https://spacecentre.co.uk/ And to the British Interplanetary Society for their archive images: https://www.bis-space.com/ Drone filming by special permission of the National Space Centre. Please do not attempt it yourself, the Rocket Tower is made of ETFE foil on a steel frame and propellers must not get close to it! More about the BIS spacesuit: https://spacecentre.co.uk/blog-post/the-bis-lunar-spacesuit/ Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

I found an article that said "The microwave was invented to heat hamsters humanely in 1950s experiments." And I thought, no it wasn't. ...was it? Pull down the description for thorough references and credits. Thanks to James Lovelock for his time! His latest book is Novacene: https://amzn.to/3hmKsWz [that is, of course, an Amazon affiliate link] Filmed safely: https://www.tomscott.com/safe/ - thanks to jabs, PCR tests, isolation and distancing. I did consider whether to do an extended interview with Dr Lovelock, but the Science Museum has already done far better than I ever could: On cyborgs, asteroids and Gaia theory: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fg-3wBBpM_M On his greatest epiphany: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lxYMl4ZBxBk An extended 90-minute interview from the Lovelock Centenary Conference: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MGziItCwDJA REFERENCES: HISTORY OF THE MICROWAVE: I Burrell, in the Independent, 1997: "Your money, or the cat gets microwaved": https://www.independent.co.uk/news/your-money-or-the-cat-gets-microwaved-1246775.html M Blitz, "The Amazing True Story of How the Microwave Was Invented by Accident": https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/gadgets/a19567/how-the-microwave-was-invented-by-accident/ E Schliephake, "Ultra-short waves in medicine" in Short Wave Craft, Vol. 3, No. 11, March 1933, p. 646 [PDF]: https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Short-Wave-Television/30s/SW-TV-1933-03.pdf E Ackerman, "A Brief History of the Microwave Oven", IEEE Spectrum: https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-history/space-age/a-brief-history-of-the-microwave-oven Radarange photo from Acroterion: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NS_Savannah_microwave_oven_MD8.jpg - image licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en James Lovelock in 1962: Photo by Donald Uhrbrock/The LIFE Images Collection via Getty Images/Getty Images PAPERS FROM NIMR: A Smith, J Lovelock, A Parkes, 1954: Resuscitation of Hamsters after Supercooling or Partial Crystallization at Body Temperatures Below 0° C.. Nature 173, 1136–1137. https://doi.org/10.1038/1731136a0 R K Andjus, J E Lovelock, 1955: Reanimation of rats from body temperatures between 0 and 1° C by microwave diathermy. The Journal of Physiology, 128. https://doi.org10.1113/jphysiol.1955.sp005323. Lovelock, J E, Smith A U, 1959, Heat transfer from and to animals in experimental hypothermia and freezing. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 80: 487-499. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1959.tb49226.x Hi! You pulled down the description, which means you've unlocked a secret: I'm testing out a weekly newsletter, to help get around The Algorithm. It goes out on Mondays, contains a link to that week's video, but it also has a load of other interesting things that I've found over the week. I'm not publicising it much right now because I'm still testing that everything works, but if you want to subscribe, you should go here: https://www.tomscott.com/newsletter/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Perranporth Beach, in Cornwall, is famed for being the "Lego beach". The truth is more complicated. • Thanks to Tracey Williams! 📸 Lego Lost At Sea: https://instagram.com/legolostatsea or https://twitter.com/legolostatsea 📕 Her photo book ADRIFT: https://amzn.to/3a8glNW [aff. link] Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) Sound mix by Graham Haerther I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Wind turbines have emergency exits, but they might not be for the reason you think. • Thanks to Octopus Energy: https://octopus.energy/octopus-fan-club/ (This video isn't sponsored, but obviously they did let me go up their wind turbine.) Drone camera: Tom Francone Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) Thanks very much to all the team at Octopus Energy and EWT! Filmed safely: https://www.tomscott.com/safe/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

In Knaresborough, in Yorkshire, sits Mother Shipton's Cave. Folks there have been charging admission for nearly 400 years, and the star of the show is a "petrifying well". A few folk legends do actually turn out to be true. Mother Shipton's Cave: https://www.mothershipton.co.uk/ - thanks to all the team there, and especially to John! Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) Filmed safely: https://www.tomscott.com/safe/ Thanks to Jake Robshaw for the suggestion. I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

GPT-3: not quite up to the task. Yet. • ElectroBOOM: https://youtube.com/electroboom • Answer in Progress: https://youtube.com/answerinprogress • hbomberguy: https://youtube.com/hbomberguy • MrBeast: https://youtube.com/mrbeast6000 Includes text generated by OpenAI's GPT-3 at my request: https://openai.com • OpenAI had no control or sign-off on this video, although I agreed to abide by their ethical guidelines and social media policy. I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Grey? Blue? Purple? It can look different, depending on the context. Let's talk about color perception, color temperature, and the history of laundry. Atmospheric opacity image from ESA/Hubble (F. Granato): https://www.eso.org/public/images/atm_opacity/ - image licensed under CC by 4.0 - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ The optical illusion is original, but based on the work of David Novick: https://twitter.com/novickprof/status/1139342022551191553 More on Illuminant D65: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminant_D65 - the references in this article go into the full technical detail I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

"Life support system" were the three key words that convinced me to do a video about an aquarium. Because yes: behind the scenes at The Deep, an aquarium in Hull, there's a life support system, and it deserves that name. Thanks to all the team at The Deep! More about them: https://www.thedeep.co.uk/ or on their channel: https://www.youtube.com/user/thedeephull Filmed safely: https://www.tomscott.com/safe/ Edited by Michelle Martin: https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin Audio mix by Graham Haerther I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

I didn't even realise that "low explosives" were a thing; let's talk about deflagration, detonation, and how high explosives can actually be safer. • Thanks to Steve from Live Action FX: http://liveactionfx.com/ Filmed safely: https://www.tomscott.com/safe/ Camera: Simon Temple http://templefreelance.co.uk Edited by Michelle Martin: https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Shakespeare sounds a certain way. Why? And why could it only work in English? • Written with Gretchen McCulloch of Lingthusiasm! Her podcast has an episode about how translators approach texts: https://lingthusiasm.com/post/632086691477323776/lingthusiasm-episode-49-how-translators-approach Gretchen's book BECAUSE INTERNET, all about the evolution of internet language, is available: 🇺🇸 US: https://amzn.to/30tLpjT 🇨🇦 CA: https://amzn.to/2JsTYWH 🇬🇧 UK: https://amzn.to/31K8eRD (Those are affiliate links that give a commission to me or Gretchen, depending on country!) Audio mix by Graham Haerther: https://haerther.net I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

On the south-east coast of England sits Covehithe: a little Suffolk village going back at least a thousand years. By the end of the century, it'll likely have fallen into the sea. Here's why no-one's planning to save it. Filmed safely: https://www.tomscott.com/safe/ SOURCES: Shoreline Management Plans: https://www.eastsuffolk.gov.uk/environment/coastal-management/shoreline-management-plans/ http://www.suffolksmp2.org.uk/actionplan/docs/2.%20Kessingland%20to%20Covehithe.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20140221104223/http://www.suffolksmp2.org.uk/publicdocuments/finalsmp/Section%204_Policy%20Development%20Zones/PDZ2v9.pdf Article: https://web.archive.org/web/20160913051551/http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/environment/covehithe_landowner_raises_fears_over_coastal_defence_proposals_1_1111983 I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Explosions on film are made to look good: fireballs and flame. In reality, though, they're a bit disappointing. Here's how Hollywood does it. • Produced with an experienced, professional pyrotechnician. Do not attempt. Thanks to Steve from Live Action FX: http://liveactionfx.com/ Filmed safely: https://www.tomscott.com/safe/ Camera: Simon Temple http://templefreelance.co.uk Edited by Michelle Martin: https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo MARK WAHLBERG IS WEARING A HAT: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sqz5dbs5zmo

4 minutes remaining. Then 15 seconds. Then 5 hours. Why can't computers just tell you how long something's going to take? • MORE BASICS: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLLeET0dOWaKHkAlPsrkcha Written with Sean Elliott https://twitter.com/SeanMElliott/ • Graphics by William Marler https://wmad.co.uk I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

I didn't expect this to work so well. • Includes text generated by OpenAI's GPT-3 at my request: https://openai.com • Art by Chris Quay: https://www.chrisquay.com/ • Got an idea for a video? https://www.tomscott.com/contact/ Filmed safely: https://www.tomscott.com/safe/ OpenAI had no control or sign-off on this video, although I agreed to abide by their ethical guidelines and social media policy. Thanks to Eddie the corgi's owner for introducing me to the folks at OpenAI: https://instagram.com/eddie_corg Articles referenced: https://doi.org/10.18653/v1%2F2020.findings-emnlp.301 https://artificialintelligence-news.com/2020/10/28/medical-chatbot-openai-gpt3-patient-kill-themselves/ https://thenextweb.com/neural/2021/01/19/gpt-3-is-the-worlds-most-powerful-bigotry-generator-what-should-we-do-about-it/ New River in Bowes Park image by Nick Cooper on Wikimedia Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:New_River_Bowes_Park.jpg Licensed under CC-by 3.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Around the world, there are regulations for "influencers". Those regulations make sure that if someone is paid to endorse a product, they have to declare that payment to the people watching. But why does no-one on TV, or film, or anywhere else have to do that? 👥👥 CREDITS 👥👥 Written and performed by TOM SCOTT https://www.tomscott.com/ Script assistant ANDREA MARKS Animation BILLY CRINION https://twitter.com/BillyCrinion and WILLIAM MARLER https://wmad.co.uk Dubbing mixer GRAHAM HAERTHER "Does the Spearmint Lose Its Flavor on the Bedpost Overnight" by Rose/Broom/Breuer (1924), arranged for orchestra by BENJAMIN SQUIRES https://www.benjaminsquires.co.uk/ Thanks to EVAN EDINGER, JESSICA ENDOYAN, CHRISTINA HERNANDEZ, the TINY SPECK team, and SAM VALIANT Filmed safely: https://www.tomscott.com/safe/ © Pad 26 Limited MMXXI 📄📄 SOURCES 📄📄 💵 PAYMENT AND CONTROL Lonnie Donegan changing Spearmint: mentioned in a lot of places, but I can't find a contemporary account. Ray Davies flying: https://twitter.com/thekinks/status/1265203792754212864 and https://www.cbc.ca/radio/undertheinfluence/why-ray-davies-flew-26-000-km-to-save-lola-1.5009086 BBC trademark policy: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/5R152hTbVPQdYjn29q5jt4/16-songs-banned-by-the-bbc Pitbull and Kodak: https://twitter.com/pitbull/status/16567622829080576 Pitbull and Voli: https://voli305vodka.com/ "Owned and operated by Armando Christian Perez, aka Pitbull" Gucci on Lil Pump: no quotes, but given the lyrics and video, it's safe to say they didn't have control YMCA reaction: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1346&dat=19790329&id=M3VRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uPoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7192,10172867 ✔️ YOU HAVE TO DECLARE IT US Code Title 15: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15 Nikkie de Jager, One Dip Makeup Challenge: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CA18hTShwpk Disclosures 101 for Social Media Influencers [PDF]: https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/plain-language/1001a-influencer-guide-508_1.pdf An Influencer’s Guide to making clear that ads are ads [PDF]: https://www.asa.org.uk/uploads/assets/uploaded/3af39c72-76e1-4a59-b2b47e81a034cd1d.pdf The FTC’s Endorsement Guides: What People Are Asking: https://www.ftc.gov/tips-advice/business-center/guidance/ftcs-endorsement-guides-what-people-are-asking YouTube declaration: https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/154235 ❌ NO-ONE ELSE HAS TO DECLARE IT McFlurry: https://adage.com/article/adages/30-rock-mcflurry-scene-paid-placement/134689 Snapple: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-30rock-idUSN2833828120071128 "Branded content pods": https://adage.com/article/media/snl-air-fewer-commercials-season/303697 Farrow and Ball: https://www.bournemouthecho.co.uk/news/18014632.saturday-night-live-sketch-features-farrow-ball/ Branson cameo: https://www.cinemablend.com/pop/Branson-s-Bond-Cameo-Was-Bought-1558.html Superman's $40,000: https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-03-08-ca-322-story.html Bond placement: https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20151001-does-bonds-product-placement-go-too-far Lorraine Kelly's tax bill: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/mar/20/lorraine-kelly-theatrical-artist-tax-tribunal-judge-rules 🎢 WE'RE GOING TO DISNEY WORLD "Moms' conference": https://www.5minutesformom.com/disneysmmoms/ SNT viewing figures: https://www.eveningexpress.co.uk/lifestyle/entertainment/saturday-night-takeaway-smashes-ratings-record-after-airing-without-audience/ "19 years in a row": https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/tv/ant--dec-win-best-17648154 "Can't find any other example" of the castle being covered: https://www.disboards.com/threads/ant-and-dec-tv-show-live-from-magic-kingdom-in-april.3581535/ Ofcom on product placement in UK TV: https://www.ofcom.org.uk/tv-radio-and-on-demand/advice-for-consumers/television/product-placement-on-tv "One article on a tabloid web site": https://www.thesun.co.uk/tvandshowbiz/10841854/ant-and-dec-trademark-name/ 🇺🇸 THE LAND OF THE FREE 🇺🇸 FCC, "The FCC and Freedom of Speech": https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/fcc-and-freedom-speech US Bill of Rights: https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/bill-of-rights First Amendment exceptions: fact-checked by legal experts, but best summarised on Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution Commercial speech: https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/900/commercial-speech Communications Act 2003: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/21/contents Animal Defenders International v United Kingdom: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre?i=001-119244 CMA, "Social media endorsements: being transparent with your followers": https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/social-media-endorsements-guide-for-influencers/ German product placement: https://www.grin.com/document/417399 📕 CHAPTERS 📕 00:00 Intro 00:58 1. Payment and Control 05:47 2. You Have To Declare It 09:17 3. No-One Else Has To Declare It 18:03 4. We're Going To Disney World 24:47 5. The Land Of The Free 31:15 Outro

We take it for granted in the UK that if a fire breaks out, you can call firefighters, and they will try to put it out and save lives. In the 18th century, that wasn't guaranteed. If your building didn't have a fire mark, they might just let it burn. The reason: fire insurance, and fire insurance companies. Filmed safely: https://www.tomscott.com/safe/ SOURCES: https://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/discover/how-great-fire-london-created-insurance https://www.gresham.ac.uk/lecture/transcript/print/protecting-london-the-phoenix-rebuilding-london-after-the-great-fire-and-the/ https://researchonline.rca.ac.uk/4481/1/Miranda%20Clow_thesis_1%20of%202_Text.pdf https://www.london-fire.gov.uk/museum/history-and-stories/ "No pay, no spray": https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna39516346 "It's not reasonable": https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/it-s-not-reasonable-alta-woman-faces-28-000-bill-from-private-fire-department-1.3566291 Additional stories: https://abcnews.go.com/Business/fire-department-bills-basic-services-horrify-residents-insurance/story?id=9736696 https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/justin-purcell-fire_n_4242734 The Great Fire of London painting via the Museum of London: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Fire_London.jpg Images licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ Fire Mark, 39 Church Trees by Alan Murray-Rust, https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/5281610 Fire mark of the Hand in Hand Fire & Life Insurance Society on a house in Loose by Marathon, https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/5423230 I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Torpenhow Hill, in the Lake District in the north-west of England, is the only place in the world whose name has the same word four different times. That's the story, anyway. The truth is a bit more complex. Filmed safely: https://www.tomscott.com/safe/ REFERENCES: The Debunking of Torpenhow Hill: http://digitalcommons.butler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4733&context=wordways Etymology from the Oxford English Dictionary https://oed.com (requires an academic or pay-for login) CNN story about Wanaka Tree: https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/wanaka-tree-new-zealand-vandalism-intl-hnk/index.html Torpenhow Hill on Google Maps, and the Street View image nearby: https://www.google.com/maps/place/Torpenhow+Hill/@54.7396682,-3.2522896,14z/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Check out BrainCraft! https://www.youtube.com/braincraft - start with the Growth Mindset https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gxv_FHrRYQw or lucid dreaming https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b5qUr0enMGE • Deep in Brooklyn there's a beach you definitely wouldn't swim at, unless you're an archaeologist. Dead Horse Bay served as an unofficial dump for decades, and now as the sand is washed away the boroughs' history is slowly being revealed, one china plate and glass bottle at a time. It's popular with local archeologists (both ameteur "treasure hunters" and professionals) as they wade through New York City's past. But this year, a darker side of the city's history has emerged: traces of radon gas and gamma radiation exceeding ambient levels. As parts of the beach have been closed off, locals are worried: will their artifacts and their history now just wash out to sea? And when trash becomes treasured, do we have a responsibility to preserve it? Drone footage courtesy of Justin Brooks. Navy Deck Marker image courtesy of Wauter Has, https://paratrooper.be Thank you to Dustin Growick for his help filming this video. Images used under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ https://www.flickr.com/photos/baltimoreheritage/17449800090/ Author: Baltimore Heritage https://www.flickr.com/photos/adavey/813421070/ Author: A. Davey https://www.flickr.com/photos/sbeebe/6998638409/ Author: Sam Beebe

Check out Jordan's channel! https://youtube.com/jordanharrod - or start with her video on AI diagnosis of coughing: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CqXcLF8vVH4 or how deepfakes have fingerprints: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lnEst2nojA • And, please don't try this at home. SOURCES: TEXT: Generated by Jordan Harrod using GPT-3 OpenAI, https://openai.com/blog/better-language-models/ AUDIO: https://resemble.ai VIDEO: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1908.05932.pdf https://arxiv.org/pdf/1712.05884.pdf https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.07634.pdf https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.11363.pdf https://arxiv.org/pdf/1811.08180.pdf https://www.vice.com/en/contributor/samantha-cole https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.06434.pdf https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.09055.pdf

Check out Atomic Frontier! https://youtube.com/atomicfrontieronline - start with the video on a country-sized telescope https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sZVcWJ0pFTc or the world's deepest scuba dive https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s65T7ZHZp14 • Turns out that trying to precisely detect fire from space is more difficult than "point a camera at it".

Check out Trace's channel! https://www.youtube.com/tracedominguez - start with brain-computer interfaces https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FPJDA9t3_m8 or going to space https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jndESKr4SpI • There's an urban legend that poppy seeds can make you fail a drug test. Is it true? And if so: why? I ate a few bagels, and set out to flunk an opioid test. 👇👇👇 SOURCES and REFERENCES 👇👇👇 Drug tests don’t just work as a buzzkill, they can keep doctors and patients honest regarding some of the more dangerous drugs known to man. The problem is, poppy seeds can throw a giant wrench in that circle of trust! Poppy seeds come from the papaver somniferum flower native to Turkey, and even though they don’t contain opium, consuming the seeds has historically caused the tests to register opiate use! In this video, I explore how these tests work, what they look for, and how something as simple as a bottle of seeds available at any grocery store, can cause a false positive for painkillers, heroin, morphine, and other drugs. Encyclopedia Britannica: Poppy Seed https://www.britannica.com/topic/poppy-seed https://www.britannica.com/story/can-eating-poppy-seeds-make-you-fail-a-drug-test Poppy seed, tiny dried seed of the opium poppy, used as food, food flavouring, and the source of poppy-seed oil. Poppy seeds have no narcotic properties, because the fluid contained in the bud that becomes opium is present only before the seeds are fully formed. The plant, Papaver somniferum, is an herbaceous annual native to Greece and the Orient. Poppy seed is an ancient spice; the seed capsules have been found in Switzerland in the remains of prehistoric lake dwellings. Can Eating Poppy Seeds Give You a Positive Drug Test? https://www.healthline.com/health/fitness-nutrition/poppy-seeds-drug-test#bottom-line It’s possible that even just one bagel or muffin highly loaded with poppy seeds can lead to a positive urine drug test. LabCorp: Testing Methodology https://www.labcorp.com/frequently-asked-questions/drug-testing/toxicology/testing-methodology#:~:text=LabCorp%20performs%20initial%20drug%20screening,drug%20present%20in%20urine%20samples. Quest Diagnostics: Testing Insights https://education.questdiagnostics.com/insights/88In DrugAbuse.gov https://archives.drugabuse.gov/blog/post/drug-testing-poppy-seeds#:~:text=Over%20the%20past%2020%20years,can%20indeed%20produce%20a%20positive Did you know that morphine, codeine, and heroin are produced from the seeds of certain kinds of poppy flowers? Morphine and codeine are often used as medications for treating pain, and all three—known as opiates—can be abused Snopes (true!) https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/poppy-seeds-alter-drug-test-results/ Music by Epidemic Sound: http://epidemicsound.com/creator Video supplied by Getty Images

I asked my audience six questions: some sensible, some ridiculous. I compared their results to the public. And the results were... interesting. • Graphics by William Marler: https://wmad.co.uk and his Lungs Podcast: https://lungspodcast.co.uk Audio mix by Graham Haerther Owl photo credit: Amol Mende via Pexels https://www.pexels.com/photo/brown-and-white-owl-close-up-photography-2683982/ Distracted Boyfriend photo credit: Antonio Guillem via Shutterstock, used under license, https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/disloyal-man-walking-his-girlfriend-looking-297886754 Chuck Testa is from Rhett and Link's Commercial Kings on IFC: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LJP1DphOWPs I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Or: "Tom's Cockup Trip". This is a story about a television title sequence, and about me, as a child, watching it. It’s also a warning about how YouTube won’t last forever, and it's the reason I'm climbing one particular hill in the Lake District. Merry Christmas, Denis Norden. DoP: Simon Handley from Skylark Aerial Photography https://www.skylark-aerialphotography.co.uk/ Music: Benjamin Squires https://www.benjaminsquires.co.uk/ Animation: Matt Ley https://www.mattleywow.com/ Thanks to John Hoare and the Lake District National Park Authority Filmed safely: https://www.tomscott.com/safe/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

There are lots of disused and never-used roads and bridges in the world. But the Road to Nowhere in Yate, in south-west England, does still sometimes have traffic driving on it. And crashing on it. History reference: https://www.gazetteseries.co.uk/news/14440281.mp-luke-hall-reveals-plan-to-finally-finish-incomplete-road-to-nowhere-in-yate-30-years-after-work-first-started/ Filmed safely: https://www.tomscott.com/safe/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The answer is, of course, a bit more complicated than you might think. • Written with Molly Ruhl and Gretchen McCulloch. Gretchen's podcast has an episode all about this: https://lingthusiasm.com/post/154520059101/lingthusiasm-episode-1-speaking-a-single-language Gretchen's book BECAUSE INTERNET, all about the evolution of internet language, is available: 🇺🇸 US: https://amzn.to/30tLpjT 🇨🇦 CA: https://amzn.to/2JsTYWH 🇬🇧 UK: https://amzn.to/31K8eRD (Those are affiliate links that give a commission to me or Gretchen, depending on country!) Graphics by William Marler: https://wmad.co.uk Audio mix by Graham Haerther: https://haerther.net REFERENCES: Eberhard, D.M., Simons, G.F., and Fennig, C.D. (eds.). 2020. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Twenty-third edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. http://www.ethnologue.com. François, A. (2014). Trees, waves and linkages: Models of language diversification. In Evans, B. & Bowern, C. The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics. (pp. 161-189). London: Routledge Ltd - M.U.A. Heeringa, W., & Nerbonne, J. (2001). Dialect areas and dialect continua. Language Variation and Change, 13(3), 375-400. doi:10.1017/S0954394501133041 Burridge, J. (2017). Spatial evolution of human dialects. Physical Review. X, 7(3), 031008. Libermann, M. (2003). This is not middle earth. LanguageLog. http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/000214.html Labov, W. (1973). Sociolinguistic patterns (Conduct and communication, 4). Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. Laakso, J. (2018). Language borders and cultural encounters: A linguistic view on interdisciplinarity in the research of intercultural contacts. In Palander, M., Riionheimo, H., & Koivisto, V. On the border of language and dialect. (pp. 38-55) Studia Fennica Linguistica Lupyan, Gary, & Dale, Rick. (2016). Why Are There Different Languages? The Role of Adaptation in Linguistic Diversity. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(9), 649-660. Bybee, J. L. (2006). From Usage to Grammar: The Mind's Response to Repetition. Language (Baltimore), 82(4), 711-733. Bucholtz, M. & Hall, K. (2005) Identity and interaction: A sociocultural linguistic approach. Discourse Studies. vol. 7 (4-2): 585-614. Bucholtz, M. (1999). “Why be normal?”: Language and identity practices in a community of nerd girls. Language in Society, 28(2), 203-223. Steels, L. (2011). Modeling the cultural evolution of language. Physics of Life Reviews, 8(4), 339-356. Honkola, T., Ruokolainen, K., Syrjänen, K., Leino, U. P., Tammi, I., Wahlberg, N., & Vesakoski, O. (2018). Evolution within a language: environmental differences contribute to divergence of dialect groups. BMC evolutionary biology, 18(1), 132. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-018-1238-6 Austin, P.K. & Sallabank, J. (2011). Cambridge Handbook of Endangered Languages. Cambridge University Press. New York Times / Associated Press (2017). Icelanders Seek to Keep Their Language Alive and Out of ‘the Latin Bin’ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Broomway is surrounded on both sides by quicksand and deep, sucking mud. It has no markers and no guideposts. And if you mistime your walk, you won't outrun the tide. Oh, and it's in the middle of a Ministry of Defence firing range. But most of the time, if you want to visit Foulness Island, it's the only way. Thanks to Tom Bennett: https://www.tombennettoutdoors.co.uk/ Filmed safely: https://www.tomscott.com/safe/ Edited by Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin Audio mix by Graham Haerther REFERENCES: Christy (1922): "A high road in the sea", The Windsor Magazine, volume 56, p556 MoD Shoeburyness Public Access Leaflet [PDF]: https://www.qinetiq.com/shoeburyness/-/media/3153cda9b4544222aaaa224ba88192a4.ashx I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Tim Berners-Lee envisioned a "universal information system". What went wrong? • MORE BASICS: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLLeET0dOWaKHkAlPsrkcha Written with Sean Elliott https://twitter.com/SeanMElliott/ • Camera by Tomek • Graphics by William Marler https://wmad.co.uk I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Gravity Industries make jetpacks. They're not practical. They're not meant for mass use. But they are a lot of fun. They asked if I wanted to try flying one. Thanks to https://gravity.co/ - this is not sponsored but, obviously, they did give me a flight in a jetpack. Gravity's YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCkHr2Z0JWH8KGmQNDp4QXLw Pilot Sam landing on my hand: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Ch2vHah_Os Filmed safely: https://www.tomscott.com/safe/ Camera by Simon Temple http://templefreelance.co.uk/ Edited by Michelle Martin @mrsmmartin Audio mix by Graham Haerther I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Pull down this description for information on all the shows I mention, plus all my references, and some advice if you're looking to subtitle your videos! 🔤🔤 SUBTITLES 🔤🔤 15% of my viewers watch with subtitles! They're helpful for folks without headphones, or in loud environments, or who can't hear well, or who just like subtitles. More people will watch if subtitles are an option. Before 2020, YouTube had a volunteer community-captions system. Alas, due to spam (and, I suspect, the difficulty of porting it to the new Studio), YouTube turned it off. So your options are: OPTION 1: DO IT YOURSELF If your video is one or two people talking, you can add subtitles easily with YouTube's tools: https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/2734796 - that's also possible for more complex videos, but it can be time-consuming. OPTION 2: PAY A SMALL AMOUNT If you can afford an editor, you can afford subtitles! They only cost $1-2 per minute of audio. For simple audio, try Rev: https://www.rev.com/blog/coupon/?ref=tomscott To be clear, that's an affiliate link: you get $10 of captions free (enough for up to an 8-minute video), and I get a kickback from them. However, my opinions of Rev are mixed. They have downsides, and they may not be the right option for you! Advantages of Rev: ✅ Extremely fast turnaround ✅ Easy, simple, automated, self-service ✅ Reasonable price Disadvantages of Rev: 🚫 Rev is a gig-economy company, with everything that entails. In 2019, transcribers raised issues including low pay. https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/25/20979249/rev-recordings-transcriptions-low-pay-complaints-freelance-transcribers 🚫 Accuracy is usually acceptable for clear speech, but not the near-perfect results you'd expect from a more high-end subtitle company. 🚫 They're limited to their simple, narrow, house style. That isn't ideal for videos with long sentences or many speakers. For more complicated audio or for multiple speakers, try Caption+: https://caption.plus -- a small company that produces extremely high-quality subtitles for a reasonable price. Advantages of Caption+: ✅ Exceptional subtitle accuracy. ✅ Hand-tweaked broadcast-standard subtitles that are perfect for accessibility, and which the audience love. ✅ Can use positioning and per-speaker colors, and match other style requests. ✅ Still a reasonable price. Disadvantages of Caption+: 🚫 Not automated: you're dealing with a human by email, and paying invoices. OTHER COMPANIES: I also used 3PlayMedia once, but unfortunately can't recommend them based on that experience. YouTube also mention ceilo24 and Amara, neither of which I have experience with: https://cielo24.com/ https://amara.org/ 📺📺 SHOWS 📺📺 Here's a list of all the shows mentioned, with links where available. (Where Amazon links are listed, those are affiliate links, where I earn a commission from sales.) The Demon Headmaster is available on DVD from Amazon UK: https://amzn.to/37Cb68U - and the 2019 revival is available in the UK on BBC iPlayer: https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episodes/m0009f6n/the-demon-headmaster Derren Brown: The Events: How To Control The Nation is available for free on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SyIilWb9SW0 - although it lacks the live broadcast cut-ins. The pilot episode of Crisis Command: Could You Run The Country? has been uploaded to YouTube here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjkSeuD-8yA - normally I wouldn't link to an unofficial upload, but the series will likely never be repeated or see a commercial release. Ghostwatch is available on DVD from Amazon UK: https://amzn.to/3kweAgL - I should absolutely have put the ghost in the background of one of my shots here, I regret missing that joke! The full Ghostwatch continuity announcement is here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDSZWpp_Rhw Who Wants To Be A Millionaire have an entire YouTube channel. https://www.youtube.com/c/MillionaireUK/videos - and yes, Jeremy Clarkson is the host now, I suspect that'll surprise a lot of people. 📙📙 REFERENCES 📙📙 Ofcom Broadcasting Code: https://www.ofcom.org.uk/tv-radio-and-on-demand/broadcast-codes/broadcast-code On sports: https://www.ofcom.org.uk/tv-radio-and-on-demand/broadcast-codes/code-sports-events On access: https://www.ofcom.org.uk/tv-radio-and-on-demand/broadcast-codes/tv-access-services On advertising: https://www.ofcom.org.uk/tv-radio-and-on-demand/broadcast-codes/code-tv-advertising AND https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/16328/rules.pdf "Only five complaints" about the Derren Brown show is from Broadcast Bulletin 148 [PDF]: https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/47160/issue148.pdf Ghostwatch, and the "full tabloid fury afterwards", is well-documented in many places, so I'll leave researching that to the reader. Don't have nightmares. 📝📝 CONTACT 📝📝 I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Ruhr Valley, in north-west Germany, is an industrial coal-mining area. And because of that kilometre-deep mining, parts of it have sunk, the drainage patterns have changed: and now, if the pumps of Emschergenossenschaft ever stop, quite a few towns and cities will end up flooded. Filmed safely in September 2020: https://www.tomscott.com/safe/ REFERENCES: https://www.derwesten.de/region/rhein-und-ruhr/wenn-die-pumpen-stillstaenden-id12358775.html https://fxreflects.blogspot.com/2008/12/ruhr-valley-secrets-richard-serras.html -- and of course, my interview with the team from Emschergenossenschaft Edited by Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin (Alternate title: "Iffen Pumperschtoppen, Der Deutschehabitaten Unterwasser". Alternate video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6LvY6vQQET8 ) I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

If you want to sell alcohol in England, you need a license. But the Licensing Act 2003 has some unusual exceptions. • Thanks to Marc and the team from the Axceler-8 Hovercraft Centre: http://hovercraftcentre.co.uk/ • Behind the scenes: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQXqkBiqRCI Licensing Act 2003: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/17/contents Filmed safely: https://www.tomscott.com/safe/ Camera: Matt Gray https://mattg.co.uk Logistics and original idea: Jonty Wareing https://twitter.com/jonty Thanks to: Rob Hiseman Editor: Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin Audio mix: Graham Haerther I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Is there a "right" way to pronounce it? And why is it so complicated? • Written with Molly Ruhl and Gretchen McCulloch. Gretchen's podcast has an episode all about this: https://lingthusiasm.com/post/180153994181/lingthusiasm-episode-26-why-do-c-and-g-come-in Gretchen's book BECAUSE INTERNET, all about the evolution of internet language, is available: 🇺🇸 US: https://amzn.to/30tLpjT 🇨🇦 CA: https://amzn.to/2JsTYWH 🇬🇧 UK: https://amzn.to/31K8eRD (Those are affiliate links that give a commission to me or Gretchen, depending on country!) Graphics by William Marler: https://wmad.co.uk Audio mix by Graham Haerther: https://haerther.net REFERENCES: Buck, S. 2014. 70% of People Worldwide Pronounce 'GIF' With a Hard 'G'. https://mashable.com/2014/10/21/mispronounced-words-tech/ O'Leary, A. (2013, May 21). An Honor for the Creator of the GIF. New York Times. Retrieved from https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/21/an-honor-for-the-creator-of-the-gif/ Olsen, S. The Gif Pronunciation Page. https://web.archive.org/web/20200225141100/https://www.olsenhome.com/gif/ Baio, A. 2014. ‘JIF’ Is the Format. ‘GIF’ Is the Culture. https://medium.com/message/jif-is-the-format-gif-is-the-culture-af8673796c44 McCulloch, G. 2015. Why the pronunciation of gif really can go either way. https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/69147/why-pronunciation-gif-really-can-go-either-way Dow, M. 2020. It's 'gif and gif': The english lexicon goes both ways. https://mcdowlinguist.github.io/2020/08/31/gif-pronunciation.html I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Wunderland Kalkar, near the German-Dutch border, is a family amusement park... inside a nuclear power plant that was never turned on. Thanks to all the team at the park! Their web site is at https://www.wunderlandkalkar.eu/en The video from Zwentendorf: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WUVZbBBHrI4 Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) Filmed safely: https://www.tomscott.com/safe/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Happy October. Thanks to Daniel, Tom, and Chloe, their channels are below! • Get CuriosityStream + Nebula and my Original for just $2.99/month here: https://curiositystream.com/tomscott Thanks to Charles Yarnold who built the Crime-Solving Skeleton: he's a creative technologist who can build all sorts of odd things! https://charlesyarnold.co.uk/ Thanks to the three folks who faced the Skeleton: DANIEL: https://youtube.com/danieljlayton TOM: https://youtube.com/tomska CHLOE: https://youtube.com/scarfdemon Behind the scenes on this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyNTlMkt-_s The original patent: https://patents.google.com/patent/US1749090 Found via: https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/criminal-confession-skeleton-patent Camera by Matt Gray https://mattg.co.uk Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) Audio mix by Graham Haerther I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Featuring binary versus linear search, and non-clustered indexes. Uh, indices. However you want to say it. • MORE BASICS: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLLeET0dOWaKHkAlPsrkcha Written with Sean Elliott https://twitter.com/SeanMElliott/ • Camera by Tomek • Graphics by William Marler https://wmad.co.uk I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Roadmachines Mono-Rail may have been the only truly useful, fit-for-purpose monorail in the world. Of the hundreds that were built, most were never meant for passengers. But they did carry a couple of famous people in their time, including a certain secret agent... Thank you to the staff and volunteers at the Amberley Museum - Harry and Gerry in particular - for running the monorail specially, and letting me film! The Amberley Museum is a massive industrial heritage museum in the South Downs, and you can find out more about them here: https://www.amberleymuseum.co.uk/ There are lots more videos of Amberley's rail vehicles at the volunteers' channel here: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMHTdXU7cfBdNBzdVkgaIrQ My research is heavily based on David Voice's "Mono-Rail: The History of the Industrial Monorails Made By Road Machines Ltd., Metalair Ltd and Rail Machines Ltd", ISBN 1874422877, available from Adam Gordon Books: http://www.ahgbooks.com/index.php/product/mono-rail/ Thanks to Derry Faux-Nightingale for the initial idea! The Tanat Valley Railway in Nantmawr is the home for the Richard Morris collection, more than seventy surviving Roadmachines Mono-Rails: https://www.tanatvalleyrailway.co.uk/monorail Also a helpful resource: https://www.irsociety.co.uk/Archives/16/Monorail.htm I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Normally, the answer would be no. But in these very limited circumstances, at Iceland's Blue Lagoon, you can swim in geothermal power plant wastewater, and it's even healthy: although the marketing material doesn't usually mention it. Here's a story about geothermal energy, cheap heat, and how to keep some ducks warm. Sources: https://www.c40.org/case_studies/the-worlds-largest-geothermal-heating-system-saves-up-to-4m-tons-co2-annually https://www.verkis.com/projects/utilities/water-supply-systems/nr/982 https://nea.is/geothermal/direct-utilization/heat-pumps/ https://icelandmag.is/article/nine-fascinating-facts-about-geothermal-energy-and-reykjavik https://askjaenergy.com/iceland-renewable-energy-sources/geothermal-different-utilization/ https://nautholsvik.is/en/ https://perlan.is/about-perlan/ https://www.epa.gov/coalash/coal-ash-basics Research on Blue Lagoon and a skin condition: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-081X(96)00099-5 Filmed safely: https://www.tomscott.com/safe/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Sometimes, you regret asking a question. • Win your Ultimate Tech Bundle by entering Fasthosts’ Techie Test here: https://www.fasthosts.co.uk/tomscott 00:00 Introduction 00:38 Every Thing 04:35 How To Rank Everything 05:45 What Is The Best Thing? I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The three players who've already won come back to the tower for one final battle. One of them will leave the Champion of Champions: and two will be Disconnected. AD: White Light provided the SmartStage studio facilities and crew! You can find out more about their technology here: https://tinyurl.com/y7dxo2gz And disguise connected up all the (virtual) moving parts! Learn more about the latest disguise xR solution: https://web.disguise.one/xrtech 📶📶📶📶📶📶 ALEC: https://youtube.com/technologyconnections ELLEN: https://youtube.com/icklenellierose and https://youtube.com/outsidextra VANESSA: https://youtube.com/braincraft 📶📶📶📶📶📶 Host: Tom Scott Question Producer: David Bodycombe Set Designer: Mat Hill Format: Labyrinth Games / Pad 26 For White Light: Andy Hook Harry Greenfield Alex Loftie For disguise: Peter Kirkup Lead Camera: Luis Quiterio White Light Technical Crew: Fraser Carr-Gomm Sirus Fernandes Joseph Lock Composer: Benjamin Squires Editor: Michelle Martin A Labyrinth Games / Pad 26 Production © Pad 26 Limited MMXX https://pad26.com http://www.labyrinthgames.com/ 📶📶📶📶📶📶 I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Silfra, in Þingvellir National Park in Iceland, is where the Eurasian and North American continental plates are dividing. It's a crack in the earth where you can snorkel or dive between the continents. Well, sort of. As ever, it's a bit more complicated than that. Þingvellir geology: https://www.thingvellir.is/en/history-nature/nature/geologic-history/ https://notendur.hi.is/oi/geology_of_thingvellir.htm Þingvellir history: https://www.thingvellir.is/en/history-nature/history/ An interoduction to divergent plate boundaries: https://geology.com/nsta/divergent-plate-boundaries.shtml Articles mentioned: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/dive-between-two-continental-plates-iceland-180957983/ http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20140617-swim-between-two-tectonic-plates https://www.businessinsider.com/scuba-diving-between-two-continents-2015-12?r=UK Filmed safely: https://www.tomscott.com/safe/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Vanessa, Kati and Jarvis are the final three players on the broadcast tower, playing a quiz where if you bluff well enough, you don't even need to know the answers. AD: White Light provided the SmartStage studio facilities and crew! You can find out more about their technology here: https://tinyurl.com/y7dxo2gz And disguise connected up all the (virtual) moving parts! Learn more about the latest disguise xR solution: https://web.disguise.one/xrtech 📶📶📶📶📶📶 VANESSA: https://youtube.com/braincraft KATI: https://youtube.com/katimorton JARVIS: https://youtube.com/jarvis 📶📶📶📶📶📶 Host: Tom Scott Question Producer: David Bodycombe Set Designer: Mat Hill Format: Labyrinth Games / Pad 26 For White Light: Andy Hook Harry Greenfield Alex Loftie For disguise: Peter Kirkup Lead Camera: Luis Quiterio White Light Technical Crew: Fraser Carr-Gomm Sirus Fernandes Joseph Lock Composer: Benjamin Squires Editor: Michelle Martin A Labyrinth Games / Pad 26 Production © Pad 26 Limited MMXX https://pad26.com http://www.labyrinthgames.com/ 📶📶📶📶📶📶 I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Sooner or later, I was going to get around to this: it's one of the most famous experiments in linguistics. • Written with Molly Ruhl and Gretchen McCulloch. Gretchen's podcast has an episode all about this: https://lingthusiasm.com/post/175127434871/lingthusiasm-episode-21-what-words-sound-spiky Gretchen's book BECAUSE INTERNET, all about the evolution of internet language, is available: 🇺🇸 US: https://amzn.to/30tLpjT 🇨🇦 CA: https://amzn.to/2JsTYWH 🇬🇧 UK: https://amzn.to/31K8eRD (Those are affiliate links that give a commission to me or Gretchen, depending on country!) Graphics by William Marler: https://wmad.co.uk Audio mix by Graham Haerther: https://haerther.net REFERENCES: Köhler, W. (1929). Gestalt Psychology. New York: Liveright. Ramachandran, V. S., Hubbard, E. M. (2001) Synaesthesia—A window into perception, thought and language. Journal of Consciousness Studies 8: 3–34. Berlin, B. (1994). Evidence for pervasive synesthetic sound symbolism in ethnozoological nomenclature. In L. Hinton, J. Nichols & J. Ohala (Eds.), Sound symbolism (pp. 76 – 93). New York: Cambridge University Press. Davis, R. (1961). The fitness of names to drawings. a cross-cultural study in Tanganyika. Br. J. Psychol. 52, 259–268. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1961.tb00788.x, Ramachandran, V. S., and Hubbard, E. M. (2001). Synaesthesia—a window into perception, thought and language. J. Conscious. Stud. 8, 3–34., Koriat, A., & Levy, I. (1979). Figural symbolism in Chinese ideographs. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 8 (4), 353 – 365. Maurer, D., Pathman, T., Mondloch, C.J. (2006). The shape of boubas: sound-shape correspondences in toddlers and adults. Developmental science, Vol.9 (3), p.316-322, Nielsen, A., and Rendall, D. (2011). The sound of round: evaluating the sound-symbolic role of consonants in the classic Takete-Maluma phenomenon. Can. J. Exp. Psychol. 65, 115–124. doi: 10.1037/a0022268, Bremner, A. J., Caparos, S., Davidoff, J., de Fockert, J., Linnell, K. J., and Spence, C. (2013). “Bouba” and “Kiki” in Namibia? A remote culture make similar shape-sound matches, but different shape-taste matches to Westerners. Cognition 126, 165–172. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2012.09.007 De Saussure, F. (2011, republished from 1916). Course in general linguistics. Columbia University Press. Styles, S.J., & Gawne, L. (2017). When Does Maluma/Takete Fail? Two Key Failures and a Meta-Analysis Suggest That Phonology and Phonotactics Matter. I-Perception, 8(4), 2041669517724807. I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Alec, Sally and Arun join me at the top of the virtual tower for a game where it doesn't matter if you're wrong... as long as no-one calls you on it. AD: White Light provided the SmartStage studio facilities and crew! You can find out more about their technology here: https://tinyurl.com/y7dxo2gz And disguise connected up all the (virtual) moving parts! Learn more about the latest disguise xR solution: https://web.disguise.one/xrtech 📶📶📶📶📶📶 ALEC: https://youtube.com/technologyconnections SALLY: https://youtube.com/sallylepage ARUN: https://youtube.com/mrwhosetheboss 📶📶📶📶📶📶 Host: Tom Scott Question Producer: David Bodycombe Set Designer: Mat Hill Format: Labyrinth Games / Pad 26 For White Light: Andy Hook Harry Greenfield Alex Loftie For disguise: Peter Kirkup Lead Camera: Luis Quiterio White Light Technical Crew: Fraser Carr-Gomm Sirus Fernandes Joseph Lock Composer: Benjamin Squires Editor: Michelle Martin A Labyrinth Games / Pad 26 Production © Pad 26 Limited MMXX https://pad26.com http://www.labyrinthgames.com/ 📶📶📶📶📶📶 I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Kolbeinsey is the most northern part of Iceland, a tiny island that, according to Wikipedia, is due to disappear due to wave erosion "probably around the year 2020". Which raised an obvious question: is it still there? THANKS TO: This video was inspired by some tweets from author Sam Hughes. You can follow him on Twitter here: https://twitter.com/qntm and read his work here: https://qntm.org/fiction The pilots and team at Norlandair, who sorted out a charter at very short notice: https://www.norlandair.is/ The folks at the Hafdals Hotel, who were okay with me filming from their spectacular view! FILMED SAFELY: see https://www.tomscott.com/safe/ PHOTO CREDITS: Grimsey photos, in order, all licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 license, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ Michael Pollak, "basaltsäulen": https://www.flickr.com/photos/michaelpollak/30409397618/ John Lester, "IMG_0546": https://www.flickr.com/photos/pathfinderlinden/190514442/ Brian Gratwicke, "Puffin on Grimsey": https://www.flickr.com/photos/briangratwicke/14809239484/ Michael Pollak, "marker": https://www.flickr.com/photos/michaelpollak/29340290367/ All photos of Kolbeinsey in 1989 and 2001 are copyright Guðmundur St. Valdimarsson, and used with permission and thanks. Photos from 2013 are copyright of Landhelgisgæsla Íslands (the Icelandic Coast Guard), and used with permission and thanks. And the "so I chartered a plane" gag is very heavily inspired by Matt Parker's video about stroboscopic helicopter blades: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2SgG99QKLFE SOURCES and FURTHER READING: Sæmundsson and Hjartarson (1989), "Geology and Erosion of Kolbeinsey North of Iceland", http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20061115000423/http://www.isor.is/~ah/kolbeinsey/kolb_ensk.html Jacobsen, T., & Stone, I. (2006). Kolbeinsey: Iceland's Arctic island. Polar Record, 42(2), 167-169. doi: 10.1017/s0032247406215298 From Landhelgisgæsla Íslands (the Icelandic Coast Guard): https://www.lhg.is/frettir-og-fjolmidlar/frettasafn/frettayfirlit/nr/212 https://www.lhg.is/frettir-og-fjolmidlar/frettasafn/frettayfirlit/nr/1652 https://www.lhg.is/frettir-og-fjolmidlar/frettasafn/frettayfirlit/nr/2564 https://www.lhg.is/frettir-og-fjolmidlar/frettasafn/frettayfirlit/nr/2611 The Cod Wars, from the UK National Archives: https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/cod-wars.htm And of course, the Wikipedia article for Kolbeinsey, which will presumably be updated shortly after this video goes live. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolbeinsey I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

I invited Jaiden, Ellen and Hank to play a trivia quiz! The sort of quiz where you can get away with wrong answers... if nobody spots them. And since they couldn't be there in person, I've got a massive virtual set. Too many wrong answers, and our players will be Disconnected. AD: White Light provided the SmartStage studio facilities and crew! You can find out more about their technology here: https://tinyurl.com/y7dxo2gz And disguise connected up all the (virtual) moving parts! Learn more about the latest disguise xR solution: https://web.disguise.one/xrtech 📶📶📶📶📶📶 JAIDEN: https://www.youtube.com/c/jaiden ELLEN: https://youtube.com/icklenellierose and https://youtube.com/outsidextra HANK: https://youtube.com/vlogbrothers 📶📶📶📶📶📶 Host: Tom Scott Question Producer: David Bodycombe Set Designer: Mat Hill Format: Labyrinth Games / Pad 26 For White Light: Andy Hook Harry Greenfield Alex Loftie For disguise: Peter Kirkup Lead Camera: Luis Quiterio White Light Technical Crew: Fraser Carr-Gomm Sirus Fernandes Joseph Lock Composer: Benjamin Squires Editor: Michelle Martin A Labyrinth Games / Pad 26 Production © Pad 26 Limited MMXX https://pad26.com http://www.labyrinthgames.com/ 📶📶📶📶📶📶 I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Cornwall rises and falls by a few centimetres, twice a day. I didn't believe that when I read it. In this video: "ocean tide loading": why, how, and does it actually matter? Thanks to Prof. Peter Clarke: https://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/peter.clarke/ Francis and Mazzega (1990), "Global charts of ocean tide loading effects": https://doi.org/10.1029/JC095iC07p11411 Allinson, Clarke, et al (2004), "Stability of direct GPS estimates of ocean tide loading": https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020588 Edited by Michelle Martin Research assistance from David Fletcher I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The short answer is: "because it'll make things more secure". The long answer involves Ronald Reagan. • MORE BASICS: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLLeET0dOWaKHkAlPsrkcha Written with Sean Elliott https://twitter.com/SeanMElliott/ • Camera by Tomek • Graphics by William Marler https://wmad.co.uk Filmed at the Centre for Computing History, Cambridge: http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/ Their current fundraiser: https://www.justgiving.com/campaign/computermuseum Image of Dr Corbató courtesy MIT CSAIL, used with permission. I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

In 1834, Parliament burned down, and the Standards of Measurement were melted or destroyed. So when there's no agreed-upon standard for length: how do you fi...

Linby is a small village in Nottinghamshire, England. It wouldn't have much strategic value... unless some commander didn't read their map properly. Here's a...

There are lots of ways to compare a million to a billion, but most of them use volume. And I think that's a mistake, because volume just isn't something the ...

Old Sarum, in Wiltshire, is a now-desolate hillfort run by English Heritage. But it was once one of the most important sites in southern England: so important that it had two members of Parliament. Then, it became a "rotten borough": and a warning about power. Thanks to English Heritage: more information and how to visit: https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/old-sarum/ Research and script assistance from Jess Jewell Drone camera by Jamie Bellinger Edited by Michelle Martin: https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin Audio mix by Graham Haerther: https://haerther.net Filmed safely, following all local and national guidance: https://www.tomscott.com/safe/ SOURCES: Corfield, P. (2000). Power and the professions in Britain 1700-1850. London: Routledge. Dodsworth, W. (1814). An historical description of the cathedral church of Salisbury : including an account of the monuments, chiefly extracted from Gough's "Sepulchral Monuments," and other authentic documents : also, biographical memoirs of the Bishops of Salisbury, from the earliest period by W. Dodsworth, verger of the Cathedral English Heritage's own research page: https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/old-sarum/history/research/ http://www.historyhome.co.uk/c-eight/constitu/parlrep.htm I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Green screen looks terrible sometimes. Here's why. • Get access to CuriosityStream, including Nebula and my original series, for just $2.99/month here: https://curiositystream.com/tomscott Animated by William Marler: https://wmad.co.uk Sound mix by Graham Haerther: https://haerther.net I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Thanks to Jack from Jacksfilms on piano: https://youtube.com/jacksfilms • And thanks to everyone who answered! Sources and a data download are in the description. History sources: https://www.cracked.com/blog/the-secret-true-history-jingle-bells-batman-smells/ https://www.cbr.com/jingle-bells-batman-smells-secret-origin/ Data spreadsheet link: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1bVUdszCBsWn5ez9FPFCioirdyNeZu3ctvNYShExpTQo Audio mix by Graham Haerther: https://haerther.net I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

In the Abbey Gardens of Bury St Edmunds, in a quiet corner of a park, sits the World's First Internet Bench. Well, sort of. It's been nearly twenty years, and it's arguable whether it ever did the job in the first place... Edited by Michelle Martin, https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin SOURCES: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1475654.stm https://www.theregister.com/2001/08/10/vandals_and_phreakers_plague_msn/ Archive images courtesy Andrew Parsons / PA Archive / PA Images, used under license. Filmed safely: see https://www.tomscott.com/safe/ for details I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Icknield Way, in south-east England, is a road and footpath that's been part of the landscape for millennia. But if parts of it hadn't been legally marked down, then those parts would have become private land, gone forever. Who has the right to walk where? The Ramblers' Don't Lose Your Way project: https://www.ramblers.org.uk/dontloseyourway/ "Stories of landowners": John Andrews' "From A Wild Frontier to the Promised Land", which is worth a read: http://www.craddocks.co.uk/pannageman/suffolkpaths.pdf Filmed safely: see https://www.tomscott.com/safe/ for details Edited by Michelle Martin: https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

When 'undo' won't do. • Sponsored by Dashlane, the password manager. Get a 30-day free trial at https://www.dashlane.com/tomscott • MORE BASICS: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLLeET0dOWaKHkAlPsrkcha Written with Sean Elliott https://twitter.com/SeanMElliott/ Graphics by William Marler https://wmad.co.uk Audio mix by Graham Haerther https://haerther.net/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Schwa" is the most common vowel in English. Every English speaker uses it, all the time, but most people have never heard of it. • Written with Molly Ruhl and Gretchen McCulloch. Gretchen's podcast Lingthusiasm is at http://lingthusiasm.com/ Gretchen's book BECAUSE INTERNET, all about the evolution of internet language, is available: 🇺🇸 US: https://amzn.to/30tLpjT 🇨🇦 CA: https://amzn.to/2JsTYWH 🇬🇧 UK: https://amzn.to/31K8eRD (Those are affiliate links that give a commission to me or Gretchen, depending on country!) Graphics by William Marler: https://wmad.co.uk Audio mix by Graham Haerther: https://haerther.net REFERENCES: Trask, R. (1997). A student's dictionary of language and linguistics. London : New York: Arnold ; Distributed by St. Martin's Press. Lacabex, E., & Gallardo-del-Puerto, F. (2018). Explicit phonetic instruction vs. implicit attention to native exposure: phonological awareness of English schwa in CLIL, International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching (published online ahead of print). I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottg

This isn't "the way they were meant to be seen". • Get a 30-day free trial of CuriosityStream, including access to Nebula and my original series, here: https://curiositystream.com/tomscott When YouTube allowed music labels were allowed to "remaster" their original uploads, different videos had very different approaches. Some are in crystal-clear 4K; others are very definitely not. Here's why some of them look terrible. Animation by William Marler: https://wmad.co.uk Sound mix by Graham Haerther: https://haerther.net I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

All about Hilbert's Decision Problem, Turing's solution, and a machine that vanishes in a puff of logic. MORE BASICS: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLLeET0dOWaKHkAlPsrkcha Written with Sean Elliott https://twitter.com/SeanMElliott/ Graphics by William Marler https://wmad.co.uk Audio mix by Graham Haerther https://haerther.net/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Gricean Maxims are a vital part of how we understand each other: a set of... well, maybe "rules" is a bit strong. They're guidelines that we follow without realising it. And it's the reason that "asbestos-free cereal" sounds suspicious. Written with Molly Ruhl and Gretchen McCulloch. Gretchen's podcast Lingthusiasm is at http://lingthusiasm.com/ Gretchen's book BECAUSE INTERNET, all about the evolution of internet language, is available: 🇺🇸 US: https://amzn.to/30tLpjT 🇨🇦 CA: https://amzn.to/2JsTYWH 🇬🇧 UK: https://amzn.to/31K8eRD (Those are affiliate links that give a commission to me or Gretchen, depending on country!) Graphics by William Marler: https://wmad.co.uk Audio mix by Graham Haerther: https://haerther.net REFERENCES: Munroe, R. (2009). "Free". https://xkcd.com/641/ Grice, H.P. (1975). "Logic and Conversation," Syntax and Semantics, vol.3 edited by P. Cole and J. Morgan, Academic Press. Reprinted as ch.2 of Grice 1989, 22–40. I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Ipley Cross, in the middle of the New Forest, is one of the most dangerous road junctions in Britain. Why? • Thanks to Bez, whoever you are: their definitive article on this junction is here: https://singletrackworld.com/2018/01/collision-course-why-this-type-of-road-junction-will-keep-killing-cyclists/ Edited by Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin Graphics by Mat Hill https://mat-hill.com ADDITIONAL SOURCES: https://www.advertiserandtimes.co.uk/ipley-crossroads-campaign The UK government's Traffic Signs Manual, chapter 6, 15.18.2 I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The short answer is "backwards compatibility". The long answer is... well, it's the rest of this video. MORE BASICS: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLLeET0dOWaKHkAlPsrkcha Written by Sean M Elliott and Tom Scott Graphics by William Marler https://wmad.co.uk Audio mix by Graham Haerther https://haerther.net/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

There are rules in the English language that you've probably never been taught, but you know anyway: how to split apart words with "infixes". But you've never been taught it because some of those infixes are words you probably shouldn't use in front of your high school English teachers... Written with Molly Ruhl and Gretchen McCulloch. Gretchen's podcast Lingthusiasm is at http://lingthusiasm.com/ - and there are two bonus episodes, #1 and #13, on the podcast Patreon about exactly this! Gretchen's book BECAUSE INTERNET, all about the evolution of internet language, is available: 🇺🇸 US: https://amzn.to/30tLpjT 🇨🇦 CA: https://amzn.to/2JsTYWH 🇬🇧 UK: https://amzn.to/31K8eRD (Those are affiliate links that give a commission to me or Gretchen, depending on country!) Graphics by William Marler: https://wmad.co.uk Audio mix by Graham Haerther: https://haerther.net REFERENCES: IPSOS Mori / Ofcom (2016). Attitudes to potentially offensive language and gestures on TV and radio. https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0023/91625/OfcomQRG-AOC.pdf [PDF] Vittrant, A., Watkins, J., & Matisoff, J. (2018). The mainland southeast Asia linguistic area. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbHMouton. Ringe, D. (2006). From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. Oxford: OUP Oxford.Ljung, M. (2011). Swearing: A cross-cultural linguistic study. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire ; New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Ljung, M. (2011). Swearing: A cross-cultural linguistic study. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire ; New York: Palgrave Macmillan. McCawley, J. D., & Zwicky, A. M. (1992). Studies Out in Left Field: Defamatory Essays Presented to James D. McCawley on the Occasion of His 33rd or 34th Birthday. John Benjamins Publishing Co. McMillan, J. (1980). Infixing and Interposing in English. American Speech, 55(3), 163-183 Zwicky, A., & Pullum, G. (1987). Plain Morphology and Expressive Morphology. Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 13, 330. Aronoff, M. (1976). Word formation in generative grammar. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. McCarthy, J. (1982). Prosodic structure and Expletive Infixation. Language, 58(3), 574. McMillan, J. (1980). Infixing and Interposing in English. American Speech, 55(3), 163-183 Zwicky, A., & Pullum, G. (1987). Plain Morphology and Expressive Morphology. Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 13, 330. I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The title of this video should change with the times. But nothing lasts forever: here's the story of how I made it work, why it used to be easier to make that work, and how it all ties in to the White Cliffs of Dover and the end of the universe. Edited by Michelle Martin: https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin Includes an accelerated section of "Traduction automatique des flux d'information (Yahoo Pipes IV)" by Laurent Moccozet, which is licensed under CC-by: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9m4oxwPw7bY - the remainder of this video does not fall under that license. I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Dark scenes in television, YouTube, and streaming platforms all look pixelated and blocky. Here's why. Animation by William Marler: https://wmad.co.uk I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

No copyright infringement intended. | Watch Money, my new Nebula Original series, with a 30-day free trial of CuriosityStream: https://curiositystream.com/tomscott WRITTEN BY: Tom Scott SCRIPT ASSISTANT: Andrea Marks CAMERA: Jamie Drew CAMERA: Joe Stone AUDIO MIX: Graham Haerther EDITOR: Isla McTear CAPTIONS: Caption+ WITH THANKS TO: 1901 Arts Club The Camera Museum, Soho Evan Edinger The Lexi Cinema, Kensal Green Mandy Celine Oliver Thorn Tim Bunn LEGAL CAMEOS: Leonard French https://www.youtube.com/user/ljfrench009 Devin Stone https://www.youtube.com/legaleagle QUASI-LEGAL CAMEO: Jay Foreman https://www.youtube.com/jayforeman MINECRAFT SEQUENCE: Joel "Smallishbeans" https://www.youtube.com/SmallishBeans MUSIC Epidemic Sound Canon in D solo piano recording courtesy of ProstoRecords and Envato Market Canon in D rock recording courtesy of Kora3000 and Envato Market STOCK PHOTOGRAPHY Images used under license from shutterstock.com PRODUCER Reb Day © Pad 26 Limited MMXX https://tomscott.com https://twitter.com/tomscott https://instagram.com/tomscottgo

Zwentendorf Nuclear Power Plant, in Austria, was ready to go: it just needed starting up. But that never happened, and forty years later, it still sits mothballed. Here's why. Thanks to all the EVN team: you can find information on tours (in German) here: http://www.zwentendorf.com/ - and about EVN here: https://www.evn.at/EVN-Group/Energie-Zukunft/EVN-Fuhrungsangebot/Zwentendorf.aspx Camera by Matt Gray: https://youtube.com/mattgrayyes Edited by Michelle Martin: https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Coca-Cola's brand of bottled water, Dasani, was a flop in the UK after the public realised it was just filtered tap water. But the story's a bit more complicated than it might seem. | Drinking Dasani with Ashens: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c6VhcpwFZJM Thanks to Sally Le Page on camera! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9AUeAvdEVJfyS9rd9pvp8g I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Lasers travel at the speed of light. You can't stop one in mid-air like Kylo Ren. Except: we just did. Here's how. • Seb's video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8YONOexk0Ek • https://seblee.me/ Lasers by Seb Lee-Delisle, assisted by Abby Shum Camera by Matt Gray https://youtube.com/mattgrayyes Edited by Michelle Martin https://twitter.com/mrsmmartin Graphics by William Marler https://wmad.co.uk I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

From March 1st 2020, Luxembourg will have free public transit throughout the country: you'll be able to travel on buses, trains, trams, and that one funicular railway without a ticket. It sounds like a good idea: but is it? Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) Thanks to Leonard French at Lawful Masses for holding the camera out on the Casemates: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChBJtu4BhT8b8t9Qe9R-EZg I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Winograd schema is a language test for intelligent computers. So far, they're not doing well. MORE LANGUAGE FILES: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLDEnHuhD7CTZES3KXFnwm0 Written with Gretchen McCulloch and Molly Ruhl. Gretchen's podcast Lingthusiasm is at http://lingthusiasm.com/ - and Gretchen's new book, BECAUSE INTERNET, is available: 🇺🇸 US: https://amzn.to/30tLpjT 🇨🇦 CA: https://amzn.to/2JsTYWH 🇬🇧 UK: https://amzn.to/31K8eRD (Those are affiliate links that give a commission to me or Gretchen, depending on country!) REFERENCES: Levesque, H.J., Davis, E., and Morgenstern, L. (2011). The winograd schema challenge. In AAAI Spring Symposium: Logical Formalizations of Commonsense Reasoning. Trask, R. (1993). A dictionary of grammatical terms in linguistics. London ; New York: Routledge. (page 233) Winograd, T. (1972). Understanding natural language. Cognitive Psychology, 3(1), 1-191. (page 33) Hunston, S. (2002). Corpora in Applied Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jurafsky, D., & Martin, J. (2009). Speech and language processing: An introduction to natural language processing, computational linguistics, and speech recognition (2nd ed., Prentice Hall series in artificial intelligence). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Gray, M. & Suri, S. (2019) Ghost work. Boston, M.A.: HMH Books. I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

About once a year, on the Oosterscheldekering barrier in the south of the Netherlands, there is NK Tegenwindfietsen: a bicycle race cycling into a headwind. This year it was 120km/h: this is why it's so difficult, and also why it's so brilliant. I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

INT, BOOLEAN, STRING and FLOAT: these are the things that data is made of. • Sponsored by Dashlane — for free on your first device @ https://www.dashlane.com/tomscott MORE BASICS: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLLeET0dOWaKHkAlPsrkcha Written by Sean M Elliott and Tom Scott Directed by Tomek Graphics by Mooviemakers https://www.mooviemakers.co.uk/ Audio mix by Haerther Productions https://haerther.net/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscott

Schengen is a small town in Luxembourg, on the borders with France and Germany. But one of those borders is a little more complicated: the Mosel (or Moselle) river is a condominium, it belongs to both countries at the same time. And thus, so the bridges above it. REFERENCES: I'm not 100% happy with the research in this video, because it was put together quickly and, through necessity of language, from English-speaking secondary sources. However, Ken Jennings in the New York Times on condominiums, talks about the history of the treaties: https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/23/the-worlds-most-exclusive-condominium/ and that's confirmed by a reference in Freshwater Boundaries Revisited: Recent Developments in International River Law by María Querol, which quotes Bernhardt's Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Vol 111, p465. Interestingly, the borders on Google Maps, Bing Maps and OpenStreetMap all take different (and sometimes nonsensical) twists and turns, so I've chosen to illustrate the simplest example. I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Subscribe to Aspect Science! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyi06SeKkiwoAzFVmQtDtfg or start with Tom's video on what would happen if a meteoroid hit an Apollo astronaut: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ll8izWe9nqk "12kg of Martian soil simulant" is a pretty good guest video pitch. This week, Tom from Aspect Science tries to grow a salad in Martian soil.

Go subscribe to Brainbook! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnbPqck6c4yydPKVK0Faf6w or start with Alex's video on a day in the life of a neurosurgeon on call: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8RXEaAjpt4Q The brain is a mass of neurons, but some areas are more important than others. How can surgeons navigate inside the brain? How do they know exactly where to operate, and what to do? Alex from Brainbook explains.

When I was a teenager, I wrote some terrible code. Here's why. • Sponsored by Dashlane — for free on your first device @ https://www.dashlane.com/tomscott MORE BASICS: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLLeET0dOWaKHkAlPsrkcha Written by Sean M Elliott and Tom Scott Directed by Tomek Graphics by Mooviemakers https://www.mooviemakers.co.uk/ Audio mix by Haerther Productions https://haerther.net/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscott

Weird calendar edge-cases and computer bugs. It's an old-school video. • Video sponsor Fasthosts are giving UK viewers the chance to win a trip to SXSW 2020 by answering my Techie Test question: https://fasthosts.co.uk/tomscott FURTHER READING: The ISO 8601 Standards for date and time: https://www.iso.org/iso-8601-date-and-time-format.html The tweet referenced in the video: https://twitter.com/_ninji/status/549365454322802688 The Guardian article mentioned: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/dec/29/twitter-2015-date-bug I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Gestures are a really important part of language. But how do we use them, and why? MORE LANGUAGE FILES: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLDEnHuhD7CTZES3KXFnwm0 Written with Gretchen McCulloch and Molly Ruhl, with an assist from Lauren Gawne. Gretchen's podcast Lingthusiasm is at http://lingthusiasm.com/ - and Gretchen's new book, BECAUSE INTERNET, is available: 🇺🇸 US: https://amzn.to/30tLpjT 🇨🇦 CA: https://amzn.to/2JsTYWH 🇬🇧 UK: https://amzn.to/31K8eRD (Those are affiliate links that give a commission to me or Gretchen, depending on country!) REFERENCES: Kendon, A. (2004). Gesture: Visible action as utterance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bernard, J. A., B Millman, Z., & Mittal, V. A. (2015). Lederer, J. (2019). Gesturing the source domain: The role of co-speech gesture in the metaphorical models of gender transition. Metaphor and the Social World, 9(1), 32-58. Gawne, L. & McCulloch, G. (2019). Emoji as digital gestures. Language@Internet. 17(2). http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0009-7-48882 Kendon, A. (2004). Gesture: Visible action as utterance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lederer, J. (2019). Gesturing the source domain: The role of co-speech gesture in the metaphorical models of gender transition. Metaphor and the Social World, 9(1), 32-58. McNeill, D. Gesture: a Psycholinguistic Approach. Kendon, A. (2000). Language and gesture: Unity or duality? In D. McNeill (Ed.), Language and gesture: Window into thought and action (pp. 47-63). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kendon, A. (2004). Gesture: Visible action as utterance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Iverson, J., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (1998). Why people gesture when they speak. Nature, 396(6708), 228-228. McNeill, D. (1985). So you think gestures are nonverbal? Psychological Review, 92(3), 350-371. I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

In Wichita Falls, Texas, the Newby-McMahon Building stands 480 inches tall. Not 480 feet: 480 inches. There's a story of a smooth-talking scammer that sounds almost too good to be true. But is it? Thanks to Jan and all the folks at Hello Again: http://helloagainwf.com - and to everyone at the Wichita Falls Library! Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

We still shouldn't be using electronic voting. Here's why. • Sponsored by Dashlane — for free on your first device @ https://www.dashlane.com/tomscott MORE BASICS: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLLeET0dOWaKHkAlPsrkcha REFERENCES: Computerphile video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w3_0x6oaDmI Stories about voter identification happening outside the law: https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,,-1051,00.html Voting machines left connected to the internet: https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/3kxzk9/exclusive-critical-us-election-systems-have-been-left-exposed-online-despite-official-denials Hackers getting voting machines to play Doom: https://www.salon.com/2019/08/14/hackers-can-easily-break-into-voting-machines-used-across-the-u-s-play-doom-nirvana/ "Small, well-funded team backed by a national government": https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/25/us/politics/russian-hacking-elections.html Scottish election: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2007/jun/20/scotland.devolution and http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/6627657.stm - with the Excel detail on page 50 of https://www.openrightsgroup.org/wp-content/uploads/org_election_report.pdf?page=50 Report on e-voting in Estonia: https://estoniaevoting.org/ Written by Sean M Elliott and Tom Scott Directed by Tomek Graphics by Mooviemakers https://www.mooviemakers.co.uk/ Audio mix by Haerther Productions https://haerther.net/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Priming" is the idea that the words you read can change the way you act. And yes, there are papers that show an effect: but we also need to talk about the Replication Crisis. MORE LANGUAGE FILES: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLDEnHuhD7CTZES3KXFnwm0 Written with Gretchen McCulloch and Molly Ruhl. Gretchen can be found at http://lingthusiasm.com/ And Gretchen's new book, BECAUSE INTERNET, is available: 🇺🇸 US: https://amzn.to/30tLpjT 🇨🇦 CA: https://amzn.to/2JsTYWH 🇬🇧 UK: https://amzn.to/31K8eRD (Those are affiliate links that give a commission to me or Gretchen, depending on country!) REFERENCES: Kay, A. C., Laurin, K., Fitzsimons, G. M., Landau, M. J. (2014). A functional basis for structure-seeking: Exposure to structure promotes willingness to engage in motivated action. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143, 486–491. doi:10.1037/a0034462 Bargh JA, Chartrand TL. Studying the Mind in the Middle: A Practical Guide to Priming and Automaticity Research. In: Reis H, Judd C, editors. Handbook of Research Methods in Social Psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2000. Klein, R. A., Vianello, M., Hasselman, F., Adams, B. G., Adams, R. B., Alper, S., … Nosek, B. A. (2018). Many Labs 2: Investigating Variation in Replicability Across Samples and Settings. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(4), 443–490. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245918810225 Zaval, L., Keenan, E., Johnson, E., & Weber, E. (2014). How warm days increase belief in global warming. Nature Climate Change. 4. 10.1038/nclimate2093. Hoedemaker, R., & Gordon, P. (2014). It Takes Time to Prime: Semantic Priming in the Ocular Lexical Decision Task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 40(6), 2179-2197. Heyman, T., Van Rensbergen, B., Storms, G., Hutchison, K., & De Deyne, S. (2015). The Influence of Working Memory Load on Semantic Priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 41(3), 911-920. McNeill, D. (1985). So you think gestures are nonverbal? Psychological Review, 92(3), 350-371. Balota, D. A., & Lorch, R. F. (1986). Depth of automatic spreading activation: Mediated priming effects in pronunciation but not in lexical decision. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12, 336 –345. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.12.3.336 de Groot, A. M. (1984). Primed lexical decision: Combined effects of the proportion of related prime–target pairs and the stimulus– onset asynchrony of prime and target. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A: Human Experimental Psychology, 36, 253–280. doi: 10.1080/14640748408402158 Forster, K. (1981). Priming and the effects of sentence and lexical contexts on naming time: Evidence for autonomous lexical processing. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A: Human Experimental Psychology, 33, 465– 495. doi:10.1080/14640748108400804 Hutchison, K. A., Balota, D. A., Cortese, M. J., & Watson, J. M. (2008). Predicting semantic priming at the item level. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006), 61, 1036 –1066. doi:10.1080/17470210701438111 Keefe, D. E., & Neely, J. H. (1990). Semantic priming in the pronunciation task: The role of prospective prime-generated expectancies. Memory & Cognition, 18, 289 –298. doi:10.3758/BF03213882 McNamara, T. P. (2005). Semantic priming: Perspectives from memory and word recognition. New York, NY: Psychology Press. McNamara, T. P., & Altarriba, J. (1988). Depth of spreading activation revisited: Semantic mediated priming occurs in lexical decisions. Journal of Memory and Language, 27, 545–559. doi:10.1016/0749-596X(88)90025-3 Neely, J. H. (1977). Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Roles of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited-capacity attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 106, 226 –254. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.106.3.226 Shelton, J. R., & Martin, R. C. (1992). How semantic is automatic semantic priming? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 1191–1210. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.18.6.1191 Klein, R. A., Vianello, M., Hasselman, F., Adams, B. G., Adams, R. B., Alper, S., … Nosek, B. A. (2018). Many Labs 2: Investigating Variation in Replicability Across Samples and Settings. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(4), 443–490. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245918810225 Rosenthal R (1979). "File drawer problem and tolerance for null results". Psychol Bull. 86 (3): 638–41. I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottg

At the National Helium Reserve in Amarillo, Texas, the US government once stored 32 billion cubic feet of helium. There have been breathless news articles recently saying the world's running out: but it's still possible to buy party balloons. What's going on? More about the Federal Helium Program: https://www.blm.gov/programs/energy-and-minerals/helium/federal-helium-program Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

It sounds ridiculous, but it's true. At the Cooper Union Foundation Building in New York, there's the world's first elevator shaft: constructed four years before the safety elevator was invented. • Thanks to Prof. O'Donnell and all the team at the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art: you can find out more about the building here: https://cooper.edu/about/history/foundation-building Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

In Stockholm, there's a diagonal wind tunnel, used for one very specific purpose: learning to fly a wingsuit. I tried. I almost managed it. More about FlyLikeBrick: http://flylikebrick.com/ and the tunnel: https://indoorwingsuit.com/ Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Build some models" seems obvious: but this is a story of ingenuity, of using natural resources well, and of a country that humans dragged from the sea. More about Waterloopbos: in English: https://www.holland.com/global/tourism/destinations/provinces/flevoland/deltawerk-at-the-waterloopbos.htm in Dutch: https://www.natuurmonumenten.nl/natuurgebieden/waterloopbos Thanks to Dr Van Rijn and all the team at Waterloopbos, and to Lennert and Sander who both suggested this! Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottg

I tried to write a more honest VPN commercial. The sponsor wasn't happy about it. • Get ██ days of ███ VPN free at ██████.com/honest The ASA ruling I referenced: https://www.asa.org.uk/rulings/tefincom-sa-a19-547668.html I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Next to Amsterdam Schiphol Airport is the Buitenschot Land Art Park, a giant set of ridges and furrows cut into the landscape. Yes, it's art: but it also stops some local residents from being exposed to jet noise. More about the park: https://www.schiphol.nl/en/schiphol-as-a-neighbour/page/landscape-design-plan-to-combat-noise-nuisance/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

GUEST VIDEOS: https://tomscott.com/guest • CARBON: https://tomscott.com/carbon • TECH DIF: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=phL7P6gtZRM&list=PLfx61sxf1Yz2I-c7eMRk9wBUUDCJkU7H0 I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Oodi, the new Helsinki Library, has robots to help reshelve books. They get a lot of press attention. But they're not the important part of the library: here's why. Thanks to all the team at Oodi: https://www.oodihelsinki.fi/ Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) With thanks to librarian-YouTuber Peter Musser for script checking: https://m.youtube.com/channel/UC37J30wHpQOtc1vzuN6OdDA/videos I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/Tom Scott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

I got an email asking if I wanted to be driven around the most famous racetrack in Britain by an autonomous racing car. I wasn't going to refuse that offer. More about Roborace: https://www.roborace.com/ Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) Camera by Grant Stevens https://www.moonshineproductions.co.uk/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Onkalo, on the Finnish island of Olkiluoto, is planned to be the first geologic storage facility for high-level nuclear waste: eventually sealed for 100,000 years. I got to see inside. Thanks to all the team from Olkiluoto, TVO and Posiva: you can find out more at http://www.posiva.fi/en/final_disposal/onkalo Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) Audio mix by Haerther Productions https://haerther.net I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

If you've been a subscriber for a while, you probably know where this one is going. Although you may still be surprised about where I ended up going... Montana's Giant Springs State Park, and Lake Sumiainen in Finland, have very short rivers. Finding the shortest in the world, though: that could be trickier. Sources: https://www.cntraveler.com/stories/2012-06-18/d-river-lincoln-city-oregon-ken-jennings-maphead and a lot of googling for various folk tales. Also, travelling to Finland. Here's the co-ordinates of the Finnish river: 62.6497 N, 26.0484E Thanks to Wren from Corridor Digital for the LA drone shot! https://twitter.com/sirwrender I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Berkeley Pit, in Butte, Montana, was once the richest hill on Earth: the Anaconda Copper Mine. Now: it's not all that rich, and it's not much of a hill. Instead, it's a toxic pit filled with sulfuric acid. Thanks to the Montana Resources team: https://www.montanaresources.com/ REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING: "10,000 miles of tunnels": https://mtstandard.com/news/local/new-map-plots-butte-underground/article_f1de51e2-948f-5634-9aa0-87ad730d9cfd.html "35,000 people a year": https://www.travelandleisure.com/trip-ideas/toxic-montana-pit-tourist-attraction] Protective Water Level, and the details of the underground water that I didn't have time to go into: https://pitwatch.org/protective-water-level/ The first treated water being removed from the pit: https://www.mtpr.org/post/treated-water-begins-flowing-out-buttes-berkeley-pit Edited by Tom Fuller I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

On a coastline that's steadily sinking under the waves, the Wax Lake Delta is rising: which is a wonderful thing for researchers.Historically, every time humans try and mess with the Mississippi, there have been unintended consequences: and even though we can now model it fairly well, there are still surprises. Thanks to Alex Kolker and all the team at LUMCON in Louisiana. Here's more about his research: https://lumcon.edu/2017/10/20/land-building-in-a-river-delta-can-help-reduce-carbon-dioxide-emissions/ And if your institution subscribes, the paper on carbon storage in the Wax Lake Delta that he worked on is in Nature here: https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo3044 Other references and further reading: How humans sank New Orleans: How humans sank New Orleans: https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/02/how-humans-sank-new-orleans/552323/ Retiring place names: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/02/24/us/jean-lafitte-floodwaters.html Levee wars: https://www.propublica.org/article/deregulate-federal-levees-section-408-permit-secretive-lobbying-effort Resettling the first American 'climate refugees': https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/03/us/resettling-the-first-american-climate-refugees.html CREDITS: Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) Audio mix by Graham Haerther https://haerther.net Land and sea data and images from NOAA and NASA / Landsat, public domain Aerial imagery from Google Earth, used with permission I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

I'll say this about this week's Game Garage: we definitely had fun. Thanks to Toby: https://www.youtube.com/birdkeepertoby and Inés: https://www.youtube.com/drawcuriosity ! Edited by Elliot Gough Audio mix by Graham Haerther Directed by Grant Stevens Produced by David Bodycombe and Tom Scott A Pad 26 / Labyrinth Games production I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The International Phonetic Alphabet: one sound for each symbol, and one symbol for each sound. Except for the sounds we can't make. Pull down the description for the references! MORE LANGUAGE FILES: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLDEnHuhD7CTZES3KXFnwm0 Written with Gretchen McCulloch and Molly Ruhl. Gretchen's new book, BECAUSE INTERNET, is available now: 🇺🇸 US: https://amzn.to/30tLpjT 🇨🇦 CA: https://amzn.to/2JsTYWH 🇬🇧 UK: https://amzn.to/32epYoK (Those are affiliate links that give a commission to me or Gretchen, depending on country!) Gretchen can be found at http://lingthusiasm.com/ REFERENCES: Harbeck, J. (2009). Presented at the 30th annual Editors’ Association of Canada conference, Toronto, June 6, 2009. Algeo, J., & Pyles, T. (2004). The origins and development of the English language (5th ed.). Boston, Mass.: Thomson/Wadsworth. Nicolaidis, Katerina (2005). "Approval of new IPA sound: the labiodental flap". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 35 (2): 261. I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

This game turned out a lot more stressful than we thought it would. Thanks to ASHENS and the POLYBIUS HEIST crew, you can watch their first movie here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Tf2As_AQ6s and Ashens' channel here: https://www.youtube.com/ashens Edited by Elliot Gough Audio mix by Graham Haerther Directed by Grant Stevens Produced by David Bodycombe and Tom Scott A Pad 26 / Labyrinth Games production I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

What those boxes are for, and why you might not have to click them soon. • Sponsored by Dashlane —try 30 days for free at: https://www.dashlane.com/tomscott MORE BASICS: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLLeET0dOWaKHkAlPsrkcha Written by Sean M Elliott and Tom Scott Directed by Tomek Graphics by Mooviemakers https://www.mooviemakers.co.uk/ Audio mix by Haerther Productions https://haerther.net/ Thanks to Dashlane for sponsoring the video! If you're techie enough to watch this video, you should be using a password manager. Get a 30-day free trial at https://dashlane.com/tomscott I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

We're back! New games, same garage. Thanks to the crew from SOME LOVELY BOARD GAMES: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EfeCp3-_U8M Dodie: https://youtube.com/doddleoddle Sammy Paul: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC78zXJFimlWORdNrBS5pqGw Daniel J Layton: https://www.youtube.com/danieljlayton Reb Day: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCi7nf3Wb5HzFgfkKLgTqzpw Edited by Elliot Gough Audio mix by Graham Haerther Directed by Grant Stevens Produced by David Bodycombe and Tom Scott A Pad 26 / Labyrinth Games production I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Aerosparx are a British aerobatics team that perform displays with fireworks attached to their wings. This is how they do it. More about Aerosparx: http://www.aerosparx.com/ Camera by Grant Stevens https://www.moonshineproductions.co.uk/ Ground display camera by Adam Landau Edited by Michelle Martin @mrsmmartin Audio mix by Graham Haerther http://haerther.net I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Time to tell a story about idempotency, computer science, and the Night of the Multiple Orders. • Sponsored by Dashlane —try 30 days for free at: https://www.dashlane.com/tomscott MORE BASICS: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLLeET0dOWaKHkAlPsrkcha Written by Sean M Elliott and Tom Scott Directed by Tomek Graphics by Mooviemakers https://www.mooviemakers.co.uk/ Audio mix by Haerther Productions https://haerther.net/ Thanks to Dashlane for sponsoring the video! If you're techie enough to watch this video, you should be using a password manager. Get a 30-day free trial at https://dashlane.com/tomscott I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Hello!" "Thank you!" "You're welcome!" These are all phatic expressions, and people can argue about them. Pull down the description for the references! MORE LANGUAGE FILES: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLDEnHuhD7CTZES3KXFnwm0 Written with Gretchen McCulloch and Molly Ruhl. Gretchen's new book, BECAUSE INTERNET, is available now: 🇺🇸 US: https://amzn.to/30tLpjT 🇨🇦 CA: https://amzn.to/2JsTYWH 🇬🇧 UK: https://amzn.to/32epYoK (Those are affiliate links that give a commission to me or Gretchen, depending on country!) Gretchen can be found at http://lingthusiasm.com/ REFERENCES: Brown, P. and Levinson, S. 1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. Goffman, Erving (1967): On Face-Work. An Analysis of Ritual Elements in Social Interaction. In: Ders.: Interaction Ritual. New York: Doubleday. 5-45. Dinkin, A. (2018). It's no problem to be polite: Apparent-time change in responses to thanks. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 22(2), 190-215. Bucholtz, M. & Hall, K. (2005) Identity and interaction: A sociocultural linguistic approach. Discourse Studies. vol. 7 (4-2): 585-614. Yngve, Victor. "On getting a word in edgewise," page 568. Papers from the Sixth Regional Meeting [of the] Chicago Linguistic Society, 1970. Sacks, H., Schegloff, E. A., & Jefferson, G. (1974). "A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation." Language, 50, 696–735. Tannen, D. (2012). Turn-Taking and Intercultural Discourse and Communication. In Bratt Paulston, C., Kiesling, S. F., & Rangel E. S., Japan/Anglo-American Cross-Cultural Communication (pp 135-157). Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics: The Handbook of Intercultural Discourse and Communication. I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottg

The fetch-execute cycle is the basis of everything your computer or phone does. This is literally The Basics. • Sponsored by Dashlane —try 30 days for free at: https://www.dashlane.com/tomscott Thanks to Dashlane for sponsoring the video! If you're techie enough to watch this video, you should be using a password manager. Get a 30-day free trial at https://dashlane.com/tomscott MORE BASICS: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLLeET0dOWaKHkAlPsrkcha MINOR CORRECTIONS: In the graphics, "programme" should be "program". I say "Mac instead of PC"; that should be "a phone instead of a PC". And most importantly, I say "every sixth cycle": that should be "every ninth". Fortunately, none of these materially affect the content of the video! Written by Sean M Elliott and Tom Scott Directed by Tomek Graphics by Mooviemakers https://www.mooviemakers.co.uk/ Audio mix by Haerther Productions https://haerther.net/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

A decade ago, engineers found the Humber Bridge had the same problem as many of the world's suspension bridges: unexpectedly fast corrosion. Here's how they fixed it, and how they're checking that it's staying fixed. Thanks to all the team at the Humber Bridge board, at Cleveland Bridge, and Visit Hull and East Yorkshire, all of whom spent a lot of time and effort getting me up to the towers! Aerial and ground camera by Octovision Media https://octovisionmedia.co.uk Edited by Michelle Martin @mrsmmartin I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Language changes over time, and that's fine. Time for a dose of descriptivism, as the Language Files return. Pull down the description for the references! MORE LANGUAGE FILES: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLDEnHuhD7CTZES3KXFnwm0 Written with Gretchen McCulloch and Molly Ruhl. Gretchen's new book, BECAUSE INTERNET, is available soon: 🇺🇸 US: https://amzn.to/30tLpjT 🇨🇦 CA: https://amzn.to/2JsTYWH 🇬🇧 UK: https://amzn.to/32epYoK (Those are affiliate links that give a commission to me or Gretchen, depending on country!) Gretchen can be found at http://lingthusiasm.com/ REFERENCES: Labov, W. (1972) Some principles of linguistics methodology. Language and Society 1(1): 97–120. Bucholtz, M. & Hall, K. (2005) Identity and interaction: A sociocultural linguistic approach. Discourse Studies. vol. 7 (4-2): 585-614. Biber, D. & Finegan, E. (1994). Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Register. New York ; Oxford: Oxford University Press. Soffer, O. (2012). Liquid language? on the personalization of discourse in the digital era. New Media & Society, 14(7), 1092-1110. Bourlai, E., & Herring, S. C. (2014). Multimodal communication on tumblr: I have so many feels! Proceedings of the 2014 ACM Conference on Web Science - WebSci '14. doi:10.1145/2615569.2615697 Lawson, A., Ferrer, L., Wang, W., & Murray, J. (2015). Detection of demographics and identity in spontaneous speech and writing. In A. K. Baughman, J. Gao, J. Pan, & V. A. Petrushin (Eds.), Multimedia Data Mining and Analytics (Vol. 3, pp. 205-225). Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-14998-1_9 Mckee, H. (2002). “YOUR VIEWS SHOWED TRUE IGNORANCE!!!”: (Mis)Communication in an online interracial discussion forum. Computers and Composition, 19(4), 411-434. Danet, B. (2013). Flaming and linguistic impoliteness on a listserv. In S. C. Herring, D. Stein, & T. Virtanen (Eds.), Pragmatics of Computer-Mediated Communication (Vol. 9, Handbook of Pragmatics, pp. 639-664). Walter de Gruyter McCulloch, G. (2019). Because internet. New York: Riverhead Books. Milne, A. A. & Shepard, E. (1926). Winnie-the-Pooh. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co. Urabnik, C. L. (2013). Adjacent character repetition: Orthographic Pragmatics in Computer-Mediated Discourse. (Master’s Thesis) San Francisco State University. Gunrajm D.N., Drumm-Hewitt, A.M., Dashow, E.M., Upadhyay, S.S.N., Klin, C.M. (2015). Texting insincerely: The role of the period in text messaging. Computers in Human Behavior 55(B). (pp 1067-1075). doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.003 Gonzalez-Lloret, M. (2011). Conversation analysis of computer-mediated communication. CALICO Journal, 28(2), 308-325. I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Watch all 15 episodes right now: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGJu6skU4TBYrIWxggkZBrF5 • This educational series is sponsored by Google This isn't going to be a click-a-button and follow-along series that gives you the same result as everything else. We're not even going to talk about code. This is everything you didn't know you needed to know about building an app. I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

If you believe the hype, then the Metropolitan Area Underground Discharge Channel stops Tokyo flooding. It doesn't. But it is one colossal part of a huge network of flood defences that protect a city that would otherwise be... well, very wet. MORE ABOUT THE DISCHARGE CHANNEL: The Discharge Channel's site (in Japanese): http://www.ktr.mlit.go.jp/edogawa/gaikaku/ Advice for English-speaking visitors: https://matcha-jp.com/en/4002 REFERENCES: "Below sea level" and "aging levees": http://www.kensetsu.metro.tokyo.jp/content/000028631.pdf [PDF, parts translated in https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/06/climate/tokyo-floods.html ] "All that protects the two and a half million people": https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20180823/p2a/00m/0na/007000c Discharge channel stats: http://www.japanriver.or.jp/EnglishDocument/DB/file/004%20Kanto%2079(T.O-12).pdf [PDF] THANKS TO: Local fixer: Yamada Masato Post translator: Dominic Jacobs Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

I went to a place called Coober Pedy to tell a story about water. • Sponsored by Audible: Go to http://audible.com/trustme or text ‘trustme’ to 500 500 to get started today. CORRECTIONS: https://www.tomscott.com/corrections/ Thanks to everyone in Coober Pedy; I had a wonderful time there. I'm sorry this isn't the video you all hoped for! Sources for this video: Smerdon, B.; Ransley, T.; Radke, B.; Kellett, J. (2012) Water resource assessment for the Great Artesian Basin. A report to the Australian Government from the CSIRO Great Artesian Basin Water Resource Assessment. Australia: CSIRO. https://doi.org/10.4225/08/584c45a39e1b5 Martin, P. (2019). Opal capital Coober Pedy 'on knife-edge' as desert town faces water problem. Retrieved from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-03-06/coober-pedy-water-supply-concerns-opal-capital/10867894 Coober Pedy weather: http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/dwo/201901/html/IDCJDW5012.201901.shtml Great Artesian Basin boundaries: Great Artesian Basin boundary: https://data.gov.au/data/dataset/241d11ac-649d-46a5-8cae-3dddb53a8010 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, (c) Commonwealth of Australia (Bioregional Assessment Programme http://www.bioregionalassessments.gov.au), (c) Commonwealth of Australia (Geoscience Australia) 2013 I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Byron Bay Railroad Company runs the world's first 100% solar-powered train. It wouldn't work everywhere - but in the bright sunshine of Australia, it might just be the right tool for the job. More about the railroad: https://byronbaytrain.com.au/ Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Olds Engineering, a traditional workshop and foundry, sits in Maryborough, Australia. It's not the sort of place you'd expect to find a new industrial invention in the 21st century: and yet the Olds Elevator, patented by Peter Olds, is just that. More about Olds Engineering: https://www.olds.com.au/ and the Olds Elevator: https://www.oldselevator.com/ Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Near Hindon, on the South Island of New Zealand, there's one of only two remaining one-lane road-rail bridges in the country. No barriers, no lights, no sirens: if you're driving across this, you need to make sure to listen out for the train horn. Thanks to all the Dunedin Railways team! You can find out more about them here: https://www.dunedinrailways.co.nz/ Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Baldwin Street in Dunedin, New Zealand, has [update, July 2019: had] the Guinness World Record for "steepest paved road over a continuous distance of more than ten metres". Which is enough to bring in quite a few tourists. What's the history? And what counts as "steepest street"? Thanks to Mayor Dave Cull and to Gary Blackman. You can see some of Gary Blackman's photography in Te Papa's collection: https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/222 And an interview with him: https://www.odt.co.nz/entertainment/arts/blackman-still-finding-out-what-camera-will-take UPDATE, JULY 2019: The Welsh street took the record: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-48992331 CITATION: von Worley, S. (2010). More Steeps Of San Francisco – A New Steepest Street Is Born. Retrieved from http://www.datapointed.net/2010/02/more-steeps-of-san-francisco/ The Guinness World Record data is here: http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/62907-steepest-street-road And the Welsh street is referenced here: https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/jan/10/bricks-dont-usually-roll-welsh-town-harlech-worlds-steepest-street Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

If you invent a new theme park or amusement ride, how do you test it to make sure it's safe? There's no Federal Bureau of Zip Lines. I visited one of the companies that does just that sort of testing - and, now, inventing. More about Holmes Solutions: https://holmessolutions.com/ And their adventure recreation division: https://holmessolutions.com/case-study/adventure-recreation Information on foreseeable misuse: Health and Safety Executive. (2017). Fairgrounds and amusementparks: Guidance on safe practice. London: HSE Books. http://www.hse.gov.uk/pUbns/priced/hsg175.pdf [PDF] Information on US regulation of theme parks: Hollandsworth, S. (2018). Schlitterbahn’s Tragic Slide. Texas Monthly. Retrieved from https://www.texasmonthly.com/news/jeff-henry-verruckt-schlitterbahns-tragic-slide/ - this is an interesting and somewhat harrowing article on the now-demolished world's largest waterslide. Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) Audio mix by Graham Haerther (http://haerther.net) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Mount Taranaki, on the North Island of New Zealand, is a large-scale circle that's visible from space: a stratovolcano with six miles of forest around it. But that didn't happen naturally. Oh, and there's a good chance that, in the next fifty years or so, it might explode. GOOD VIDEOS ON NATURAL PERSONHOOD: Law professor Jacinta Ruru at TEDx Christchurch, for a formal talk: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zAPwaOYjQU Leonie Hayden at The Spinoff, for a more vlog-style approach: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UbS-bOUgotU SOURCES: Taranaki Civil Defence and Emergency Management https://cdemtaranaki.govt.nz/taranaki-hazards/natural-hazards/volcanic/ McWethy, D., Wilmshurst, J., Whitlock, C., Wood, J., & McGlone, M. (2014). A High-Resolution Chronology of Rapid Forest Transitions following Polynesian Arrival in New Zealand. Plos ONE, 9(11), e111328. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111328 Perry, G., Wilmshurst, J., & McGlone, M. (2014). Ecology and long-term history of fire in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal Of Ecology, 38(2), 157-176. ME: I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

At the University of Canterbury, in Christchurch, New Zealand, the team at Mars Bioimaging are using detector equipment originally developed for the Large Hadron Collider, and putting it to a very different use: medical imaging that allows 3D, false-color images inside the human body. Thanks to the Mars Bioimaging team: https://www.marsbioimaging.com/ Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) Audio mix by Graham Haerther https://haerther.net/ I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Kerosene Creek is a natural hot spring near Rotorua, on the North Island of New Zealand. And there have been official warnings for years: don't put your head under water. It turns out that "brain-eating amoebas", naegleria fowleri, are a real, if rare, thing. Thank you to Associate Professor Siouxsie Wiles! Here are some of the references used for this video: Bonifield, J. (2019). Fatal brain-eating amoeba may have come from woman's neti pot. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2018/12/07/health/seattle-brain-amoeba-neti-pot-bn/index.html Hermelingmeier, K., Weber, R., Hellmich, M., Heubach, C., & Mösges, R. (2012). Nasal Irrigation as an Adjunctive Treatment in Allergic Rhinitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. American Journal Of Rhinology & Allergy, 26(5), e119-e125. doi: 10.2500/ajra.2012.26.3787 Piper, K., Foster, H., Susanto, D., Maree, C., Thornton, S., & Cobbs, C. (2018). Fatal Balamuthia mandrillaris brain infection associated with improper nasal lavage. International Journal Of Infectious Diseases, 77, 18-22. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.09.013 Yoder, J., Straif-Bourgeois, S., Roy, S., Moore, T., Visvesvara, G., & Ratard, R. et al. (2012). Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis Deaths Associated With Sinus Irrigation Using Contaminated Tap Water. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 55(9), e79-e85. doi: 10.1093/cid/cis626 Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Ports of Auckland are automating their straddle carriers, which might not seem like much: until you phrase it as "hundred-tonne autonomous robots guided by nanosecond-precision tracking". More about the Ports of Auckland: http://www.poal.co.nz/ Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Gibbs Farm, in New Zealand, is an enormous private sculpture collection. Its most famous piece is Horizons, by Neil Dawson - and it looks like a cartoon tissue somehow painted onto the landscape. To see it in person, though, will take a bit of effort. Gibbs Farm: http://www.gibbsfarm.org.nz/ I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Cape Reinga, at the very northern tip of New Zealand, is known for being where the Tasman Sea meets the Pacific Ocean, where two oceans collide. The truth, though, is a little more complicated than that. Thanks to Dr Simon Clark for helping proofread my script: https://www.youtube.com/SimonOxfPhys - any errors are mine, not his! Current visualisation from http://earth.nullschool.net , used with permission I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

When I was a kid, I played the demo version of Need for Speed II a lot. Just the demo: it came free on a CD with a monthly computer magazine. Every detail of that one demo track was stored in my head, long-dormant... until I ended up in Vancouver, and memories started surfacing in very odd ways. I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

In the Ashton Graybiel Spatial Orientation Laboratory at Brandeis University, there's the Artificial Gravity Facility: otherwise known as the rotating room. No-one's invented futuristic gravity plating yet, but if you want to test how humans would cope with artificial gravity, this is the best way. More about the Artificial Gravity Facility: https://www.brandeis.edu/graybiel/facilities/srr.html More about the Ashton Graybiel Spatial Orientation Laboratory: https://www.brandeis.edu/graybiel/ Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) Audio mix by Graham Haerther http://haerther.net Animation by Mooviemakers http://www.mooviemakers.co.uk I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Multi-Axes Rotation and Tilt Device (MART) is used for spatial orientation experiments: it's a chair balanced on a metaphorical knife-edge, powered by precise and fast motors. And my job was to not fall over. More about the Ashton Graybiel Spatial Orientation Laboratory: https://www.brandeis.edu/graybiel/ More about the MART: https://www.brandeis.edu/graybiel/facilities/mart.html More about Vivek's research: https://sites.google.com/view/vivekanandpandeyvimal 3D printed movement sculptures by Sacha Panic, Ian Roy, Alberto Pierobon and Vivekanand Pandey Vimal Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) Audio mix by Graham Haerther http://haerther.net Thanks to Jordan Harrod for the title! I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Forbes Pigment Collection at the Harvard Art Museums is a collection of pigments, binders, and other art materials for researchers to use as standards: so they can tell originals from restorations from forgeries. It's not open to the public, because it's a working research library -- and because some of the pigments in there are rare, historic, or really shouldn't be handled by anyone untrained. More about the Forbes Pigment Collection: https://www.harvardartmuseums.org/article/a-short-history-of-a-pigment-collection-and-art-conservation-in-the-united-states The Harvard Art Museums: https://www.harvardartmuseums.org/ Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) Audio mix by Graham Haerther https://haerther.net/ I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The final episode in this run of the Game Garage gives us a Proper Quiz: complete with all-or-nothing questions and a prize of FIVE THOUSAND PENCE. That's pence. It's £50. We didn't have that big a budget. Edited by Elliot Gough Audio mix by Graham Haerther Directed by Grant Stevens Produced by David Bodycombe and Tom Scott A Pad 26 / Labyrinth Games production I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo Photo credits: Element photos are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution unported 3.0, from http://images-of-elements.com/ - for each individual credit, http://images-of-elements.com/[name of element].php Celebrity photos licensed under Creative Commons Attribution licenses. See URL for full license: John Cusack by Cliff https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cusack09.jpg Drew Carey by Mercy for Animals MFA https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Drew_Carey_2014.jpg Kim Cattrall by Canadian Film Centre https://www.flickr.com/photos/cfccreates/6852106279/ Oprah Winfrey by Greg Hernandez https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oprah_Winfrey_at_2011_TCA_2.jpg Rachel McAdams by Andrew Biskinsky https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rachel_McAdams,_TIFF_2012_(bright_crop).jpg Hugh Grant by Julien Rath https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hugh_Grant_%2711.jpg Kylie Minogue by Raph_PH https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kylie_Minogue_at_The_Queen%27s_Birthday_Party_(cropped_3).jpg Damian Lewis by Jaguar MENA https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Damian_Lewis_at_the_London_Reveal_of_the_New_Jaguar_XE.jpg

On Nantasket Beach in the seaside town of Hull, Massachusetts, sits the last play-for-cash Fascination Parlor in the world. It's a century-old arcade game, made of relays that click and buzz. There are a few other parlors left in the world: but this is the only one where you're playing for actual money. More about the Paragon Boardwalk: https://www.paragonboardwalk.com/ Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Today in the Game Garage, it's not about what you know: it's about what you can do. Pull down the description for the full cast and links to everyone's channels! IN THE STUDIO Cambria Bailey-Jones - https://twitter.com/cambriabailey Guy Larsen - http://guylarsen.com Taha Khan - https://youtube.com/khanstopme ON THE PANEL Barry Lewis - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAzyupPG4vdo8jd9nJ13LAw Colin Furze - https://www.youtube.com/user/colinfurze Em Ford - https://www.youtube.com/user/mypaleskinblog Hannah Witton - https://www.youtube.com/hannahwitton Lucy Bella Earl - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCz4tgANd4yy8Oe0iXCdSWfA Saf - https://www.youtube.com/user/SuperSafTV Steven Bridges - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqK0ukwGsTDh7sHih1OmLJA And here's the stop-motion video that Cambria, Guy and Taha were working on! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hjr4wfnVmpE Edited by Elliot Gough and Michelle Martin Audio mix by Graham Haerther Directed by Grant Stevens Produced by David Bodycombe and Tom Scott A Pad 26 / Labyrinth Games production I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

St Peter's Seminary sits in woodland about an hour west of Glasgow, near a village called Cardross. If you like Brutalist architecture, then it's a beautiful ruin: if not, then perhaps your view isn't so kind. It's a historic, religious building: but it's also a money sink that can't be demolished. My thanks to Ronnie Convery at the Archdiocese of Glasgow! Edited by Michelle Martin, @mrsmmartin I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Welcome to the Game Garage! A series of three new, experimental quizzes and games. Thanks today to Evan Edinger - https://youtube.com/naveregnide - and Luke Cutforth - https://youtube.com/lukecutforth - for being the guinea pigs for Game 1: Weight For It. Sure, we could have spent a fortune on a massive studio, huge props and a giant seesaw: or we could get a garage, some GoPros, and some boxes of sand. Edited by Elliot Gough Audio mix by Graham Haerther Directed by Grant Stevens Produced by David Bodycombe and Tom Scott A Pad 26 / Labyrinth Games production I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Go see William Osman's video about building the car! - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ZK_fnS62Lk and thanks to Michael Reeves for being a guinea pig: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtHaxi4GTYDpJgMSGy7AeSw/ We built a car that you drive with real-life video game lag, and used it for an ill-advised, mostly-unscientific experiment about motion sickness. In case it wasn't obvious: we did this in a private area away from public roads and other traffic, and I insisted on more safety checks than William and Michael would normally have. Don't try this unless you're doing the same! Edited by Elliot Gough Audio mix by Graham Haerther REFERENCES: Treisman, M. (1977). Motion sickness: an evolutionary hypothesis. Science, 197(4302), 493-495. doi: 10.1126/science.301659 Spinks, R. (2018). We still don’t understand motion sickness, but it’s likely to get worse in the digital age. Retrieved from https://qz.com/quartzy/1379653/we-still-dont-understand-motion-sickness-but-its-likely-to-get-worse-in-the-digital-age/ I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Measuring time is a complicated thing. Computers, banks, and stock markets in Denmark all use UTC, the international standard: but according to the law, they shouldn't. Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) Thanks to Thor Nielsen for the suggestion! I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Featuring the Gregory Brothers! Go subscribe to them: https://youtube.com/schmoyoho Pitch correction: it can make terrible singers sound decent, brilliant singer sound mediocre, or Cher sound like a robot. But how does it work? And is it possible to explain that without actually trying to understand Fourier transforms? I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

High-frequency traders have a few tactics on stock exchanges: but simply put, they gather price information faster than anyone else, sometimes even faster than the markets themselves, and use that to make a tiny profit many, many, many times. There are all sorts of solutions: but it turns out there's a simpler one that involves physics. Thanks to Ronan and all the team at IEX - you can find out more about them here: https://iextrading.com/ or on Twitter at https://twitter.com/IEX I fact-checked Ronan's claim about the SEC white paper because it seemed a bit too good to be true, but he's right: see Hu, E. (2018). Intentional Access Delays, Market Quality, and Price Discovery: Evidence from IEX Becoming an Exchange. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://www.sec.gov/files/07feb18_hu_iex_becoming_an_exchange.pdf [PDF] Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Subscribe to Neuro Transmissions! https://www.youtube.com/user/neurotransmissions or start with their video on how to train a cat to high-five: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VfsVw0ndFAQ We're all used to seeing MRI scans of brains. But how do they work? Can you really "see" brain activity, or read someone's mind? Alie and Micah from Neuro Transmissions went to get scanned -- and ended up having some fun with 3D printing, too.

Subscribe to Kurtis Baute! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTRM8LE1g6UXrVZKwgw5oEA or start with his one-take video on the history of the universe: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ObngtuPFI8A Inside his homemade, hermetically-sealed, airtight biodome, Kurtis Baute is already out of breath and surrounded by more carbon dioxide than he should be. And that's going to affect a lot of things -- including how smart he is. SOURCES: CO2 and Cognitive Function Scores: https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/pdf/10.1289/ehp.1510037 Indoor Air Quality and Academic Performance: https://www.gwern.net/docs/co2/2015-stafford.pdf

Subscribe to Up and Atom! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCSIvk78tK2TiviLQn4fSHaw/ or start with Jade's video on quantum tunnelling: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WPZLRtyvEqo You've got a painting and two nails. Can you use both nails to hang the painting so that if either nail is removed, the painting falls? That's the puzzle: in this week's guest video, Jade's going to solve it with maths.

Go subscribe to Medlife Crisis! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgRBRE1DUP2w7HTH9j_L4OQ or start with Rohin's video on why you shouldn't test for everything: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7kQk9-KLPfU The Bajau people of Borneo can hold their breath longer than almost anyone else on the planet. How? Why? And how can the rest of us learn to hold our breath for longer? Rohin from Medlife Crisis explains.

The Multi Axis Trainer, or MAT, is an icon of space exploration and astronaut training. But other than spinning round kids at Space Camp: what's it actually used for? Thanks to Moriah and all the team at Space Camp! You can find out more about their programs for kids and for adults at https://www.spacecamp.com/ Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The tourist guides promote it as Georgia's Little Grand Canyon: but this is a scar on the Earth, caused by humans either not understanding or not caring about geology. Is it natural? Or man-made? Or both? I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

WASSUP KINGDOM, it is time to GET JACK BACK for last week. Callum has Jack's backup and it's time for some FUN. Download link: https://share.dl/iijAKAJnn - if you play with him TAG US ⏩ is a series of YouTube videos from a future. [Content warnings for this video: frequent strong but censored language; mild nudity; lizards; hypoxia. While there's nothing too graphic on screen, this does contain depictions of torture, and it may not be a comfortable watch for some viewers.] STEALING OUR FRIEND'S MIND Story by Tom Scott Directed by Cambria Bailey-Jones - http://twitter.com/CambriaBailey Written by Cambria Bailey-Jones Sammy Paul - http://twitter.com/icoepr Produced by Sammy Paul Ash Horne - http://twitter.com/AshleyNHorne Callum Jack Shalloo - http://jackshalloo.co.uk Aaron Shaun Cowlishaw - http://spotlight.com/3011-7833-4246 Jack Charlie Hamblett - http://instagram.com/charliehamblett Director of Photography & Colour Grade Jamie MacLeod - http://jamiemacleod.co.uk Editor & VFX Elliot Gough - http://twitter.com/elliotexplicit Sound Recordist & Sound Design Dan Pugsley - http://danpugsley.co.uk Party Goers Fotina Papatheodorou - http://spotlight.com/7115-7865-8088 Jasmine Earl - http://youtube.com/channel/UC7vV1DESYGpQk5b2v_Nfmgw Runner Edith Windle - http://twitter.com/ediewizz Special Thanks Stefan Abingdon Guy Larsen Executive Producer Tom Scott A Penny4 Production I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

This is the story of one of the best, and also one of the worst, text messages I've ever received. It's about harm, about consequences, and about the responsibilities that designers, coders and hackers have to make sure we treat other people with care. I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

From January, every citizen of England and Wales will have a new social credit score. Advice from the Department for Community and Culture. ⏩ is a series of YouTube videos from a future. YOUR NEW SOCIAL CREDIT SCORE WRITTEN BY: Tom Scott VOICEOVER: Melissa Thom http://melissathom.me ANIMATED BY: Mooviemakers http://www.mooviemakers.co.uk I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Some American cities use buses, or trams, or trains. Peachtree City, Georgia, has a different solution: it's not quite public transit, but a hundred miles of golf cart tracks helps to keep cars off the road. More about Peachtree City: https://www.peachtree-city.org/ and https://visitpeachtreecity.com Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) With thanks to Titan Miller for emailing me the idea, back in 2017! I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

In the last week of December, 2028, humanity forgot about more than a century of pop culture. You've probably never thought about it, and never found it strange — but the reason is an artificial intelligence called Earworm. ⏩ is a series of YouTube videos from a future. WHY WE FORGOT THE 20TH CENTURY WRITTEN and NARRATED BY: Tom Scott ANIMATED BY: Jordan Husmann http://jordanhusmann.com I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Tree That Owns Itself in Athens, Georgia is well known. The other Tree That Owns Itself in Eufaula, Alabama, really isn't. It's the same story in a different place. Why? I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

That's it! That's the end of the series. You made it! Congratulations! Enjoy the best mime that Matt has ever done. BONUS MATERIAL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRtilePap0c FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp WEB SITE and MORE AUDIO EPISODES: http://techdif.co.uk Featuring: Matt Gray: http://mattg.co.uk - @unnamedculprit Gary Brannan: @garybrannan and Chris Joel, who doesn't do this social media nonsense More from us: http://techdif.co.uk Directed by Grant Stevens Edited by Elliot Gough: http://www.youtube.com/ElliotExplicit Audio mix by Haerther Productions: https://haerther.net I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

In a field near Elberton, Georgia, USA, sit a set of mysterious standing stones: mysterious not because they're ancient, but because they were funded by someone anonymous in 1980, perhaps as a message to any survivors of the end of the world. I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo The closing music is "Nearer My God To Thee", recorded by the US Marine Band c.1896, from the USCB Cylinder Audio Archive, cleaned and sped up: http://www.library.ucsb.edu/OBJID/Cylinder8785

I realise we never actually define "pumpy thing" in this video. I'm not going to define it here either. BONUS MATERIAL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R_hjV2skRac FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp WEB SITE and MORE AUDIO EPISODES: http://techdif.co.uk Featuring: Matt Gray: http://mattg.co.uk - @unnamedculprit Gary Brannan: @garybrannan and Chris Joel, who doesn't do this social media nonsense More from us: http://techdif.co.uk Directed by Grant Stevens Edited by Elliot Gough: http://www.youtube.com/ElliotExplicit Audio mix by Haerther Productions: https://haerther.net I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Technically, the Inchindown oil tanks in Invergordon, Scotland, have the world's longest reverberation, but that makes a much worse title. We tested them with a loud noise and some very sensitive microphones. Matt's musical experiments: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CzMVJkTjKNc Behind the scenes on the Matt and Tom channel: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e4qplnaPjbk Thanks to Allan, Alan and Preston for all their help on the day, and to landowners the Bannerman Group for allowing us access! Edited by Michelle Martin, @mrsmmartin I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

No, a hail cannon isn't for if you just want to accelerate a lot of hail really quickly. This week: pseudoscience and real science! BONUS MATERIAL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MgerCSpxSWo FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp WEB SITE and MORE AUDIO EPISODES: http://techdif.co.uk Featuring: Matt Gray: http://mattg.co.uk - @unnamedculprit Gary Brannan: @garybrannan and Chris Joel, who doesn't do this social media nonsense More from us: http://techdif.co.uk Directed by Grant Stevens Edited by Elliot Gough: http://www.youtube.com/ElliotExplicit Audio mix by Haerther Productions: https://haerther.net I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Sometimes, numbers on sites like YouTube and Twitter jump up and down; subscriber counts lag, like-counts bounce all over the place. Why is it so hard for computers to count? To answer that, we need to talk about threading, eventual consistency, and caching. Thanks to my proofreading team, and to Tomek on camera! The Cambridge Centre for Computing History: http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/ I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Our traditional Wartime Badass Episode this week, albeit a wartime badass whose weapon included expense reports. BONUS MATERIAL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tFFoDDhl9DA FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp WEB SITE and MORE AUDIO EPISODES: http://techdif.co.uk Featuring: Matt Gray: http://mattg.co.uk - @unnamedculprit Gary Brannan: @garybrannan and Chris Joel, who doesn't do this social media nonsense More from us: http://techdif.co.uk Directed by Grant Stevens Edited by Elliot Gough: http://www.youtube.com/ElliotExplicit Audio mix by Haerther Productions: https://haerther.net I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Dinorwig Power Station, otherwise known as Electric Mountain, is a pumped-storage hydro station in Llanberis, Wales. And yes: it's Britain's largest battery. Here's how it works, and why some of the things you think you know about TV pickups might not be so true any more. Thanks to all the Engie team! More about them: http://home.engie.co.uk Public tours of Electric Mountain are closed until mid-2019, but you can find details here: http://electricmountain.co.uk/ Camera op: Ryan Priestnall Editor: Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

This time, we're taking on smørpanikk, food politics, and - for the second week running - brandy. BONUS MATERIAL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MqOWh0lzKOQ FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp WEB SITE and MORE AUDIO EPISODES: http://techdif.co.uk Featuring: Matt Gray: http://mattg.co.uk - @unnamedculprit Gary Brannan: @garybrannan and Chris Joel, who doesn't do this social media nonsense More from us: http://techdif.co.uk Directed by Grant Stevens Edited by Elliot Gough: http://www.youtube.com/ElliotExplicit Audio mix by Haerther Productions: https://haerther.net I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Every month or so, somewhere in London, a manhole explodes. It's so common that it doesn't make the news unless it's spectacular or someone gets injured. Here's why, complete with gratuitous pyrotechnics. Filmed by Perspective Pictures Pyrotechnics by Paul at Darkstar Pyrotechnics News articles: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/11169183/Explosion-in-city-street.html https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/pavement-explodes-yards-from-pedestrians-and-cars-in-old-street-a3568676.html https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/819198/london-manhole-cover-explodes-old-street I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The final season begins! With a traditional tale of a military mistake and a wheel that spins and lands on France. BONUS MATERIAL: https://youtu.be/407IeeVA3C0 FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp WEB SITE and MORE AUDIO EPISODES: http://techdif.co.uk Featuring: Matt Gray: http://mattg.co.uk - @unnamedculprit Gary Brannan: @garybrannan and Chris Joel, who doesn't do this social media nonsense More from us: http://techdif.co.uk Directed by Grant Stevens Edited by Elliot Gough: http://www.youtube.com/ElliotExplicit Audio mix by Haerther Productions: https://haerther.net I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Ogham is an old Irish script made by carving notches into stones. It fell out of use more than a millennium ago - but it's an interesting exception to a linguistics and computer-science rule that I'd never even realised existed. Let's talk about the Ogham Space Mark. Thanks to all the team at the British Museum! You can visit their YouTube channel here: https://www.youtube.com/user/britishmuseum I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

There's a reason music videos look strange. I could just talk about framerate, cuts and continuity... or I could get an actual music video director. And a leaf blower. Directed by: Sammy Paul https://twitter.com/icoepr Produced by: Cambria Bailey-Jones https://twitter.com/cambriabailey Guy Larsen https://twitter.com/thisisguido Director of Photography: Ciaran O'Brien https://twitter.com/ciaranobrien Featuring: dodie https://youtube.com/doddleoddle Dancers: Deepraj Singh Annie Fox Leanne Vincent Liam Wallace Production Design: Guy Larsen Gaffer: Christine Alexander Camera Assistant: Rachel Hutchings Editor: Sammy Paul Colour grade: Ciaran O'Brien Runner: Jenna Bailey-Jones Extras: Michelle Martin Gianluca Suppa Xina Jailey Special thanks to: Grant Stevens Bob Stevens Jenny Stevens Matt Parker Maths Gear http://www.mathsgear.co.uk YouTube Space London and the team A Penny4 Production https://www.penny4.co.uk/ Maths Gear didn't actually pay for product placement in this video. The dice were surprisingly painful. I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

That's right, we're kicking Season 2 of the Basics off with a technical episode about a somewhat-obsolete technology! IT'S PARTY TIME. Wait, no, not party time. IT'S CODE TIME. Close enough. Let's talk about seven-segment displays, and about the longest word you can write with them. Public domain list of English words: https://github.com/dwyl/english-words Thanks to my proofreading team, and to Tomek on camera! The Cambridge Centre for Computing History: http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/ BONUS LINK: Genius regex crossword puzzle: https://regexcrossword.com/ I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

In the 1830s, two French brothers, François and Joseph Blanc, pulled off the first telecoms scam in history. The optical telegraph, a line of semaphore towers stretching from hilltop to hilltop, was for government use only: but something as simple as the law wasn't going to get in their way. Thanks to Victoria Harrison for all her research and translation skills! Pictures of the original documents are uploaded here: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1xik-sJZMUf9GRNCAu7m7amQMZ7Mos1HM?usp=sharing CG effects by Mat Hill: http://mat-hill.com/ I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Back in the 1920s, wingwalking claimed lives. Daredevils would move around on the top of a plane's wings, in mid-flight, often without any harness or any safety line. Maybe they'd be able to clip onto something during takeoff and landing, but maybe not. There are still a few of those true daredevil wingwalkers out there in the world, but in the 21st century... it's usually a bit different. Thanks to the team at Aerosuperbatics Wingwalking: http://www.aerosuperbatics.com/ (this isn't sponsored, and I paid for my flight). Edited by Michelle Martin, @mrsmmartin Post Audio by Emi Paternostro, http://proximitysound.com I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

For years, moderators of online forums and chat rooms have wielded a metaphorical "banhammer" to deal with anyone who steps out of line. Now it's real. Well, a bit more real, anyway. THANKS TO: Mat Hill for design and coding: http://mat-hill.com/ All the code and art is online under the MIT license: https://gitlab.com/matwhill/tomscottbanhammer Chris Joel for the idea, and for wielding the hammer. Dan (Nerd³) for lending us his chat room: https://youtube.com/officialnerdcubed and https://twitch.tv/nerdcubed Ray Roberts on camera: http://rayrobertsfilms.com Emi Paternostro for audio mixing: http://proximitysound.com And Chris' friend Mark, on Mixer, for inspiring the whole thing: https://mixer.com/SparkyandCo I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

The Global Vehicle Target is the new standard for testing autonomous driving and crash test systems. To cameras and radar, it looks like a car: but if you hit it, it'll fly apart. So if your emergency braking doesn't quite work... well, this is what happens. Thanks to everyone at Thatcham Research! You can find out more about them at https://www.thatcham.org/ and about the target at https://www.thatcham.org/car-safety/driver-assistance/ Filmed by Tomek: https://youtube.com/tomek Edited by Michelle Martin, @mrsmmartin Post Audio by Emi Paternostro: http://proximitysound.com I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

On a rainy Scottish island called Jura, it's time to talk about the Manual, about long-term sustainable success, and about not having just that one catchphrase. The term "viral" has fallen out of fashion in the last few years, which is why this series wasn't called "going viral". And in truth, that's not what you want to do. Post Audio by Emi Paternostro, http://proximitysound.com Jimmy Cauty and Bill Drummond were better known as the KLF (or the Timelords, or the JAMs, or...). Their Manual is out of print, but I'm sure that won't stop enterprising people from tracking down versions of it, or footage of their burn. The music for this series has been an instrumental version of "Game of Taking Chances" by Johannes Hager feat. Josefin Backrud, from Epidemic Sound I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

I've put the North-o-Meter, and some other old UsVsTh3m games, up at https://www.tomscott.com/usvsth3m/ - I've disabled the sharing buttons, though. No-one needs them to go viral again. In the middle part of "How To Be Popular On The Internet*", it's time to talk about giving the people what they want, about getting noticed, and about the north-south divide. Post Audio by Emi Paternostro, http://proximitysound.com I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

The first part of "How To Be Popular On The Internet*" is all about an old saying: if at first you don't succeed, try, try again. And if you do succeed... well, you're still going to need to do that. My site's still online: http://www.preparingforemergencies.co.uk/ The government's site is in the internet archive: https://web.archive.org/web/20040804033956/http://www.preparingforemergencies.gov.uk:80/ Post Audio by Emi Paternostro, http://proximitysound.com I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

In Porthcurno, Cornwall, there's an old telegraph cable landing station. It's how Britain talked to the Empire -- and it's now a museum. But the technology here isn't quite as obsolete as you might think. Thanks to Steve and all the team at the Porthcurno Telegraph Museum! You can find out more about them here: https://telegraphmuseum.org/ Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

The White Horse, in Uffington, is one of the oldest surviving works of art in Britain: carved into a hillside in Oxfordshire 3,000 years ago. Every year, it's rechalked by volunteers co-ordinated through the National Trust, a line of maintenance going back to before England had written history. Thanks to all the National Trust team! If you're free over the August bank holiday and fancy helping out, here's the link! https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/events/9220f3c2-d50f-4a9e-9063-8d9346ed5da9/pages/details Thanks to Ian from IanVisits for giving the tipoff - he makes a cameo in this one! https://www.ianvisits.co.uk/ Camera by Paul (@cr3) - he also makes a cameo! Edit by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) - who doesn't make a cameo. I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

Over on the RAF Starrship channel, I'm talking about the history of radar: https://youtu.be/VDC_RCh0ws8 - but over here, we're testing a 90-year-old piece of technology that was meant to be part of Britain's air defence. The Sound Mirrors, on Romney Marsh, were built in the late 1920s as a way to amplify the sound from aircraft engines over the English Channel. We're flying a bit closer than that, with a drone. STARRSHIP: Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/starrshiphope/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/starrshiphope/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/starrshiphope Website: http://starrship.space/ I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

At Reed College in Portland, Oregon, there's a TRIGA nuclear reactor, used for research. You can stand next to it and watch the blue glow from the bottom of a deep swimming pool. I had to visit. More about the reactor and about Reed College: https://reactor.reed.edu/ Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) Post audio by Emi Paternostro (http://proximitysound.com) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

90s VHS video filters are in fashion right now, and most producers are using the same filter as everyone else. Why does the filter look like it does? To answer that question, I went to talk to the person that wrote it! Thanks to Harry Frank and all the team at Red Giant - you can find out more about them here: https://www.redgiant.com (This is not a sponsored video!) Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) Graphics by Mr Weebl: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9wk6mlzKKN3_sVMPd2p-3Q I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

There are some stories in Canada that I'm not qualified to tell. Pull down the description to find out about them. YOUTUBE LINKS: * Residential Schools: Heritage Minutes: Chanie Wenjack https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v_tcCpKtoU0 A Viceland interview with survivors: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9QMZaOVOin8 A CBC interview with a survivor: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nJ64DItsIi0 * Yellowknife: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ie5V-K70JUk (from 2:13) WRITTEN LINKS: * Residential schools: On the facts of residential schools, UBC has a good primer: https://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/the_residential_school_system/ For stories, full transcripts are available of survivors' testimony here: http://wherearethechildren.ca/en/stories/ * Yellowknife: This history of the Yellowknifes Dene First Nation, written in 1997, contains the history of the mine's effects on the community. From page 50 onwards: https://www.akaitcho.info/linked/weledeh%20yellowknife%20dene%20history.pdf

In the last few years, wildfires have been getting worse - and, oddly, it's because humans have been preventing them. From a helicopter above the forests of British Columbia, and from the Tree Ring Lab at UBC, let's talk about how we should just let some wildfires burn. Thanks to Bradley Friesen! He's about to properly launch his channel 'Destruction by Gravity': https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCL3Kr3kf9W34cUvurxl7AGw and Mister Bentley the Dog is on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/mrbentley_thedog/ Thanks to Dr Lori Daniels at the University of British Columbia! Her recent research into wildfires includes: Chavardes, R.D., L.D. Daniels, Z. Gedalof, D.W. Andison. (2018). Human influences superseded climate to disrupt the 20th century fire regime in Jasper National Park, Canada. Dendrochronologia 48:10-19. and this op-ed in the Globe and Mail: https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/we-created-bcs-wildfire-problem-and-we-can-fix-it/article35686104/ Thanks to the BC Wildlife Service for letting me use their photos: https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/safety/wildfire-status Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) Post audio by Emi Paternostro (http://proximitysound.com) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

In Dawson City, a small mining town in the Yukon, sits the Downtown Hotel. Inside there is a tradition that tourists have been trying out for decades: the Sourtoe Cocktail. Thanks to everyone at the Downtown Hotel! More about them: https://dawsoncity.ca/attraction/sourtoe-cocktail-club/ Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

In the far north of Canada sit the DEW Line stations: "Distant Early Warning". Built in the 1950s, these were the sites that would have sounded the alarm if the Soviet Union ever attacked North America. Or at least, they were until they went obsolete just a few years later. This video relies on public domain archive footage from: DEW Line Story (1958): https://archive.org/details/dew_line_story_1 https://archive.org/details/dew_line_story_2 Atlas the ICBM (1957): https://archive.org/details/342SFP00583AtlasTheIcbmCape And is based on the research of: Louis Isemann, James. (2018). To detect, to deter, to defend: the Distant Early Warning (DEW) line and early cold war defense policy, 1953-1957. http://krex.k-state.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2097/2161/JamesIsemann2009.pdf;sequence=1 [PDF] Schlosser, E. (2009). Command and Control. [https://amzn.to/2sQd6Fq (aff. link)] Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

This is it: one of these teams is going home with the trophy. It'll come down to knowledge, wits, and a bit of sideways thinking. This is the Lateral Grand Final. Pull down the description for links to everyone's work: Simon Clark, https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRRr_xrOm66qaigIbwFLvbQ @simonoxfphys Sally Le Page, https://www.youtube.com/user/shedscience @sallylepage Helen Arney, http://helenarney.com @helenarney Kat Arney, https://katarney.com @Kat_Arney Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) This video has an error: at 3:59, "eastern" should read "western". For all corrections on this channel, see https://www.tomscott.com/corrections/ I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

Until recently, Canada didn't have a road link to the Arctic Ocean. But last year, the all-weather Inuvik-Tuktoyaktuk Highway opened, which meant that finally the country was connected "from sea to sea to sea". I set out to drive it, but it didn't quite go how I planned. Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

Both these teams have lost once; now it's either through to the Grand Final or off to the bus home. Welcome to the last chance saloon. Metaphorically, anyway, we're still filming in the same studio. Pull down the description for links to everyone's work: Geoff and Vicki are on All The Stations: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7ttKX46nJxUeXZ0aoD4Q5g and Geoff's own channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCd18OhMfRmjMjzSHP7Zrzmw They're @geofftech and @norwegiancheese Helen Arney, http://helenarney.com @helenarney Kat Arney, https://katarney.com @Kat_Arney QUESTION EDITOR David Bodycombe EDITED BY Michelle Martin @mrsmmartin GRAPHICS BY Support Class https://supportclass.net MUSIC BY Tobias Stich http://www.tobias-stich.com/ DIRECTED BY Matt Gray http://mattg.co.uk I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

Giant Mine sits near Yellowknife, in the Northwest Territories of Canada. Once it was a productive gold mine, but after the gold ran out, the mining company went bankrupt and left the government to clean up the mess: enough arsenic trioxide dust to kill everyone on Earth. The solution: freezing it, at least for now. Thanks to all the team at the Giant Mine Remediation Project! More about them: http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100027364/1100100027365 The history of Giant Mine and the local First Nation people, a story I'm not qualified to tell: http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/canada-150-betsina-family-nwt-1.4180681 Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

One team's going straight through to the Grand Final in two episodes' time! The fourth match of Lateral also includes Tom's favourite question of the entire series. Pull down the description for links to everyone's channels: Simon Clark, https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRRr_xrOm66qaigIbwFLvbQ @simonoxfphys Sally Le Page, https://www.youtube.com/user/shedscience @sallylepage Geoff and Vicki are on All The Stations: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7ttKX46nJxUeXZ0aoD4Q5g and Geoff's own channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCd18OhMfRmjMjzSHP7Zrzmw They're @geofftech and @norwegiancheese QUESTION EDITOR David Bodycombe EDITED BY Michelle Martin @mrsmmartin GRAPHICS BY Support Class https://supportclass.net MUSIC BY Tobias Stich http://www.tobias-stich.com/ DIRECTED BY Matt Gray http://mattg.co.uk I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

If you're in Canada, you need good winter boots. But how do you know whether they're actually safe, or whether you'll fall over the first time you step on ice? This is WinterLab, part of the Challenging Environment Assessment Laboratories at the Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, where they're testing winter shoes with science. More about the lab and their ratings: http://www.ratemytreads.com/ Thanks to Evan from Rare Earth for being camera op! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtGG8ucQgEJPeUPhJZ4M4jA Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

One of these teams is going home; one of these teams will carry on to the playoffs! Time for the third game of Lateral, which this week includes far more double-entendre than the question editor intended. Pull down the description for links to everyone's work: LDShadowLady: https://www.youtube.com/user/ldshadowlady @ldshadowlady Smallishbeans: https://www.youtube.com/user/smallishbeans @smallishbeans Helen Arney, http://helenarney.com @helenarney Kat Arney, https://katarney.com @Kat_Arney QUESTION EDITOR David Bodycombe EDITED BY Michelle Martin @mrsmmartin GRAPHICS BY Support Class https://supportclass.net MUSIC BY Tobias Stich http://www.tobias-stich.com/ DIRECTED BY Matt Gray http://mattg.co.uk I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

Thanks to Betty from Articulations! Go see her video on the ISO Standard Exit Sign here: https://youtu.be/i5uSlAw8U9s - and pull down this description for links to all her sources. The St Lawrence Burns were a series of deliberate fires in the soon-to-be-demolished village of Aultsville, Ontario, which was due to be flooded to make way for the St Lawrence Seaway. The results changed the way buildings are constructed around the world, and saved lives. SOURCES: Setting Fires for Science (1958): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HJNcoxRk7Sk Background for the Spatial Separation and Exposure Protection Requirements of the National Building Code of Canada (1985): http://nparc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/view/fulltext/?id=dd7e2811-5bc0-4bc8-99b4-97701100eaaa The St. Lawrence burns (June 1960): http://nparc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/view/accepted/?id=4f561fea-c5bc-40ff-ba4c-b4982ddec2dd St Lawrence Burns - Radiant Temperature of Openings by D. G. Stephenson (December 1959) http://web.mit.edu/parmstr/Public/NRCan/ir156.pdf Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

The second game! With new questions, new teams, and a brief snippet of music. Pull down the description for links to everyone's channels: Geoff and Vicki are on All The Stations: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7ttKX46nJxUeXZ0aoD4Q5g and Geoff's own channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCd18OhMfRmjMjzSHP7Zrzmw They're @geofftech and @norwegiancheese LDShadowLady: https://www.youtube.com/user/ldshadowlady @ldshadowlady Smallishbeans: https://www.youtube.com/user/smallishbeans @smallishbeans QUESTION EDITOR David Bodycombe EDITED BY Michelle Martin @mrsmmartin GRAPHICS BY Support Class https://supportclass.net MUSIC BY Tobias Stich http://www.tobias-stich.com/ DIRECTED BY Matt Gray http://mattg.co.uk I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

Rue Canusa (or Canusa Avenue) is a street that's split in two by a border: the northern part is in Stanstead, Canada, and the southern part is in Derby Line, USA — and border crossings here aren't as easy as they used to be. Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

It's been a long time since I've done a quiz or game show on this channel, but finally: introducing Lateral! Pull down this description for links to everyone's channels. Joining me are: Helen Arney, http://helenarney.com @helenarney Kat Arney, https://katarney.com @Kat_Arney Simon Clark, https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRRr_xrOm66qaigIbwFLvbQ @simonoxfphys Sally Le Page, https://www.youtube.com/user/shedscience @sallylepage QUESTION EDITOR David Bodycombe EDITED BY Michelle Martin @mrsmmartin GRAPHICS BY Support Class https://supportclass.net MUSIC BY Tobias Stich http://www.tobias-stich.com/ DIRECTED BY Matt Gray http://mattg.co.uk I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

In Quebec, Canada, there's a town called Asbestos. It's an alarming name, one that conjures up images of lung disease and mesothelioma. So now that the town's asbestos mine, once the largest asbestos mine in the world, has closed... why haven't they changed the name? Dr Jessica van Horssen's book, "A Town Called Asbestos", was invaluable for my research. Its ISBN is 9780774828420, and it can be ordered from most libraries and bookstores. Her five-part YouTube series starts here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e-66YqEHkzA The Story of Asbestos (1922): https://archive.org/details/0929StoryOfAsbestos According to Plan: The Story of Modern Sidewalls for the Homes of America (1952): https://archive.org/details/Accordin1952 The Gruen Transfer: How To Sell Asbestos, Canada: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KIpxelbkI0I USGS public domain microscopy of asbestos: https://usgsprobe.cr.usgs.gov/picts2.html The Canadian parliament quote is an official Hansard translation from the original French: http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/eppp-archive/100/201/301/hansard-f/35-2/153_97-04-10/153SM1E.html#9543 I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

Over the North Atlantic, there's no radar coverage: so how do air traffic controllers keep planes safe? The answer, at least in part, can be found at Nav Canada's Gander Area Control Centre in Newfoundland. The North Atlantic Tracks are like freeway lanes in the sky, if freeway lanes were stacked a thousand feet on top of each other. More about Nav Canada and the tracks, and the new standards they're introducing: http://blog.navcanada.ca/increasing-operational-flexibility-north-atlantic/ Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

_If you touch the👇black point then your whatsapp will hang_", says the message that's being sent around, and it's right. It's a text rendering bug, the same as many others -- which isn't interesting. But the characters it's using, Unicode RTL and LTR marks, are worth knowing about. Thanks to everyone who suggested this subject! The Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm: http://unicode.org/reports/tr9/ I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottg

There's a concept called "Slow TV", championed by Norwegian broadcaster NRK, that emphasises long, unedited, contemplative journeys. Well, I've been snowed under with planning and editing some big projects, so for this week's video we're doing Slow TV with a video even less conventional than last week's. Thanks to Barry from My Virgin Kitchen - go see him cook and test three different garlic breads here: https://youtu.be/jYPYbIO9BLE - and to Steve from Random Aerospace, http://www.randomengineering.co.uk/Random_Aerospace/Welcome.html ! Pull down the description for more details. I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

The title says it all, really. Thanks to Barry from My Virgin Kitchen - go see him cook and test three different garlic breads here: https://youtu.be/jYPYbIO9BLE - and to Steve from Random Aerospace, http://www.randomengineering.co.uk/Random_Aerospace/Welcome.html ! Pull down the description for more details. This started as a conversation in a pub a few weeks ago, and turned into one of the more ridiculous videos I've ever done. We send home-made garlic bread skyward on a balloon; exposed it to the stratosphere, 35km up; successfully returned it to earth in a protective box; and then ate it. It tasted... cold. Audio mix by Matt Gray: http://mattg.co.uk Additional camera by Darren I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

Thanks to the Starrship team for arranging this! I'm also over on their channel, flying with the Blades: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iWY3-1gOrxk • At the Royal Air Force training centrifuge in Farnbrough, pilots learn how to avoid G-LOC: g-induced loss of consciousness. Let's talk about g-force, about jerk, and about how to keep circulation flowing to your brain. FAQs: * Isn't 3.6g a really low g-tolerance? * Yep. Turns out I would not qualify to be a fighter pilot. The average range for g-tolerance is 4-6; no-one was expecting me to pass out. The centrifuge team do not deliberately try to G-LOC people! To be fair, though, I'd done a few earlier runs with only minor effects. * What g was the RAF person at the start pulling? * That's Marcus, from the Starrship team, and he was successfully pulling 6.5g with the help of g-trousers: they plug into a compressed air source in the plane (and in the centrifuge) and act as a lower-body tourniquet to keep the blood up top. They are very effective. * Why did you shake and shudder when regaining consciousness? * Those are called "myoclonic convulsions", which is a fancy medical term for "muscle jerks", and they're a common side effect of recovering from G-LOC. * What did it feel like? * I'll answer this in more detail in a video over on the Matt and Tom channel soon, but in short: I don't remember it. I was doing the breathing maneuver, then everything was wobbly, then we were stopped! * Is this a sponsored video? * No: the RAF and Starrship had no editorial control over this, and no money changed hands. Obviously, though, they gave me a spin in the centrifuge, and I'm collaborating with them over on their channel too! THANKS TO: The RAF Centre of Aviation Medicine, the Starrship team, and the folks at Qinetiq. STARRSHIP: Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/starrshiphope/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/starrshiphope/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/starrshiphope I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

As far as I can find, no-one has actually made a International Standard Cup of Tea - ISO 3103 or BS 6008 - for the internet before. Lots of people have talked about it, but that's easy. Making one? That requires precision... and some specialist equipment. You can buy a professional tea tasting set from this Amazon UK affiliate link: https://amzn.to/2qfbxyr Thanks to Morag Hickman for letting me borrow her workshop for last-minute filming! She makes beautiful jewellery, like ring-keepers, dragon necklaces and rings that looks like ocean waves: https://etsy.com/shop/Errant Update: someone has found an earlier ISO cup of tea on the internet, as part of a German video on tea tasting: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=utwwkNkNgiM I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

US Car Number 1, the Ferdinand Magellan, sits in the Gold Coast Railway Museum in Miami. It's 120 tonnes of bulletproof, armoured railcar: a train carriage designed to move the President of the United States around the country in safety and style. At least, it was, until other transport came along to do a better job. Thanks to all the team at the Gold Coast Railroad Museum: they're at http://www.gcrm.org/, or on Facebook at https://www.facebook.com/GoldCoastRailroad/ ! [looks like their main site's down at the moment!] Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

In Weeki Wachee Springs State Park, Florida, there's a mermaid show -- and there has been for 70 years. It's one of the United States' oldest roadside attractions, and it still does three shows a day. At least, provided the local wildlife doesn't get in the way. Weeki Wachee Springs State Park: https://weekiwachee.com/ Their YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/user/weekiwacheesprings Articles on the mermaid auditions: https://www.teenvogue.com/story/weeki-wachee-springs-state-park-is-holding-mermaid-auditions http://www.orlandosentinel.com/travel/attractions/os-weeki-wachee-mermaids-20171228-story.html https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/weeki-wachee-mermaid-search_us_5a4576cbe4b025f99e1aa10b https://www.cosmopolitan.com/career/a14521836/dream-job-alert-you-can-get-paid-to-be-a-mermaid/ New York Times article from 2003, before the state of Florida took over the park: http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/12/us/sad-days-for-mermaids-of-the-sequined-sort.html A more recent and positive article from 2013: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/14/rise-of-the-mermaids-weeki-wachee-florida Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

Thanks to the RAF, Rolls-Royce, and the Red Arrows! Go visit their Starrship project, it's the reason I got to do this: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqSO3sA38W0YLwrwTxA0POw The Red Arrows are the Royal Air Force's aerobatic display team - the best in the world. They fly Hawk T1 jets, powering through the sky at hundreds of miles per hour, pulling high-G maneuvers with just a few metres between their wingtips. Here's how they do it: and part of it's a skill that you probably already know. STARRSHIP: Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/starrshiphope/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/starrshiphope/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/starrshiphope Website: http://starrship.space/ Edited by Michelle Martin, @mrsmmartin I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

Many people sent me this story: it covers my favourite topics of power grids and temporal anomalies. But when the mainstream press have already covered it, how could I add something more? The answer: by adding another pet topic, Unnecessary British Patriotism. And a teasmade. Press release: https://www.entsoe.eu/news-events/announcements/announcements-archive/Pages/News/2018-03-06-press-release-continuing-frequency-deviation-in-the-continental-european-power-system.aspx Teasmade: http://amzn.to/2oYrvxb [aff. link] Update, April 8th 2018: they fixed the dispute, and ran the grid at 50.01Hz for a few weeks: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2018/04/european-grid-dispute-resolved-lost-6-minutes-returned-to-oven-clocks/ If you liked this, you may also like the video I made on how engineers keep the grid stable, and why it's getting more difficult: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5uz6xOFWi4A Audio mix by Matt Gray: http://mattg.co.uk I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

I'd never heard of moiré effect beacons until I got an email asking me about them. It seemed like a really clever idea - but it was really hard to research. Or at least it was, until I stumbled upon one magic phrase that revealed its history. It turns out this thing's called an "Inogon leading mark" or "Inogon light" -- Inogon, not Inogen -- and it's a Swedish invention from the 1980s. But there's still a question: why is being used to mark an undersea cable, instead of guiding people home? (Full disclosure: there were some weird strobing effects from the light that only showed up when I got the footage into the edit, so the image you see here has been digitally stabilised so it appears the same way on screen as it does in person!) Thanks to Andrew Stine for suggesting this! References: The original Wikipedia article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moir%C3%A9_pattern The patent: https://patents.google.com/patent/US4629325 The US military analysis [PDF]: http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a168108.pdf I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

Human error has launched massive barrages of fireworks at the wrong time before. We're doing it deliberately! Camera and audio mix by Matt Gray: http://mattg.co.uk Edited by Michelle Martin: @mrsmmartin With thanks to Jonty for lighting Thanks to the team from Titanium Fireworks: http://titaniumfireworks.co.uk - this was not a sponsored video! I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

In the Quadratestadt of Mannheim, Germany, the streets aren't named: instead, the blocks are. It's an exception to a rule that most people don't even think about — especially not mapping companies. (Thanks to João Correia for sending me this idea back in 2015!) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

In Göttingen, Germany, there's a four-tonne steel ball that can be raised up a 14-metre tower -- and then dropped in less than two seconds, crashing back to earth. It makes tiny, artificial earthquakes: here's why. Thanks to all the team at Wiechert'sche Erdbebenwarte Göttingen! You can find out more about them here: https://www.erdbebenwarte.de/ Three things I had to cut out of this video, because they didn't quite fit into the story or because I couldn't film them: The reason the steel ball survived two world wars is because the university's records listed it by use as a "rock-ball", not by composition as a "steel ball" - so no-one melted it down for weaponry. The observatory team refill that pit every year to make the ground flat, and the ball just digs a hole again. The rock's just being compressed underneath. They joke that, somewhere in Australia, there's a slowly growing hill... And finally, the ground steams for a little while after the ball hits: it gets rather warm... Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

I was going to tell a science fiction story about faceswapping, and mass blackmail. Then the news broke about unethical faceswapping videos, and software designed and marketed for creating them: and I realised the future had arrived faster than I thought. (This was originally a talk given at An Evening of Unnecessary Detail earlier this week, but I managed to mangle the audio recording settings, so I rerecorded it in a muddy park! It's not the same without the audience, but hopefully it's close enough.) Sources: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jan/25/ai-face-swap-pornography-emma-watson-scarlett-johansson-taylor-swift-daisy-ridley-sophie-turner-maisie-williams https://www.theverge.com/tldr/2018/1/29/16944474/fake-ai-porn-nicolas-cage-reddit With thanks to Matt Parker: https://youtube.com/standupmaths (No, I'm not giving you a link to the app, you can find it yourself if you really want to.) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

London City Airport's getting a new control tower: but it's just going to be a large mast with 14 high-definition cameras on it. The actual tower will be 80 miles away, in the headquarters of NATS near Swanwick. It feels questionable: but is it? Thanks to all the team at NATS: you can find out more about the new tower here: https://www.nats.aero/services/airports/digital-remote-towers/ Edited by Michelle Martin, @mrsmmartin London camera by Matt Gray, http://mattg.co.uk I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

This week's guest is Evan Hadfield, from Rare Earth. Go subscribe! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtGG8ucQgEJPeUPhJZ4M4jA -- start with his video on the last elephants of Cambodia: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4SETSsXkx0 William Lyon Mackenzie King was a sexually repressed, hypocritical, guilt-ridden, prostitute-visiting momma's boy who was exceptionally weird. He was also, perhaps, Canada's greatest prime minister. This week, Evan talks about legacy, and about how you don't need to be a good person to be a good politician.

Today's guest is 12tone! Go subscribe: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTUtqcDkzw7bisadh6AOx5w - and here's their video about the Imperial March: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jA36-mQEYwk Solresol is a language, invented out of whole cloth by Jean-François Sudre in the 19th century, that used seven musical notes to create all the words that he thought you'd ever need. It did work: so why aren't we all speaking in notes right now? SOURCES: http://web.archive.org/web/20060115061414/http://www.forteantimes.com/articles/145_solresol.shtml https://i.sidosi.org/resources/la-telephonie/la-telephonie.html http://www.ifost.org.au/~gregb/solresol/sorsoeng.htm http://www.ifost.org.au/~gregb/solresol/sudre-book.pdf http://web.archive.org/web/20060114084542/http://www.ptialaska.net:80/~srice/solresol/intro.htm https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1-3lBxMURGN4AtGG846kuVGVNuEiHewCT88PiBahnODA/edit#gid=0 https://www.startasl.com/history-of-sign-language_html http://www.yougowords.com/1-syllables And thanks to the community at https://www.sidosi.org for collecting many these resources into one place!

This week's guest is Rikki Poynter! Go subscribe to her vlog: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCS7wVohIwd66b95xyuw7DFQ -- and if subtitles aren't on automatically here, you can turn them on in your device settings! There isn't one universal sign language for all: even British and American sign languages have very little in common. Here, with full subtitles, is someone actually qualified to explain why!

This week's guest video comes from Active Galactic Videos: go subscribe! https://www.youtube.com/ActiveGalacticVideos/ They got to walk on the dish of a telescope: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lfXsN45088 At the Richard F. Caris Mirror Lab, under the football stadium of the University of Arizona, there's an enormous rotating furnace, keeping tonnes of glass heated as it forms the mirrors for the Giant Magellan Telescope. Here's a look inside!

It's the last show of the season, and we're going out with a bang. BONUS MATERIAL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FUuTCcXzUug FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp WEB SITE and MORE AUDIO EPISODES: http://techdif.co.uk Featuring: Matt Gray: http://mattg.co.uk - @unnamedculprit Gary Brannan: @garybrannan and Chris Joel, who doesn't do this social media nonsense I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

Hold on tight, because with a stabilised camera shot and a pair of sunglasses, you're about to see a video that works in both 2D and 3D at the same time. The technique's called the Pulfrich Effect, and this is how it works. The BBC's terrible 90s Doctor Who special, Dimensions in Time, can be seen here, complete with its Noel Edmonds-filled framing: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NQCeMIQpFBc Camera and sound: Matt Gray / http://mattg.co.uk I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

This time, join us for a tale of politics, intrigue, and a man dropping his trousers. BONUS MATERIAL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ox4XQeWn6xc FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp WEB SITE and MORE AUDIO EPISODES: http://techdif.co.uk Featuring: Matt Gray: http://mattg.co.uk - @unnamedculprit Gary Brannan: @garybrannan and Chris Joel, who doesn't do this social media nonsense I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

While I was trying to read a script to a camera in zero-g, the student researchers behind me were trying to prove their own ideas -- or rather, to disprove their "null hypothesis". Let's talk about how science works -- and have a look at one of the teams flying in that plane. ** If you're a masters or PhD student from an ESA member state, and zero-g sounds like your thing, have a look at the Fly Your Thesis program: http://www.esa.int/Education/Fly_Your_Thesis -- the 2017-18 submissions are closed, but that just gives you time to start planning for next year... ** Thanks to all the team from BrainFly! You can find out more about them here: http://m.esa.int/Education/Fly_Your_Thesis/Meet_the_teams_BrainFly ** Behind the scenes on the Park Bench: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2IrAU3eb1W8 ** Papers cited: Dickersin, K., Chan, S., Chalmersx, T., Sacks, H., & Smith, H. (1987). Publication bias and clinical trials. Controlled Clinical Trials, 8(4), 343-353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-2456(87)90155-3 Easterbrook, P., Gopalan, R., Berlin, J., & Matthews, D. (1991). Publication bias in clinical research. The Lancet, 337(8746), 867-872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)90201-y ** Camera: Melanie Cowan Editor: Michelle Martin ** I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

In the second of two shows with guest Matt Parker, we're covering some hair-raising history, and also imagining some little ears flapping in the breeze. BONUS MATERIAL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Edu1K_c4fus FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp WEB SITE and MORE AUDIO EPISODES: http://techdif.co.uk Featuring: Matt Gray: http://mattg.co.uk - @unnamedculprit Gary Brannan: @garybrannan and Chris Joel, who doesn't do this social media nonsense I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

The European Space Agency offered me a seat on their zero-g plane: it's an Airbus A310 that flies parabolic maneuvers, pulling up into the sky and then arcing back down, giving its passengers about 20 seconds of weightlessness (or "microgravity") at a time. Here's how it works. Some people would have filmed their script on the ground, and just messed about while floating. I decided to go for something a bit more challenging. ** If you're a masters or PhD student from an ESA member state, and zero-g sounds like your thing, have a look at the Fly Your Thesis program: http://www.esa.int/Education/Fly_Your_Thesis -- the 2017-18 submissions are closed, but that just gives you time to start planning for next year... ** FAQs: Why isn't Neil floating around the cabin in zero-g?: Sometimes, his feet are under a safety strap, so he doesn't drift away. Sometimes, he's holding on with one hand, and he's just that good at zero-g maneuvers. Why's my face so red?: During the 1.8g phase, my heart has to work extra hard to pump blood up to my head -- when I switch to 0g, it takes a few seconds for it to slow pumping, so my blood pressure spikes. What stabilised camera did I use?: You're looking at footage from a GoPro Fusion, stabilised in post using Adobe After Effects and the telemetry from the plane's sensors. What did it feel like?: There'll be a behind-the-scenes video on the Matt and Tom channel on Saturday, hopefully! ** Camera: Melanie Cowan Thank you to everyone at ESA and Novespace who helped make this happen! I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

Matt Parker joins the team this week, in which there's talk of the great cream seams and a surprisingly in-depth discussion of how quadrupeds might juggle. BONUS MATERIAL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k27hqCKhD_c FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp WEB SITE and MORE AUDIO EPISODES: http://techdif.co.uk Featuring: Matt Parker: http://youtube.com/standupmaths - @standupmaths Gary Brannan: @garybrannan and Chris Joel, who doesn't do this social media nonsense I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

There's a link from a 13th century legend, to a 16th century insult book, to a 19th century writer, to a 20th century comic book hero. And it starts in a small village near Nottingham, in the time of Robin Hood. Here's why Batman comes from Gotham City. (I am reliably assured that the modern-people of Gotham are not, in fact, fools.) Many versions of the Merry Tales were printed: the earliest reference I can find a reference to is 1540 here: http://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/myths_legends/england/nottingham/article_1.shtml Furnivall (1870), "The fyrst boke of the introduction of knowledge made by Andrew Borde, of physycke doctor. A compendyous regyment; or, A dyetary of helth made in Mountpyllier", is available here: https://archive.org/details/fyrstbokeofintro00boorrich The Bill Finger phone-book story is found in multiple places, but I'm quoting Steranko's "History of Comics" p44 (admittedly as referenced in Wikipedia, I didn't have time to track down the original). I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

This week, Gary's on home turf, Matt's hoping to float on air, and we all set a new record for longest time to get to the actual subject of the article. BONUS MATERIAL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GUY0VGVV0N4 FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp WEB SITE and MORE AUDIO EPISODES: http://techdif.co.uk Are you part of the Sark Football Team? Get in touch: https://www.tomscott.com/contact/ Featuring: Matt Gray: http://mattg.co.uk - @unnamedculprit Gary Brannan: @garybrannan and Chris Joel, who doesn't do this social media nonsense I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

It's not your imagination; hold music on phones really did sound better in the old days. Here's why, as we talk about old telephone exchanges and audio compression. Thanks to the Milton Keynes Museum, and their Connected Earth gallery: http://www.mkmuseum.org.uk/ - they're also on Twitter as @mkmuseum, and on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mkmuseum/ I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

Back in front of a live studio audience! We start off Season 7 with a tale of bravery, courage, and omelettes. BONUS MATERIAL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMBno-jp_wY FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp WEB SITE and MORE AUDIO EPISODES: http://techdif.co.uk Featuring: Matt Gray: http://mattg.co.uk - @unnamedculprit Gary Brannan: @garybrannan and Chris Joel, who doesn't do this social media nonsense I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

The town of Staufen, in the south-west of Germany, has a problem: a drilling operation in 2007 that went very wrong. Half a metre of movement might not sound like much, but in this town, that's enough for the buildings to crack and fall apart. Thanks to Constantijn Crijnen for both suggesting the video and being the local expert! His channel's here: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJhgIOJjB2xFJiwqVD3J6qQ And here's an in-depth academic paper explaining why and how it all happened, in far more detail than would work in a YouTube video: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40517-017-0067-y I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

I'm visiting the University of Iowa's National Advanced Driving Simulator, to answer a question: how unsafe is it for me to vlog while driving? Is vlogging while driving dangerous? The team at the simulator are the experts to ask. More about the National Advanced Driving Simulator: https://www.nads-sc.uiowa.edu/sim_nads1.php or on Twitter: https://twitter.com/DrivingSim Camera operator: Jasmine Putney Edited: Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

At the headquarters of Cloudflare, in San Francisco, there's a wall of lava lamps: the Entropy Wall. They're used to generate random numbers and keep a good bit of the internet secure: here's how. Thanks to the team at Cloudflare - this is not a sponsored video, they just had interesting lava lamps! There's a technical rundown of the system on their blog here: https://blog.cloudflare.com/lavarand-in-production-the-nitty-gritty-technical-details Edited by Michelle Martin, @mrsmmartin I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

Near Slab City, California, a man painted a hill. It was outsider art: Leonard Knight had no training and no great masters to imitate. But somehow, he created something that resonates with the world. This is the story of Salvation Mountain. Thanks to Ron and to all the team at the mountain; you can find out more about them here: http://salvationmountain.org/ The photo of Leonard Knight is by Joe Bielawa, licensed under Creative Commons by 2.0, and available at https://www.flickr.com/photos/joebielawa/3952358056 Edited by Michelle Martin, @mrsmmartin I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

In Calipatria, California, the town is below sea level -- but their flag pole isn't. But what does "sea level" mean? Is it just theory, or is there more behind it? I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

In Lancaster, California, there's a musical road. When you drive over it, it plays the William Tell Overture. Unfortunately, it's out of tune. Here's why. Thanks to David Simmons-Duffin, who figured this out about nine years ago: http://davidsd.org/2008/12/honda-needs-a-tune-up/ -- he seems to be the first to have figured out not just that it's wrong, but exactly what happened! I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

On the river Rhine in Switzerland, there are reaction ferries: boats with no engine, no paddles, no onboard motive power at all. Here's how they work -- and a question about what other simple ideas are out there. I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

In the archives of Yale University, there's a 367-year-old bond from the water authority of Lekdijk Bovendams, in the Netherlands. And it's still paying interest. Thanks to: Prof. Geert Rouwenhorst for his time and explanation All the team at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) for editing the interview and Leendert van Egmond for telling me about the bond! I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

In Crawfordsville, Indiana, there's a rotary jail: an invention that, with hindsight, should probably never have been built. But it was, here and in other towns across the United States. It might have sounded like a good idea on paper, but in practice, it had a few unfortunate problems... including occasional accidental amputations. More about the Rotary Jail Museum: http://www.rotaryjailmuseum.org/ Edited by Michelle Martin, @mrsmmartin I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

Computers store text (or, at least, English text) as eight bits per character. There are plenty of more efficient ways that could work: so why don't we use them? And how can we fit more text into less space? Let's talk about Huffman coding, Huffman trees, and Will Smith. Thanks to the Cambridge Centre for Computing History: http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/ Thanks to Chris Hanel at Support Class for the graphics: http://supportclass.net Filmed by Tomek: https://youtube.com/tomek And thanks to my proofreading team! I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

In Weldon Spring, Missouri, there is a strange, grey, windblasted seven-storey pile of rocks. It's the Weldon Spring Site: a nuclear and toxic waste dump on the site of an old uranium processing factory. And you can walk on it: it's technically a tourist attraction. That was going to be the whole of my video... and then I did some more research. Filmed by Matt Gray - http://mattg.co.uk - @unnamedculprit I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

The National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST, sells Standard Reference Materials, or SRMs for short. They're analysed, quantified, and certified substances: everything from metals, to elements, to food items... to, yes, freeze-dried urine. More about NIST and SRMs: https://www.nist.gov/srm Edited by Michelle Martin, @mrsmmartin I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

Welcome to the US National Ice Core Laboratory in Denver, Colorado, where there's a giant freezer filled with 20km of ice cores from Greenland and the Antarctic. Here's why. Thanks to everyone at the US National Ice Core Laboratory! You can find out more about them here: http://icecores.org/ The Ice Core Laboratory is supported by the National Science Foundation: https://www.nsf.gov/ Edited by Michelle Martin, @mrsmmartin I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

I'm at the top of Mount Evans, more than 14,000 feet - 4.3km - above sea level. This is definitely a mountain: but why doesn't the smaller summit next to it also count? Let's talk about prominence. (Just not for too long, I'm getting low on oxygen.) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

There are a lot of opinions on how to hire coders, and most of them are terrible. The opinions, that is, not the coders. But a basic filter test to make sure someone can do what they say they can: that seems reasonable, and FizzBuzz is one of the more common tests. Even now, interviewers use it. Let's talk about why it's tricky, and how to solve it. Imran's blog post: https://imranontech.com/2007/01/24/using-fizzbuzz-to-find-developers-who-grok-coding/ Other approaches for pretty much every language: http://rosettacode.org/wiki/FizzBuzz Thanks to the Cambridge Centre for Computing History: http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/ The thing behind me is their Megaprocessor: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EMO3dZAizb4 And thanks to my proofreading team! I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

There's an MRI scanner in Cardiff that can look at how the brain's wired up: your connectome. It's nowhere close to science fiction singularity brain-uploading, but it might well be part of unlocking new medical treatments in the years to come. Thanks to Prof. Derek Jones, and to all the team at CUBRIC : http://sites.cardiff.ac.uk/cubric/ -- and to the Cardiff University film crew with their gimballed camera! Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) Brain scan images courtesy of CUBRIC & Siemens Healthineers, with support from EPSRC, The Wolfson Foundation and The Wellcome Trust I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

I can show a brighter pink. I can show a more saturated pink. But I can't show you this pink. Not quite. More about Stuart Semple and his pigments: https://www.culturehustle.com/ [that's his store, we overloaded Stuart's personal web site, http://www.stuartsemple.com, within a few minutes...!] (I reached out to Anish Kapoor's studio twice for comment; I didn't get any response.) Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

Last week I made a video surrounded by old-school CRT monitors and televisions - cathode ray tubes. And I completely forgot to remove the high pitched whine they produce. Here's why: why they make that noise, and why I didn't notice it. Thanks again to the Cambridge Centre for Computing History! http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/ Get some goddamn earplugs: http://amzn.to/2hlOGuU [affiliate link] or see Matt and me talking about them: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gzJePUquk1o I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

In the season finale: Gary gets nauseous, Matt gets accused of being a minor royal, and Chris pulls a face. This time, we're back at the founding of America, talking about a man who helped, or perhaps hindered, a famous expedition... BONUS MATERIAL: https://youtu.be/67adxXG34-k FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp WEB SITE and MORE AUDIO EPISODES: http://techdif.co.uk

Encryption backdoors - breaking WhatsApp and iMessage's security to let the government stop Bad Things - sounds like a reasonable idea. Here's why it isn't. A transcript of this video's available here: https://www.facebook.com/notes/tom-scott/why-the-government-shouldnt-break-whatsapp/1378434365572557/ CREDITS: Filmed at the Cambridge Centre for Computing History: http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/ Camera by Tomek: https://www.youtube.com/tomek Thanks to everyone who helped proofread my script! REFERENCES: WhatsApp's privacy protections questioned after terror attack: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-39405178 WhatsApp must be accessible to authorities, says Amber Rudd: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/mar/26/intelligence-services-access-whatsapp-amber-rudd-westminster-attack-encrypted-messaging UK government renews calls for WhatsApp backdoor after London attack: https://www.theverge.com/2017/3/27/15070744/encryption-whatsapp-backdoor-uk-london-attacks Investigatory Powers Act: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/25/contents/enacted India is 'ready to use' Blackberry message intercept system: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-23265091 Revealed: how US and UK spy agencies defeat internet privacy and security: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/05/nsa-gchq-encryption-codes-security Councils secretly spied on people walking dogs and feeding birds for five years: http://metro.co.uk/2016/12/26/councils-secretly-spied-on-people-walking-dogs-and-feeding-birds-for-five-years-6345051/ [This is basically a rephrase of https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/25/british-councils-used-investigatory-powers-ripa-to-secretly-spy-on-public with a better headline] Poole council spies on family over school claim: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1584713/Poole-council-spies-on-family-over-school-claim.html Security services missed five opportunities to stop the Manchester bomber: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/24/security-services-missed-five-opportunities-stop-manchester/ Reuters reference to "500 active investigations": http://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-security-manchester-plots-idUSKBN18L1H0 AP: Across US, police officers abuse confidential databases: https://apnews.com/699236946e3140659fff8a2362e16f43/ap-across-us-police-officers-abuse-confidential-databases ME: I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

That is horrific," says Matt at one point during this episode. He's not wrong. We delve into unconventional Cold War tactics, and some surprising - and doomed - members of the animal kingdom. BONUS MATERIAL: https://youtu.be/ibMuJv8vJb4 FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp WEB SITE and MORE AUDIO EPISODES: http://techdif.co.uk</a

I've filmed a paternoster lift; I've filmed the strange Genoa elevator that sort-of goes sideways. So when I got an email from Thyssenkrupp, an elevator company, saying "come and see our Multi elevator that actually goes sideways", I wasn't going to turn it down. Full disclosure: Thyssenkrupp paid for my travel to Germany, but that's all they did. I'd got in touch with them last year asking to see this when it opened; their PR firm replied, offering to fly me out. They had no editorial control over this, and didn't get to see it before it was uploaded! More information about Multi: https://multi.thyssenkrupp-elevator.com/en/ Thanks to Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) for help editing the interviews! I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

In this episode: four men from England, talking about a woman from France. Nothing can possibly go wrong. BONUS MATERIAL: https://youtu.be/KNq4PdbnDtg FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp WEB SITE and MORE AUDIO EPISODES: http://techdif.co.uk

Landing on a runway surrounded by fire might not sound like a good idea, but it's better than trying to land without modern instruments in thick fog. This was FIDO: "Fog, Intensive, Dispersal Of" (originally "Fog Investigation and Dispersal Operations"), the Royal Air Force's strange but brilliant scheme that saved thousands of air crew lives. Unlike a lot of World War 2 experiments, this one not only worked, but was deployed around the country. It would have been used in peacetime, too, except for one rather big problem: petrol's really expensive. SOURCES: The War Illustrated, Volume 9, No. 210, Page 140: http://www.thewarillustrated.info/210/now-it-can-be-told-operation-fido-beating-airfield-fog.asp The report of FIDO causing a thunderstorm is questionable (hence phrasing it as "a report"), but it's on page 113 of the Daily Telegraph Book of the Weather here: https://books.google.co.uk/books?isbn=0826471250 The oil price calculation's my own work, based on the prices as I recorded this! Thanks to Tomek on camera: https://youtube.com/tomek I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

In Helsingborg, Sweden, the Museum of Failure has just opened. It's just one room, but inside, curator Samuel West has assembled some of the world's greatest commercial disasters - and also a few things that just didn't work out the way anyone planned. More about them: http://museumoffailure.se/ Edited by: Michelle Martin, @mrsmmartin I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

Please welcome our guest panelist Will Seaward, as we run through ecological disasters and unintended consequences! BONUS MATERIAL: https://youtu.be/aQY8Z-w0e1Q FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp WEB SITE and MORE AUDIO EPISODES: http://techdif.co.uk I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

I'm not saying this would be a good idea, and it's definitely not a prediction of the future. It's just a story. I think. An Evening of Unnecessary Detail runs once a month from January to June at the Backyard Comedy Club in London: thanks to all the team there, including Matt Parker and Hannah Fisher! Tickets at http://aeoud.com I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

Today, we're not delving into history: instead we're talking about language, pop culture, and one heck of a sandwich. BONUS MATERIAL: https://youtu.be/arBFXmzbqjc FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp WEB SITE and MORE AUDIO EPISODES: http://techdif.co.uk I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

Inside the beautiful Alnwick Garden, behind a locked gate, there's the Poison Garden: it contains only poisonous plants. Trevor Jones, head gardener, was kind enough to give a guided tour! For more information about visiting the Castle, Garden, and poison garden: https://alnwickgarden.com/ (And yes, it's pronounced "Annick".) Edited by Michelle Martin, @mrsmmartin I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

We're back! And we start Season 6 with a tale of bravery, bagpipes, and big Scottish swords - with a live studio audience. BONUS MATERIAL: https://youtu.be/PifS7y5aJ3w FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp WEB SITE and MORE AUDIO EPISODES: http://techdif.co.uk I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

Near Bodø in Norway, there's the strongest tidal current in the world: Saltstraumen Maelstrom, a constantly-changing rush of whirlpools, boils and vortices. It might not be quite the whirlpools of myth and legend, but it's still an impressive sight to see. I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

The mysterious YouTube algorithm. It's confused people for years, and will continue to do so. So why isn't YouTube more transparent? It used to be that they wouldn't tell anyone how it works - but now, it's that they can't. Let's talk about deep learning algorithms, neural networks, and search engine optimisation. CREDITS: Thanks to animator Matt Ley for the wonderful cartoon of me: https://www.youtube.com/user/Thelaserbearguy I put this together in three days, plus a day of checking and proofing, in Adobe After Effects. It took about eight hours to render, but that's because every frame has keying, lighting, camera, and motion blur effects, and because the original footage of me was in 4.6k lossless. Yes, the sound of the black box working is the sound of a microwave (it's the one in my kitchen). Also, those aren't faked desktop screenshots, I had to install a copy of Windows ME to make this. SOURCES: "Deep Neural Networks for YouTube Recommendations", https://research.google.com/pubs/archive/45530.pdf [PDF] — some people are saying this link 404s, but it works for me? Search for the title and you'll find it. There's a good layperson summary of the paper here: http://www.tubefilter.com/2017/02/16/youtube-algorithm-reverse-engineering-part-ii/ The Defamation Act is published under the Open Government License 3.0: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/ and is available at http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2013/26/contents/enacted The music in the cartoon section is called 'Ukulele Beach', and it's in the YouTube audio library. REFERENCES: There are a lot of references and in-jokes in here, and hopefully people will spot most of them in the comments. But if anyone wants confirmation: yes, there are references to Billy Joel, Aqua, a He-Man remix, and Elton John. The last one's pretty obscure, well done to you at home if you got that. VFX breakdown and references explained: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6s9aGt2Lkgw ABOUT ME: I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

The radio telescope at the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico can do something that most radio telescopes can't: it can transmit. And that's useful for something other than sending messages to the stars: it might just help save the world one day. More about the Arecibo Observatory: http://www.naic.edu/ Behind the Scenes, including helmet-cam footage of the walk to the telescope, over on the Park Bench: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZAWqk-wrzc Camera and audio mix: Matt Gray http://mattg.co.uk Animation: Mat Hill https://mat-hill.github.io/ Edited by: Michelle Martin @mrsmmartin I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

There's a reason that a lot of planets in American science fiction look the same: they're all filmed in the same places. But why those particular locations? It's about money, about union rules, and about the thirty-mile zone -- or as it's otherwise known, the TMZ. Wikipedia on Vasquez Rocks: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_productions_using_the_Vasquez_Rocks_as_a_filming_location Camera: Matt Gray http://www.mattg.co.uk/ I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

The Mars Yard, at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, is one of the closest simulations of Mars that we've got. Admittedly, there's a bit more atmosphere and gravity, but it's the only way to test what might happen before sending commands to a rover that's light-minutes away. More about the Mars Science Laboratory and the Curiosity Rover: https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/ -- and thanks to everyone at JPL who helped make this video possible! Behind the scenes on the Park Bench with Matt: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ugqyW2xUeu4 Camera and audio mix: Matt Gray http://www.mattg.co.uk Edited by: Michelle Martin @mrsmmartin I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

The Voyager 1 space probe is the furthest man-made object from Earth, and the fastest. But right now, it's moving towards us. Relatively speaking. At Mission Control for the Deep Space Network, inside NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, let's talk about why -- and about how to stay in touch with something so small and so far away. More about the Deep Space Network: https://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/about/ - thanks to everyone there who helped make this possible! See what the DSN's doing in real time: http://eyes.nasa.gov/dsn See Voyager 1's distance from Earth right now: http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/where/ Camera and audio mix: Matt Gray http://www.mattg.co.uk Edited by: Michelle Martin @mrsmmartin Animations: Mat Hill https://mat-hill.github.io/ I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

At the University of Manchester's High Voltage Laboratory, we see what happens when a DJI Phantom 3 drone gets hit with an electrical impulse of 1.4MV - basically, a lightning strike. Actually, two Phantom 3 drones. We had a backup. Thanks to the team at the High Voltage Lab! Here's their side of the story: http://www.mub.eps.manchester.ac.uk/science-engineering/2017/04/10/drone-vs-lightning/ And here's a teardown of the drone: http://www.mub.eps.manchester.ac.uk/science-engineering/2017/05/11/inside-the-drone/ The University of Manchester's YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/universitymanchester You can also follow on Twitter: The HV Lab http://twitter.com/HighVoltage_UoM Vidyadhar Peesapati http://twitter.com/DrViddy Manchester Energy http://twitter.com/mcr_energy School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering http://twitter.com/eeemanchester Main camera: Fraser Cottrell / http://www.frasercottrell.com Edited by Michelle Martin / @mrsmmartin Audio mix by Matt Gray / http://www.mattg.co.uk I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

The final video of this run is from Alex at Technicality Studios! Go subscribe: https://www.youtube.com/user/TechnicalityTime Splenda is a "zero-calorie sweetener", at least in the US. Or at least, that's what it says on the packet. With the help of some Benedict's Solution, and his chemistry teacher, Alex is going to do some food science.

Today's guest video is from Alex at PlayTheMind! Go subscribe: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0-oBbYS4LqupJ1vhOqUhJw It's been a long time since I did a linguistics video, but today Alex has stepped in and done a brilliant job. Song translations usually suck: and it's because you either have to lose the meaning or the sound. Let's talk about syllabic vs melisamatic singing, about music, and about Beethoven.

Today's guest video is from Amy at Vintage Space! Go subscribe: https://www.youtube.com/vintagespace Amy brings with her one of the greatest props I've ever seen: an actual piece of Kapton foil from Apollo 11. This tiny little sliver of material went around the moon, and helped keep three people safe as they blasted out of our atmosphere and back. Here's why it was there, and why it changed colour!

Today's guest video is from Grady at Practical Engineering! Go subscribe: https://www.youtube.com/user/gradyhillhouse The Hyatt Regency Hotel collapse was a disaster that changed engineering: it's taught in colleges and universities as a way to make it clear: you check and double-check everything. Something that seems like a subtle change can cause a catastrophic failure if it's not thoroughly checked first!

The guest videos start here! Go subscribe to Steve Mould: https://youtube.com/stevemould Hot and cold water sound different when you pour them. When Steve pitched this to me, I didn't believe it, and then he sent me a couple of sound files, at which point I knew this was going to be the first of the guest videos!

Yttrium, terbium, erbium and ytterbium were all named after one small town on the Stockholm archipelago. But it could have been different, and there could have been many other names. From a snowy bit of Sweden, and a mine that's a historical landmark, let's talk about discovery, chemists, and a man named Gadolin. Thanks to Paul (@cr3) on camera, and to @de_isja, @Ekkelos, @chemician and Chris Armstrong for proofreading the chemistry in the script! I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

In Belgium, there's an underground beer pipeline. Yes, it's inherently difficult to film something that's underground, but I headed over to Bruges to investigate anyway. Thank you to the Half Moon Brewery / Brouweij De Halve Maan! They're open for tours, and for food and drink: http://www.halvemaan.be/en/home Camera operator: Paul Curry (@cr3) Paul also wrote a post for Buzzfeed about the pipeline, if you want more information: https://www.buzzfeed.com/paulcurry/the-pipe-of-dreams Editor: Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

At YouTube Space New York, there's the Mixed Reality lab: a virtual reality setup using an HTC Vive, a third controller, and some fancy compositing equipment. It's brilliant, and I got to visit and look behind the scenes. Thanks to the YouTube Space team - you can find out more about them here: https://www.youtube.com/yt/space/en-GB/new-york.html The games are: The Lab by Steam: http://store.steampowered.com/app/450390/ Space Pirate Trainer: http://store.steampowered.com/app/418650/ Tilt Brush: http://store.steampowered.com/app/327140/ Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

I never thought of sand as a non-renewable resource, but there's only a limited supply: and to make things worse, it keeps getting washed into the sea. At Cape May, New Jersey, the US Army Corps of Engineers have just finished rebuilding a beach: here's why. Thanks to the folks from the Corps for showing me around! There's more about their project here: http://www.nap.usace.army.mil/Missions/Factsheets/Fact-Sheet-Article-View/Article/490778/new-jersey-shore-protection-cape-may-inlet-to-lower-township/ I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo CAMERA AND DRONE OP: Osprey Perspectives, http://www.ospreyperspectives.com/ EDITOR: Michelle Martin, @mrsmmartin And thanks to Elmo Keep for linking to the article that inspired this video! REFERENCES: Leatherman, S., Zhang, K. and Douglas, B. (2000). Sea level rise shown to drive coastal erosion. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 81(6), p.55. Peduzzi, P. (2014). Sand, rarer than one thinks. Environmental Development / United Nations Environmental Program, 11, pp.208-218. : http://www.unep.org/pdf/UNEP_GEAS_March_2014.pdf Zhang, G., Song, J., Yang, J. and Liu, X. (2006). Performance of mortar and concrete made with a fine aggregate of desert sand. Building and Environment, 41(11), pp.1478-1481. Beiser, V. (2015). The Deadly Global War for Sand. Wired. https://www.wired.com/2015/03/illegal-sand-mining/ Beiser, V. (2016). The World’s Disappearing Sand. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/23/opinion/the-worlds-disappearing-sand.html

One woman's face is all over New York, although you've probably never heard of her. This was written with Amor Sciendi: go check it out! https://www.youtube.com/user/AmorSciendi I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo Thanks also to Vivienne Gucwa for holding the camera: https://www.youtube.com/user/poppiesandviolets

Near the town of Herning in Denmark sits Elia, a giant metal dome sculpture by Ingvar Cronhammar that occasionally spouts flame. I reckon it's the world's most frustrating piece of art, and here's why. Elia's site: http://elia.dk I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

The Jelling Stones, thousand-year-old Viking runestones, sit in the town of Jelling in Denmark. They tell the tale of Harald Bluetooth: one of the first kings of Denmark. Here's why his name is on your phone. I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo Sources for this video: http://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/the-monuments-at-jelling/the-jelling-stone/ http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/697 http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1269737&page_number=2 (written by Jim Kardach himself!)

In Bremen, Germany, there's a tower more than a hundred metres high: it's called the Fallturm, or the Drop Tower. If you want a cost-effective way to test an experiment in microgravity -- and your project can survive some pretty strong deceleration -- then this might well be a good place for you. And then there's the slingshot... Thank you to all the team at the Drop Tower! More info: https://www.zarm.uni-bremen.de/drop-tower.html This video has an error: I oversimplified the calculations for freefall and ended up quantising them. Yes, the speed increases by 10m/s⁻², but that doesn't mean it travels 10m in the first second. It'd travel 5m, then 15, then 25, and so on. Several physicists reviewing that script didn't notice the error, either! All corrections on this channel can be found at https://www.tomscott.com/corrections/ Behind the Scenes on the Park Bench: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3-W_sdv9Vo DoP / Camera: Matt Gray - http://mattg.co.uk - http://youtube.com/unnamedculprit - @unnamedculprit Editor: Michelle Martin - @mrsmmartin I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

I thought about saying "secret patterns" or "mysterious patterns" in the title, but that'd be a lie: they're just mostly unknown! So let's talk about tactile paving, about design, about accessibility, and about those bumpy bits that you stand on when you're crossing a British street. // Thanks to Richard Holmes and the team from the RNIB! They're at http://rnib.org.uk, on YouTube at http://youtube.com/rnibuk and on Twitter at http://twitter.com/rnib ! The design manual is called Guidance on the Use of Tactile Paving Surfaces (Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, 1998) [PDF]: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/289245/tactile-paving-surfaces.pdf Editor: Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) DoP / camera operator: Tomek (@tomek - http://youtube.com/tomek) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

If you're sitting on a boat in Lake Constance, are you in three countries at once? Or just in one? Does it even matter? Because strangely, it turns out there are parts of the world where no-one really minds when international borders are not just ignored, but are completely undefined. SOURCES: Smith, B. (2001). Fiat Objects. Topoi, 20(2), pp.131-148. http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/articles/fiatobjects.pdf Khan, D. (2004). Die deutschen Staatsgrenzen. 1st ed. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

Switzerland has a reputation for being... not paranoid, exactly, but certainly careful with their own safety. Zurich exemplifies this: not just with its fallout shelters, but with an entire backup water system. Just in case the world ends. SOURCE (in German): https://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/dib/de/index/wasserversorgung/brunnen/Notwasserbrunnen.html I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

The Christmas Number One is a British tradition: but it's one that's having to go through some changes -- because not many people buy music any more. Here's how the charts are calculated these days, and why listening to "All I Want For Christmas" on repeat isn't going to change who wins. Thanks to Martin Talbot and all the team from the Official Charts Company, who agreed to an interview on less than two hours' notice for this video! You can visit them here: http://www.officialcharts.com/ or on Twitter at @officialcharts Apologies to anyone who's scared of Mr Blobby. I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

At the University of Salford's Energy House, all the energy use is monitored and controlled, allowing researchers to experiment with all sorts of insulation and energy-saving techniques. But how to control for factors like sun, wind and rain? The solution: put the whole house inside an environmental chamber: a building inside a building that means the weather is controlled, repeatable, and part of the science. Thanks to all the team at the University of Salford's School of Built Environment: you can find more about them, and about the house, here: http://www.salford.ac.uk/built-environment/research/research-centres/applied-buildings-and-energy-research-group And they're on YouTube here; https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCe4nyWoHW3jkNXOyqldsHYQ This video edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

Brace yourselves, we're about to get into some serious detail about telephone systems. Thanks to all the folks at Seattle's Museum of Communications! http://museumofcommunications.org/ They're also on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/user/museumofcomm ...and Sarah has a personal blog specializing in the ongoing restoration of the 1923 Panel Switch at the Museum: http://revertive-pulse.tumblr.com/ Edited by Michelle Martin, @mrsmmartin I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram and Snapchat as tomscottgo

This is a collaboration with the Royal Institution! Go check out their video here: https://youtu.be/sScrtGdKmho -- Perpetual motion machines are badly named. And impossible. But that hasn't stopped a lot of people trying to build them. Sure, you could try and argue physics: but there's a more common-sense reason why free energy's not coming any time soon. I'm at http://www.tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram and Snapchat as tomscottgo

In this small city near San Francisco, the dead outnumber the living by a thousand to one. There's some gruesome history here - and a few questions for the future. I'm at http://tomscott.com on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott and on Instagram and Snapchat as tomscottgo Footnote: there's much more about the details of the moves here at KQED: https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/12/16/why-are-so-many-dead-people-in-colma-and-so-few-in-san-francisco/

John Reber had a plan: to dam the San Francisco Bay. He convinced some politicians - and it took the US Army Corps of Engineers, and the Bay Model they built in Sausalito, to prove him not just wrong, but dangerously wrong. Thanks to all the team at the Bay Model! You can find out more here: http://www.spn.usace.army.mil/Missions/Recreation/Bay-Model-Visitor-Center/ Edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) CG sequence by David 'Hoolopee' Post (http://youtube.com/hoolopee) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram and Snapchat as tomscottgo

In Gävle, Sweden, every year they build Gävlebocken, an enormous traditional Swedish Christmas straw goat. And every year, someone tries to burn it down. Here's to holiday traditions. THANKS TO: Axel Wickman, @axelwickm on Twitter, for the post-burning photos of the goat from this morning! I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram and Snapchat as tomscottgo

At the Computer History Museum, in Mountain View, California, there sits a small teapot. It's the world's most famous teapot, after a computer graphics researcher called Martin Newell digitised it. You've probably seen it: here's its story. And thanks to the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California: you can visit them online here: http://www.computerhistory.org/ I'm at http://www.tomscott.com/ on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott and on Instagram and Snapchat as tomscottgo

At Autodesk's Pier 9 workshop in San Francisco -- and no, this isn't an ad, pull down the description for more! -- there are giant robot arms using welders to 3D print with stainless steel. Which seemed like a good place to talk about programming abstractions, high-level languages, training pendants, and just how safe something like a robot arm needs to be. FULL DISCLOSURE: Autodesk were good enough to cover my travel to San Francisco, but they haven't paid me and they had no control over the script, the content or the final cut! You can see more about Pier 9 at http://www.autodesk.com/pier-9/ And you can see what the Applied Research Team's up to, along with all the other stuff that Autodesk makes, on Facebook at https://www.facebook.com/autodesk/ Video edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) Camera by Andy Westhoff I'm at http://www.tomscott.com/ on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott and on Instagram and Snapchat as tomscottgo

Fashion-tech designer Anouk Wipprecht has built a Spider Dress, which reacts based on how close you're standing and how quickly you approached. It's based on 'proxemics': the study of personal space... although how much of that counts as science is an open question. Let's talk about Edward T Hall, about what counts as science, and what happens if you get too close to someone. Anouk's dress is on display at the Autodesk Gallery in San Francisco until March 2017: http://www.autodesk.com/gallery/ You can follow the Autodesk Gallery on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/autodeskgallery/ Anouk's web site is at http://www.anoukwipprecht.nl/ and she's on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/user/Satincandy Autodesk's YouTube channel is https://www.youtube.com/user/Autodesk FULL DISCLOSURE: Autodesk were good enough to cover my travel to San Francisco, but they haven't paid me and had no control over the script, the content or the final cut! BIBLOGRAPHY: Hall, E. (1963). A System for the Notation of Proxemic Behavior. American Anthropologist, 65(5), pp.1003-1026. Hall, E. (1966). The hidden dimension. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. Video edited by Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) Camera by Andy Westhoff I'm at http://www.tomscott.com/ on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott and on Instagram and Snapchat as tomscottgo

In a cemetery in Huelva, in Spain, is the grave of Major William Martin, of the British Royal Marines. Or rather, it's the grave of a man called Glyndwr Michael, who served his country during World War 2 in a very unexpected way... after his death. Camera by Paul Curry (@cr3) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo This video was researched at the National Archives, using files WO 106/5921, CAB 154/67 and CAB 154/112. The documents and pictures you see here are either expired Crown Copyright, or are public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

Herman Sörgel wanted to create the largest civil engineering project the world has ever seen: a colossal dam across the Strait of Gibraltar, lowering the Mediterranean sea. There were, of course, a few problems with this. VFX by David 'Hoolopee' Post (http://youtube.com/hoolopee) Camera by Paul Curry (@cr3) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

In the Aljarafe region of Spain, there's PS10 and PS20: concentrated solar power towers. They're huge towers surrounded by heliostats: movable mirrors that track the sun and reflect its light onto a giant boiler. They are beautiful, but they're also controversial: here's why. I'm at http://tomscott.com on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo BIBLIOGRAPHY: California Energy Commission, (2015). Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System Avian & Bat Monitoring Plan 2013-2014 Annual Report (Revised). Nipton, CA: Solar Partners I, II, and VIII. http://docketpublic.energy.ca.gov/PublicDocuments/07-AFC-05C/TN204258_20150420T145549_Ivanpah_Solar_Electric_Generating_System_Avian__Bat_Monitoring.pdf [PDF] Farmer, J. and Lafond, F. (2016). How predictable is technological progress?. Research Policy, 45(3), pp.647-665. 10.1016/j.respol.2015.11.001 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733315001699 Fraunhofer Institut for Solar Energy Systems IS, (2013). Levelized Cost of Electricity Renewable Energy Technologies. Freiburg, Germany. https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/en/publications/veroeffentlichungen-pdf-dateien-en/studien-und-konzeptpapiere/study-levelized-cost-of-electricity-renewable-energies.pdf [PDF]

In Sanlúcar de Guadiana, in Spain, there's a zip line called Límite Zero: the only cross-border zip wire in the world, landing in Alcoutim, Portugal. You land about an hour before you set off. It seemed like a good time to talk about programming. Thanks to all the team at Limite Zero! Tickets and info: http://www.limitezero.com/ I'm at http://tomscott.com on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo And thanks to Paul (@cr3) on camera!

A long time ago, we did a podcast. For the live show encore, we brought it back for one night only. FREE TICKETS FOR FUTURE RECORDINGS: http://techdif.co.uk/live ! Thanks to all the team at Conway Hall, to our folks on the door and behind the scenes, to our warmup act Jay Foreman, and -- of course -- to our wonderful live audience! FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp WEB SITE and MORE AUDIO EPISODES: http://techdif.co.uk TOM is at http://tomscott.com or @tomscott on Twitter MATT is at http://mattg.co.uk or @unnamedculprit GARY is @garybrannan on Twitter and CHRIS doesn't do this social media nonsense.

El Caminito del Rey, the King's Little Pathway, is now a tourist attraction near Malaga, in southern Spain. But once, it brought adrenaline junkies here - sometimes fatally. Now it's safe: but the internet doesn't really know that yet... I'm at http://tomscott.com on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo And thanks to Paul (@cr3) on camera!

The second half, this time about the greatest publicity stunt in history. FREE TICKETS FOR FUTURE RECORDINGS: http://techdif.co.uk/live ! Thanks to all the team at Conway Hall, to our folks on the door and behind the scenes, to our warmup act Jay Foreman, and -- of course -- to our wonderful live audience! BONUS MATERIAL: https://youtu.be/43QVfvRjTdQ FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp WEB SITE and MORE AUDIO EPISODES: http://techdif.co.uk TOM is at http://tomscott.com or @tomscott on Twitter MATT is at http://mattg.co.uk or @unnamedculprit GARY is @garybrannan on Twitter and CHRIS doesn't do this social media nonsense.

The Morgantown Personal Rapid Transit system threads its way through West Virginia University, taking thousands of people a day around the campus, non-stop. It's a system that was meant to be the future: so why isn't it? Thanks to all the WVU Transportation and Parking team for helping with this video! You can find more about the project here: http://transportation.wvu.edu/prt And the technical manual for the system is here, as a PDF: http://assets.slate.wvu.edu/resources/1610/1406301617.pdf This video has an error: an interviewee from the university said that the “PRT never shuts down”. That's not true: it's had some reliability problems, and it's closed on University holidays and semester breaks. That line shouldn't have made the edit. See https://wvpress.org/copydesk/insight/wvu-prt-breakdowns-can-cause-misery-panic/ or the full corrections page: https://www.tomscott.com/corrections/ On camera, thanks to MATT GRAY: http://youtube.com/unnamedculprit - http://twitter.com/unnamedculprit - http://mattg.co.uk And thanks to DAN W: http://twitter.com/iamdanw And edited by Michelle Martin: http://twitter.com/mrsmmartin ! I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram and Snapchat as @tomscottgo

Here it is! The first half of Citation Needed Live, from Conway Hall in London, where we take some time to talk about time. And balls. Want free tickets to future live recordings? Sign up at http://techdif.co.uk/live ! Thanks to all the team at Conway Hall, to our folks on the door and behind the scenes, to our warmup act Jay Foreman, and -- of course -- to our wonderful live audience! BONUS MATERIAL: https://youtu.be/rhyxwbUKo-I FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp WEB SITE and MORE AUDIO EPISODES: http://techdif.co.uk TOM is at http://tomscott.com or @tomscott on Twitter MATT is at http://mattg.co.uk or @unnamedculprit GARY is @garybrannan on Twitter and CHRIS doesn't do this social media nonsense.

Tucked away in a valley in the Allegheny Mountains in West Virginia, is this: the Green Bank Radio Telescope, the largest steerable radio telescope in the world. And there are some rather special rules for the area around it... Thanks to Justin Richmond-Decker and Mike Holstine at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in Green Bank for inviting me over and letting us film at the Telescope on one of their maintenance days! For more about the Green Bank Observatory: https://science.nrao.edu/facilities/gbt Want a tour? You can! (Although you won't be allowed up the telescope!) https://public.nrao.edu/tours/visitgbt On camera, thanks to MATT GRAY: http://youtube.com/unnamedculprit - http://twitter.com/unnamedculprit - http://mattg.co.uk And thanks to DAN W: http://twitter.com/iamdanw And edited by Michelle Martin: http://twitter.com/mrsmmartin ! I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram and Snapchat as @tomscottgo

There are a few communities, up in northern Canada, with a dark history and a worrying future. Resolute is one of them, sat at the east of the once-legendary Northwest Passage. In a few years, it might be a tourist destination. Here's why. [Pull down the description!] Context and history: Broken Promises, the stories of those moved: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_mbyOYVpH7c The Canadian government's apology, years later: https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100016115/1100100016116 Thanks to Kataisee Attagutsiak (ᑲᑕᐃᓯ ᐊᑕᒍᑦᓯᐊᖅ) for proofreading this script: I hope I've provided enough context there. Over on the Park Bench, I'm telling more stories from behind-the-scenes, and there's a brilliant final one coming up soon: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xx7UdKm4x7c I'm here because of Chris Hadfield's Generator Arctic - go check out everyone else who was on the trip, and have a look at tickets for their show at Massey Hall, Toronto, on November 12th! http://generatorevent.com Also on the voyage: Ben Brown - https://www.youtube.com/user/benbrown100 - who's been putting out daily vlogs of his experiences! TimToTheWild, who's putting together beautiful footage: https://www.youtube.com/user/TimtotheWild Elmo Keep is writing about the people we met: http://twitter.com/elmo_keep Norm and Joey from Tested, who'll put together videos from inside the ship! http://www.youtube.com/user/testedcom PLUS: These folks took incredible photos: Vivienne Gucwa: https://www.instagram.com/travelinglens/ Paul Colangelo: https://www.instagram.com/paulcolangelo/ Simone Bramante: https://www.instagram.com/brahmino/ AND: writing an album on board, singer-songwriter Danny Michel: https://www.youtube.com/user/dannymichel I'm at http://www.tomscott.com/ on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as @tomscottgo

Inuktitut syllabics are brilliant. A writing system that's not an alphabet, but something really clever: an abugida, one designed from scratch for a language very unlike anything European. [Pull down the description!] Context and history: https://www.noslangues-ourlanguages.gc.ca/collaborateurs-contributors/articles/inuk-eng.html https://thediscoverblog.com/2015/06/11/aboriginal-syllabic-scripts/ I'm here because of Chris Hadfield's Generator Arctic - go check out everyone else who was on the trip, and have a look at tickets for their show at Massey Hall, Toronto, on November 12th! http://generatorevent.com Thanks to Kataisee Attagutsiak (ᑲᑕᐃᓯ ᐊᑕᒍᑦᓯᐊᖅ) for proofreading this script! She helped put Inuktitut into Unicode, so she's something of a language hero. The fellow travellers at the end are Norm and Joey from Tested, who'll put together videos from inside the ship! http://www.youtube.com/user/testedcom Also on the voyage: Ben Brown - https://www.youtube.com/user/benbrown100 - who's been putting out daily vlogs of his experiences! TimToTheWild, who's putting together beautiful footage: https://www.youtube.com/user/TimtotheWild Elmo Keep is writing about the people we met: http://twitter.com/elmo_keep PLUS: These folks took incredible photos: Vivienne Gucwa: https://www.instagram.com/travelinglens/ Paul Colangelo: https://www.instagram.com/paulcolangelo/ Simone Bramante: https://www.instagram.com/brahmino/ AND: writing an album on board, singer-songwriter Danny Michel: https://www.youtube.com/user/dannymichel I'm at http://www.tomscott.com/ on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as @tomscottgo

Jakob emailed me when I said I was headed to the Arctic, offering to help out with a video. I don't think he knew what he was signing up for! Thank you so much to both Jakob Schytz and John Davidsen: we had only a few minutes to film this before I had to be on the last Zodiac boat out of town, so I'm really happy with the result! Over at Matt and Tom's Park Bench, I'm talking about my behind-the-scenes stories and showing photos from the trip: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W3WuxFuPSu0 Thanks to Jakob: he runs Ilulissat Aerial, a local drone filming company! http://ilulissataerial.com/ I'm here because of Chris Hadfield's Generator Arctic - go check out everyone else who was on the trip, and have a look at tickets for their show at Massey Hall, Toronto, on November 12th! http://generatorevent.com The fellow traveller at the end is TimToTheWild, who's putting together beautiful footage: https://www.youtube.com/user/TimtotheWild Also on the voyage: Ben Brown - https://www.youtube.com/user/benbrown100 - who's been putting out daily vlogs of his experiences! Norm and Joey from Tested are putting together videos from inside the ship, and Joey was camera op for today's video: http://www.youtube.com/user/testedcom Elmo Keep is writing about the people we met: http://twitter.com/elmo_keep PLUS: These folks took incredible photos: Vivienne Gucwa: https://www.instagram.com/travelinglens/ Paul Colangelo: https://www.instagram.com/paulcolangelo/ Simone Bramante: https://www.instagram.com/brahmino/ AND: writing an album on board, singer-songwriter Danny Michel: https://www.youtube.com/user/dannymichel I'm at http://www.tomscott.com/ on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as @tomscottgo

I thought I knew who got to the North Pole first. It turns out that it's a lot more complicated than you might think. [Pull down the description!] Frederick Cook; Robert Peary; Roald Amundsen. They all have claims, and they can all be disputed for one reason or another... Over at Matt and Tom's Park Bench, I'm talking about my behind-the-scenes stories and showing photos from the trip: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W3WuxFuPSu0 I'm here because of Chris Hadfield's Generator Arctic - go check out everyone else who was on the trip, and have a look at tickets for their show at Massey Hall, Toronto, on November 12th! http://generatorevent.com Thanks to all the team at Quark Expeditions - http://www.quarkexpeditions.com - who made it possible for us to get there, and whose crew and staff on board were just amazing! In particular, thanks to Robert Headland, world-leading polar expert, who fact-checked my script. The fellow traveller at the end is Ben Brown - https://www.youtube.com/user/benbrown100 - who's been putting out daily vlogs of his experiences! Also on the voyage: Norm and Joey from Tested are putting together videos from inside the ship, and Joey was camera op for today's video: http://www.youtube.com/user/testedcom Elmo Keep is writing about the people we met: http://twitter.com/elmo_keep TimToTheWild is putting together beautiful footage: https://www.youtube.com/user/TimtotheWild PLUS: These folks took incredible photos: Vivienne Gucwa: https://www.instagram.com/travelinglens/ Paul Colangelo: https://www.instagram.com/paulcolangelo/ Simone Bramante: https://www.instagram.com/brahmino/ AND: writing an album on board, singer-songwriter Danny Michel: https://www.youtube.com/user/dannymichel I'm at http://www.tomscott.com/ on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as @tomscottgo

Glaciologists will find this video obvious. Everyone else... well, maybe I slept through a bit of sixth-grade geography, but I didn't know this, and I reckon I should have done. Pull down the description for more! I'm here because of Chris Hadfield's Generator Arctic - go check out everyone else who was on the trip, and have a look at tickets for their show at Massey Hall, Toronto, on November 12th! http://generatorevent.com Thanks to all the team at Quark Expeditions - http://www.quarkexpeditions.com - who made it possible for us to get there, and whose crew and staff on board were just amazing! In particular, thanks to Colin Souness, geologist and glaciologist, who fact-checked my script. You can see him over at Quark's YouTube channel in 360-degree video from Antarctica: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P3kSkg9N57Q The fellow traveller at the end is Elmo Keep - http://elmokeep.com - who's writing profiles of the people we meet out here: follow her on Twitter to see it when it's published! https://twitter.com/elmo_keep Also on the voyage: Ben Brown produced daily vlogs on board: https://www.youtube.com/user/benbrown100 Norm and Joey from Tested are putting together videos from inside the ship: http://www.youtube.com/user/testedcom TimToTheWild is putting together beautiful footage: https://www.youtube.com/user/TimtotheWild PLUS: These folks took incredible photos: Vivienne Gucwa: https://www.instagram.com/travelinglens/ Paul Colangelo: https://www.instagram.com/paulcolangelo/ Simone Bramante: https://www.instagram.com/brahmino/ AND: writing an album on board, singer-songwriter Danny Michel: https://www.youtube.com/user/dannymichel (and yes, the title is a reference to this wonderful Australian comedy routine: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3m5qxZm_JqM ) I'm at http://www.tomscott.com/ on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as @tomscottgo

At Qaanaaq, in Greenland, there's IS18: an infrasound station that's quietly listening for nuclear tests — or any other large bang. Here's what, why, and a few words the man who, for years, has been quietly keeping it running. Pull down this description for more! I'm here because of Chris Hadfield's Generator Arctic - go check out everyone else who was on the trip, and have a look at tickets for their show at Massey Hall, Toronto, on November 12th! http://generatorevent.com Thanks to all the team at Quark Expeditions - http://www.quarkexpeditions.com - who made it possible for us to get there, and whose crew and staff on board were just amazing! Thanks to Elmo Keep - http://elmokeep.com - who not only held the camera for this, but who tracked down Svend Erik and got him to drive out to the station! There's a whole behind-the-scenes detective story there. She's also writing a detailed profile of Svend-Erik: follow her on Twitter to see it when it's published! https://twitter.com/elmo_keep Also on the voyage: Ben Brown produced daily vlogs on board: https://www.youtube.com/user/benbrown100 Norm and Joey from Tested are putting together videos from inside the ship: http://www.youtube.com/user/testedcom TimToTheWild is putting together beautiful footage: https://www.youtube.com/user/TimtotheWild PLUS: These folks took incredible photos: Vivienne Gucwa: https://www.instagram.com/travelinglens/ Paul Colangelo: https://www.instagram.com/paulcolangelo/ Simone Bramante: https://www.instagram.com/brahmino/ AND: writing an album on board, singer-songwriter Danny Michel: https://www.youtube.com/user/dannymichel I'm at http://www.tomscott.com/ on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as @tomscottgo

GUEST VIDEO! Go subscribe to Inés: https://www.youtube.com/DrawCuriosity There's a variety of visual problems and disturbances we all experience on a daily basis. Floaters! Blue entoptic phenomenon! Visual snow! Phosphenes! With simulations, Inés will run through all of them. Inés is a PhD student researching insect flight at Oxford, and enjoys making videos about the fun and curious bits of science in her spare time! Read the video notes here for more information: http://drawcuriosity.com/2016/09/4-visual-disturbances-phenomena-experience Or in Spanish: http://drawcuriosity.com/es/2016/09/4-fenomenos-y-perturbaciones-visuales Add Inés on all the social networks: Twitter: http://twitter.com/InesLauraDawson Facebook: http://facebook.com/DrawCuriosity Instagram: http://instagram.com/squeakcode Website: http://drawcuriosity.com Snapchat: squeakcode Decisions by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution licence https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100756 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

When Collin sent in this pitch for a guest video, it was so good that I briefly considered turning him down so I could make it myself. Go subscribe to his channel! https://www.youtube.com/user/CollinRocka Welcome to Thames Town, the fake-British ghost town in China. Why did they build it? Who lives there? And why is it all so quiet? Today, Collin from the Collin Sphere Travel Vlog is guesting on this channel to investigate! EDM Detection Mode by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1500026 Artist: http://incompetech.com/

GUEST VIDEO! Go subscribe to Chase's channel: http://youtube.com/c/sciencec "Hi Tom, I've got two of my sister's teeth dissolving in cola." That was the best pitch I got for guest videos - and so please welcome Chase from ScienceC, to talk about pH, TA, and show off some really disgusting close-ups of rotten teeth!

GUEST VIDEO! Go subscribe to Sally's channel: http://youtube.com/sallylepage In a laboratory at Oxford University sits the Oxford Electric Bell, which has spent 176 years constantly ringing. And no-one's quite sure what the battery that powers it is made of... Add Sally on all the social networks: Twitter: http://twitter.com/sallylepage Facebook: http://facebook.com/shedscience Instagram: http://instagram.com/sallylepage Website: http://sallylepage.co.uk Snapchat: sally.lepage Thanks to camera operator Mikayla Hunter: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvv5I_zxSDPFHry1Oexf6pg And thanks to the University of Oxford's Physics Department for letting us film the bell! References: Croft (1984) The Oxford electric bell, Eur. J. Phys. http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0143-0807/5/4/001 Croft (1985) The Oxford dry pile, Clarendon Laboratory Historical Notes No. 3 The Clarendon Dry Pile, Department of Physics website http://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/history.asp?page=exhibit1

( This isn't a sponsored video, but I am massively grateful to all the team at SSE! Go look: http://sse.com/whatwedo/ourprojectsandassets/ , and pull down the description for more. ) As the world switches to renewable energy - and we are switching - there's a problem you might not expect: balancing the grid. Rotational mass and system inertia are the things that keep your lights from flickering: and they only appear in big, old, traditional power stations. Here's why that's a problem, and how we're likely going to fix it. CORRECTION: I say that turbines spin thousands of times "per second" when it should be "per minute". Apologies. You can find all corrections on this channel at https://www.tomscott.com/corrections/ Thanks to all the team at SSE! FULL DISCLOSURE: This is not a sponsored video, no money has changed hands, and SSE did not have editorial control. But they did go out of their way to arrange access and support for me and my team, including giving us safety training for working at heights. I am incredibly grateful to all the team: Paul and Ed for arranging it all; Bob and Scott who helped us at the turbine; and Calum, Head of Operations, who was keeping an eye on safety throughout. GO LOOK AT SSE: http://sse.com/whatwedo/ourprojectsandassets/ http://sse.com/whatwedo/wholesale/ http://sse.com/griffin The drone footage is from Cyberhawk, http://www.thecyberhawk.com: they normally do turbine inspections and land surveying, so I'd like to thank them for getting some artistic shots for us too! And finally, my camera operator was Paul Curry, @cr3, who's written a more experiential post with photos for Buzzfeed: https://www.buzzfeed.com/paulcurry/we-are-both-big-fans-of-electricity I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram and Snapchat as tomscottgo

If your robot-building skills aren't quite up to Battlebots or Robot Wars, then Hebocon might be for you. Described "as a robot sumo-wrestling competition for those who are not technically gifted", the emphasis is on having fun, entertaining the crowd, and "heboiness". At Electromagnetic Field 2016, a maker festival in the UK, I hosted one of the UK's first hebocon contests. I'll be honest: we skipped over a few of the more complicated rules about penalising high-tech robots in favour of entertaining the crowd, but no-one seemed to mind. Not even the actual Robot Wars competitors. Thanks to everyone who helped put this together: Alia Sheikh, Andrew Vine and Robert McWilliam on the film crew, Jim MacArthur who actually ran the show, and all the folks at EMF Camp -- and of course, all the people who built the robots! MORE EMF CAMP: http://emfcamp.org MORE HEBOCON: http://portal.nifty.com/hebocon/ I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

Near the village of Hanbury is RAF Fauld. Once it was a munitions dump: now it's a crater. Here's why. (I'm indebted to authors, archivists and aerial crews for this video: here's a full bibliography and list of image credits!) DOCUMENTS AND PHOTOS: All historical photos and documents shown are from the National Archives, references AIR 17/9-14, HO 186/2772-2773, and are Crown Copyright released under the Open Government License: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/ NUCLEAR TEST VIDEO: Operation Cue (1955), by the US Federal Civil Defense Administration, is in the public domain and available at https://archive.org/details/Operatio1955 AERIAL FOOTAGE: Specially filmed by a team from Coptercam: you can see their behind-the-scenes vlog at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9uAekAsKRY ! BIBLIOGRAPHY: Jones, T. (1988). The Great Fauld Explosion. Staffordshire Studies, 1. McCamley, N. (2004). Disasters Underground. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military. NOTES: "Brass chisels can cause sparks" is a summary of the inquest's findings. For those in the comments, here's the full version: "in all probability the work of chipping out the C.E. [composition explosive] Exploder from a 1,000 lb M.C. bomb, using a brass chisel, was the cause of the explosion. It is known that C.E. will explode easily if struck between brass and steel surfaces". In this context, 'brass chisels can cause sparks' does make sense! The inquest looked at all the available evidence and judged that to be by far the most likely explanation (and the only one that made sense given all the facts). I'm at http://tomscott.com on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo And if you've read this far, I'd like to add a quick note: I love it when I get to actually research things for a video. For the first time, I went to the British National Archives, and got to handle original documents from the 1940s. It felt like quite a privilege to be able to read the first person accounts, and to look at photographs and documents that have been sealed away for years.

Non-brewed condiment" is what they call it: it's chemically very similar to proper vinegar, a mixture of ethanoic acid, colourings and flavourings, but it's put together by just combining simple chemicals rather than brewing. Hardly anyone knows, and those that do know don't generally care; so here's my question. Does it matter? Thanks to Matt Gray for the sweeping camerawork on this! He's at https://youtube.com/unnamedculprit and http://mattg.co.uk I'm at https://www.tomscott.com on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott on Twitter at https://facebook.com/tomscott and Instagram and Snapchat as tomscottg

The inevitable Pokémon Go security video. With many thanks to Simon Coxall - http://mushybees.tumblr.com/ - for the wonderful not-Pokémon illustrations, and to Sheila for holding the camera at very short notice! Here's the wonderful breakdown of the technical details by Ari Rubinstein: https://gist.github.com/arirubinstein/fd5453537436a8757266f908c3e41538 And have you, or someone you know, would like a guest slot for Things You Might Know or Amazing Places while I'm off in the Arctic, have a look at https://www.tomscott.com/guest for more details!

Last in this season! Yes, we've talked about psychics and pseudoscience before, but this time there's a very different approach behind it… BONUS MATERIAL: https://youtu.be/LCrsMBQ9Cq0 FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp WEB SITE and MORE AUDIO EPISODES: http://techdif.co.uk TOM is at http://tomscott.com or @tomscott on Twitter MATT is at http://mattg.co.uk or @unnamedculprit GARY is @garybrannan on Twitter and CHRIS doesn't do this social media nonsense.

In Crystal Palace Park, in South London, are 150-year-old dinosaur models: the first ever full-size replicas of extinct animals. But they're... well, they're a bit wrong, and they likely always will be. Here's why. The opening line's a reference to Jay Foreman and Bec Hill's "Dinosaurs", https://youtu.be/ywqpf1Nge3k -- and I was told about these many years ago by my friend James Grime. We never did film that joint video here...! More about the Dinosaurs: http://cpdinosaurs.org/ I'm at http://tomscott.com on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott and on Snapchat and Instagram as tomscottgo

I think if we've learned anything from this episode, it's that Tom would probably not have survived Chris' childhood. BONUS MATERIAL: https://youtu.be/yq_D-pPh2wk FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp WEB SITE and MORE AUDIO EPISODES: http://techdif.co.uk TOM is at http://tomscott.com or @tomscott on Twitter MATT is at http://mattg.co.uk or @unnamedculprit GARY is @garybrannan on Twitter and CHRIS doesn't do this social media nonsense.

This may be the most British video I've done in a while! But I saw the news story and immediately wanted to film it: the volunteer-run, narrow-gauge Leadhills and Wanlockhead Railway, in the south of Scotland, has stepped in to replace buses while a road is being resurfaced -- avoiding a 45-mile diversion and meaning that local residents can still get to their neighbouring village. This isn't the first bus replacement train in British history, but it's pretty rare. You can find out more about the Leadhills and Wanlockhead Railway here: http://www.leadhillsrailway.co.uk -- thank you so much to all the volunteers there for the time they spent with me today! I'm at http://tomscott.com on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott and on Instagram and Snapchat as tomscottgo

Victor Gruen is, according to history, the man who invented the shopping mall... but that wasn't quite what he was aiming for. And it seemed like an appropriate day to do a video about suburban sprawl -- happy Independence Day, America! I'm at http://tomscott.com on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott and on Instagram and Snapchat as tomscottgo

This week, a business venture that never got off the ground, and one of Gary's regular diversions into TRAINS. BONUS MATERIAL: https://youtu.be/zYnIoRqjKgw FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp WEB SITE and MORE AUDIO EPISODES: http://techdif.co.uk Thanks again to our anonymous subtitler! TOM is at http://tomscott.com or @tomscott on Twitter MATT is at http://mattg.co.uk or @unnamedculprit GARY is @garybrannan on Twitter and CHRIS doesn't do this social media nonsense. I researched Gary's "disco carriage" story because it seemed too fantastical to be true. It is true. There's video evidence: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBkgS5L_NRQ See also the Vengabus: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Zbi0XmGtMw and Venga Airways: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXXRHpVed3M

Yes, it's only micrograms of difference, but it's still really weird: until 2018, the kilogram is defined as "the weight of this physical object". So what happens when that object changes? Thank you to everyone at the National Physical Laboratory! You can visit them at http://npl.co.uk I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram and Snapchat as tomscottgo

This week, we're stopping at taking on one of the most -- and least -- successful inventors in history, travelling via a television flop and a brief diversion into stained glass! BONUS MATERIAL: https://youtu.be/14KbGNSTcsY FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp WEB SITE and MORE AUDIO EPISODES: http://techdif.co.uk Thanks again to our anonymous subtitler! TOM is at http://tomscott.com or @tomscott on Twitter MATT is at http://mattg.co.uk or @unnamedculprit GARY is @garybrannan on Twitter and CHRIS doesn't do this social media nonsense. BONUS INCREDIBLE THEME TUNE LINKS: The Love Boat: https://youtu.be/m_wFEB4Oxlo Supertrain: https://youtu.be/gUERtAe73NI TUGS: https://youtu.be/qQrZHWMAY5U

There's a titan arum - a corpse flower - blooming at the Eden Project in Cornwall. For years, it stores energy: and then for 48 hours, it heats up and sends out the smell of decay and death through the rainforest. And it stinks. The Eden Project: http://www.edenproject.com/ or on YouTube at: https://youtube.com/EdenProjectTV I'm at https://www.tomscott.com or on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram and Snapchat as "tomscottgo". (Full disclosure: the Eden Project covered expenses for my trip to visit them, but had no editorial control or sign-off on the video!)

We're back! Good luck to everyone who's subscribed since the last season, heaven knows what you'll think of it. This time, we're talking about ancient technology, Morse code, and taking a brief diversion into Latin! At the end of last season, we talked about doing a live show, and I'm happy to say that IT'S ON... but almost all the tickets are already gone! There may be occasional returns and newly available tickets here: http://www.techdif.co.uk/live/ -- and if not, you can join the wait list for when they become available! BONUS MATERIAL: https://youtu.be/HOakKK7SZm0 FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp WEB SITE and MORE AUDIO EPISODES: http://techdif.co.uk Thanks again to our anonymous subtitler! TOM is at http://tomscott.com or @tomscott on Twitter MATT is at http://mattg.co.uk or @unnamedculprit GARY is @garybrannan on Twitter and CHRIS doesn't do this social media nonsense.

This week, TV star Noel Edmonds endorsed the "EMP Pad". He said it could help with cancer -- and the company behind that claim denied it right away. Here's why. (Pull down the description for a full bibliography!) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Instagram and Snapchat as tomscottgo on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott This was written with help from Jonty (@jonty), who helped me deal with the fact that, sometimes, blanket skepticism's not the right approach... JOURNAL ARTICLES: Barbault, A., Costa, F., Bottger, B., Munden, R., Bomholt, F., Kuster, N. and Pasche, B. (2009). Amplitude-modulated electromagnetic fields for the treatment of cancer: Discovery of tumor-specific frequencies and assessment of a novel therapeutic approach. J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 28(1), p.51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19366446 Goodwin, T., McCarthy, M. and Dennis, R. (2005). Physiological And Molecular Genetic Effects Of Time Varying Electromagnetic Fields (TVEMF) On Human Neuronal Cells. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 37(Supplement), p.S163. http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20030075722 Stupp, R., Taillibert, S., Kanner, A., Kesari, S., Steinberg, D., Toms, S., Taylor, L., Lieberman, F., Silvani, A., Fink, K., Barnett, G., Zhu, J., Henson, J., Engelhard, H., Chen, T., Tran, D., Sroubek, J., Tran, N., Hottinger, A., Landolfi, J., Desai, R., Caroli, M., Kew, Y., Honnorat, J., Idbaih, A., Kirson, E., Weinberg, U., Palti, Y., Hegi, M. and Ram, Z. (2015). Maintenance Therapy With Tumor-Treating Fields Plus Temozolomide vs Temozolomide Alone for Glioblastoma. JAMA, 314(23), p.2535. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26670971 Zimmerman, J., Pennison, M., Brezovich, I., Yi, N., Yang, C., Ramaker, R., Absher, D., Myers, R., Kuster, N., Costa, F., Barbault, A. and Pasche, B. (2011). Cancer cell proliferation is inhibited by specific modulation frequencies. Br J Cancer, 106(2), pp.307-313. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22134506 WEB SITES: Emppad.com. (2016). PEMF - Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy & Health. [online] Available at: http://www.emppad.com/ [Accessed 9 Jun. 2016]. Cancer Act (1939). Available at legislation.gov.uk: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo6/2-3/13/contents NEWS ARTICLES: Grady, D. (2014). Electrical Scalp Device Can Slow Progression of Deadly Brain Tumors. New York Times, [online] p.A26. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/health/electrical-scalp-device-can-slow-progression-of-deadly-brain-tumors.html [Accessed 9 Jun. 2016]. Manchester Evening News, (2010). Guilty, businessman who sold ‘miracle cancer cure’. [online] Available at: http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/local-news/guilty-businessman-who-sold-miracle-898233 [Accessed 9 Jun. 2016]. Sweetman, E. (2010). Cancer "healer" to pay thousands - court. Worcester News. [online] Available at: http://www.worcesternews.co.uk/news/5059494.Cancer__healer__to_pay_thousands___court/ [Accessed 9 Jun. 2016]. TV CONTENT: Deal or No Deal (2009), Cheetah West Television / Channel 4 Noel's House Party (1997), BBC Humira: Carpenter advert (2013) This Morning (2016), ITV Studios, clip from https://youtu.be/PvI0FTBX3T4

In a small town with an unfortunate name, let's talk about filtering and innuendo. And use it as an excuse for as many visual jokes as possible. I'm at https://www.tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as @tomscottgo (Thanks to James Paulsen for prompting me to do this video!)

On Questionable, it's not about having the most popular answer: it's about changing the most minds. Originally broadcast live! Playing were: JAY FOREMAN: http://jayforeman.co.uk - http://twitter.com/jayforeman SARAH BREESE: http://sarahbreese.com - http://twitter.com/sarahbreese WILL SEAWARD: http://willseaward.com - http://twitter.com/willseaward I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as @tomscottgo Thanks to: All the team at YouTube Space London for all their production support: they're the reason this looks so good! Grant Stevens, our sound engineer Our LIVE STUDIO AUDIENCE who were wonderful Our CHAT MODERATORS who kept things relatively clean And everyone who voted, commented, and watched the live broadcast!

Your sports team wins. The confetti drops. And suddenly, the video quality falls apart. Why? Let's talk about interframe compression, bitrate, and unnecessary green screen effects. I'm at https://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as @tomscottgo You might also like: How Green Screen Worked Before Computers: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=msPCQgRPPjI This uses one Creative Commons by-attribution photo, "Sony Trinitron" by Antífama, available here: http://flic.kr/p/6DBMYn

Continuing the occasional Weird European Infrastructure Tour: an Italian lift that switches direction from horizontal to vertical. And honestly, until someone pointed it out to me, I could not figure out how this could possibly be done safely. In hindsight, it was kind of obvious. (By the way, the Ascensore Castello d'Albertis-Montegalletto is known by a few names: I went by the one that seems most commonly used online by both Italian-speaking and English-speaking folk.) I'm at https://tomscott.com on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

I know, I know, it's a clickbait title. But I stand by it, because the water is so deceptive, and so pretty, and there's a path that leads straight down to it and that jump looks very, very possible... The 12th century legend is the "Boy of Egremont", immortalised in poetry by the famous William Wordsworth. His "The Force of Prayer" is about the Strid and the Boy of Egremont, and the full text is here: http://www.bartleby.com/145/ww342.html Also, I need to make one correction: I say "a hundred metres upstream", but that shot's actually about that far downstream. I couldn't fix that in post, but since the river's basically the same for a mile or so in each direction with no significant confluences, it's a small enough slip that I don't think it's too bad. The amount of water is the same! I'm at https://tomscott.com/ on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

At Culham Centre for Fusion Energy -- http://ccfe.ac.uk -- my camera's being held by a robot. Well, not really by a robot. It's being held by a man called John. It's... complicated. BONUS PARK BENCH behind the scenes discussion: https://youtu.be/JQGQpGJcXIY Thanks to everyone at CCFE! They hold occasional open days: for more details about them, head to http://ccfe.ac.uk (@FusionEnergy) Thanks to my director Matt Gray: http://mattg.co.uk (@unnamedculprit) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott or on Instagram at http://instagram.com/tomscottgo

At the JET reactor at Culham Centre for Fusion Energy -- http://ccfe.ac.uk -- I talk to the engineers about fusion power, being the hottest place in the solar system, deliberate disruptions, and about the surround-sound speakers that give a diagnostic test you might not expect. Thanks to everyone at CCFE! They hold occasional open days: for more details about them, head to http://ccfe.ac.uk (@FusionEnergy) Thanks to my director Matt Gray: http://mattg.co.uk (@unnamedculprit) I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott or on Instagram at http://instagram.com/tomscottgo

Wage transparency is a strange concept for most of us: not so in some of the Nordic countries. And while Norway, Sweden and Finland differ in exactly the amount of access they give the public, fundamentally your tax return would be public knowledge there. So how does it affect the world? And is it a good idea? Let's look at the science and find out. I'm at http://tomscott.com and on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as @tomscottgo BIBLIOGRAPHY: Asthana, A., Weaver, M., & Mason, R. (2016). Osborne likely to publish tax returns as No 10 says all leaders should. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/apr/11/osborne-likely-to-publish-tax-returns-as-pm-prepares-to-face-mps Bø, E., Slemrod, J., & Thoresen, T. (2015). Taxes on the Internet: Deterrence Effects of Public Disclosure. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 7(1), 36-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20130330 Brown, G., Gardner, J., Oswald, A., & Qian, J. (2008). Does Wage Rank Affect Employees’ Well-being?. Industrial Relations, 47(3), 355-389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232x.2008.00525.x Card, D., Mas, A., Moretti, E., & Saez, E. (2010). Inequality at Work: The Effect of Peer Salaries on Job Satisfaction. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16396 Mance, H., & Packard, J. (2016). Angry British MPs rebel over Norway-style tax reporting. Financial Times. Retrieved from http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c515ad74-ffda-11e5-ac98-3c15a1aa2e62.html Perez-Truglia, R. (2016). Measuring the Value of Self- and Social-Image: Evidence from a Natural Experiment. SSRN Electronic Journal. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2657808 Zakrzewski, C. (2015). Ex-Google Employee Exposes Unequal Pay With Spreadsheet. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2015/07/21/ex-google-employee-exposes-unequal-pay-with-spreadsheet/

Of course, "radioactive" is a relative term. Let's talk about carbon dating, about cosmic rays, and about long-dead dinosaurs. (A lot of the research on this one was done for me -- thanks to http://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/2605/is-alcohol-for-consumption-tested-for-carbon-14-radioactivity-to-be-considered-l. The standard test is "ASTM D6866", which genuinely uses radiocarbon dating to check for 'biobased content': http://www.astm.org/Standards/D6866.htm ) This video has a correction: plants get carbon from the air - from carbon dioxide - not from the ground. All corrections on this channel can be found at https://www.tomscott.com/corrections/ I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as @tomscottgo And thanks to YouTube Space London for giving me a last-minute slot in their Secret Garden set!

This is it: the Grand Final! And the game is Order and Chaos: a five-in-a-row variant where both players can play both colours. Playing in the tournament: EMMA BLACKERY, video gamer: https://www.youtube.com/birdyboots STEVEN BRIDGES, magician: http://youtube.com/stevenbridges HANNAH NICKLIN, game designer: http://patreon.com/hannahnicklin KATIE STECKLES, mathematician: http://youtube.com/st3cks The tournament is "double elimination", which means you have to lose twice -- or lose in the grand final -- before you're knocked out. Six shows, six games, only one winner. Game on. Production Facilities: YOUTUBE SPACE LONDON Floor Manager: JOSH HADLEY Game Producer: DAVID BODYCOMBE - @davidjbodycombe Editor: MICHELLE MARTIN - @mrsmmartin Director: MATT GRAY http://mattg.co.uk - @unnamedculprit Producer: TOM SCOTT http://tomscott.com - @tomscott

On stage at An Evening of Unnecessary Detail - http://aeoud.com - I tell a dramatised and extremely shortened history of emoji, run through what's coming up in 2016, and have a look at what might be coming up for them soon. Also, I use the word "dysentry". Thanks to the Festival of the Spoken Nerd team for inviting me, and to the lovely audience and crew at the Backyard Comedy Club in Bethnal Green! And thanks to Matt Parker for the introduction: you can see him at http://youtube.com/standupmaths I'm at http://tomscott.com on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo And hey! You can hire me to speak at your conference! http://tomscott.com/contact/ With thanks to Emojipedia, who allow reuse of the mockup image from this page: http://blog.emojipedia.org/unicode-9-emoji-updates/

Game 5: somebody's going to the final, somebody's dropping out. The players from Game 1 face each other again, this time in a test of mental agility. It's like FizzBuzz, only... harder. Much harder. Playing in the tournament: EMMA BLACKERY, video gamer: https://www.youtube.com/birdyboots STEVEN BRIDGES, magician: http://youtube.com/stevenbridges HANNAH NICKLIN, game designer: http://patreon.com/hannahnicklin KATIE STECKLES, mathematician: http://youtube.com/st3cks The tournament is "double elimination", which means you have to lose twice -- or lose in the grand final -- before you're knocked out. Six shows, six games, only one winner. Game on. Production Facilities: YOUTUBE SPACE LONDON Floor Manager: JOSH HADLEY Game Producer: DAVID BODYCOMBE - @davidjbodycombe Editor: MICHELLE MARTIN - @mrsmmartin Director: MATT GRAY http://mattg.co.uk - @unnamedculprit Producer: TOM SCOTT http://tomscott.com - @tomscott

No, it wasn't called "hacking" back then: it was called "scientific hooliganism". Let's talk about Marconi, Nevil Maskelyne, and a demonstration that didn't go as planned. And go check out the Royal Institution's channel! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DFfRqoIdArM&list=PLbnrZHfNEDZyfUXqroIlSf2hOznnThqM0 I'm indebted to Sungook Hong's wonderful book "Wireless", which helped me track down some of the more obscure sources here -- and to the British Library, whose incredible archives and microfilm tapes helped me find the original newspapers and journals you see in the video. I'm at http://tomscott.com On Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Game 4, and we're into serious strategy! Steven's a magician; Hannah's a game designer (who doesn't like magic). Today, it's psychology versus strategic thinking, as we play Weighted War. Playing in the tournament: EMMA BLACKERY, video gamer: https://www.youtube.com/birdyboots STEVEN BRIDGES, magician: http://youtube.com/stevenbridges HANNAH NICKLIN, game designer: http://patreon.com/hannahnicklin KATIE STECKLES, mathematician: http://youtube.com/st3cks The tournament is "double elimination", which means you have to lose twice -- or lose in the grand final -- before you're knocked out. Six shows, six games, only one winner. Game on. Production Facilities: YOUTUBE SPACE LONDON Floor Manager: JOSH HADLEY Game Producer: DAVID BODYCOMBE - @davidjbodycombe Editor: MICHELLE MARTIN - @mrsmmartin Director: MATT GRAY http://mattg.co.uk - @unnamedculprit Producer: TOM SCOTT http://tomscott.com - @tomscott

In the URL of each YouTube video is the 11-character video ID, unique for each video. Can they ever run out? Just how many videos can YouTube handle? To work it out, we need to talk about counting systems, and about something called Base 64. Want to know how the single camera shot was done? "Matt Bought a DJI Osmo and It's Surprisingly Good" is today's video over on the Park Bench: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dyy41yAs8nc I'm at https://tomscott.com/ or on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott or on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott or on Instagram as tomscottgo. Filmed by Matt Gray, who's at http://mattg.co.uk or @unnamedculprit on basically everything everywhere.

Game 3, and it's the first elimination match! Either Emma Blackery or Katie Steckles is out, and it's a game of pure strategy, planning, and slightly over-the-top demonstration graphics. Playing in the tournament: EMMA BLACKERY, video gamer: https://www.youtube.com/birdyboots STEVEN BRIDGES, magician: http://youtube.com/stevenbridges HANNAH NICKLIN, game designer: http://patreon.com/hannahnicklin KATIE STECKLES, mathematician: http://youtube.com/st3cks The tournament is "double elimination", which means you have to lose twice -- or lose in the grand final -- before you're knocked out. Six shows, six games, only one winner. Game on. Production Facilities: YOUTUBE SPACE LONDON Floor Manager: JOSH HADLEY Game Producer: DAVID BODYCOMBE - @davidjbodycombe Editor: MICHELLE MARTIN - @mrsmmartin Director: MATT GRAY http://mattg.co.uk - @unnamedculprit Producer: TOM SCOTT http://tomscott.com - @tomscott

Don't worry, I've not gone all DJ Khaled. 🔑 Let's talk about an interesting quirk of psychology, and a TV "Year of Promise" telethon that didn't stick around too long. EDIT: my conclusions here are questionable. For another point of view, check out Thomas Frank's video, "Why You Shouldn't Tell People About Your Goals": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mKdm5xSZiOA - and visit https://www.tomscott.com/corrections/ for all corrections on this channel. I'm at http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott on Twitter - http://facebook.com/tomscott - or tomscottgo on Instagram.

In the south-east of Estonia, there's 800m of road where you can drive through Russia without a visa. We drove it. BONUS PARK BENCH: We Got Pulled Over By The Estonian Military: https://youtu.be/KCR2kHrr4oA This video has a correction: Further research revealed that the camera tower Matt spots is, almost certainly, just a regular cell tower. Or, at least, that's what they want us to think. For all corrections on this channel, see https://www.tomscott.com/corrections/ I'm at http://tomscott.com - @tomscott on Twitter - http://facebook.com/tomscott on Facebook - tomscottgo on Instagram MATT is at http://mattg.co.uk or @unnamedculprit everwhere PAUL is @cr3 on Twitter

Game 2! Game designer Hannah Nicklin and mathematician Katie Steckles take on a game of dice, dexterity and digits. Playing in the tournament: EMMA BLACKERY, video gamer: https://www.youtube.com/birdyboots STEVEN BRIDGES, magician: http://youtube.com/stevenbridges HANNAH NICKLIN, game designer: http://patreon.com/hannahnicklin KATIE STECKLES, mathematician: http://youtube.com/st3cks The tournament is "double elimination", which means you have to lose twice -- or lose in the grand final -- before you're knocked out. Six shows, six games, only one winner. Game on. Production Facilities: YOUTUBE SPACE LONDON Floor Manager: JOSH HADLEY Game Producer: DAVID BODYCOMBE - @davidjbodycombe Editor: MICHELLE MARTIN - @mrsmmartin Director: MATT GRAY http://mattg.co.uk - @unnamedculprit Producer: TOM SCOTT http://tomscott.com - @tomscott

BONUS PARK BENCH: https://youtu.be/AhqNMb0fOJU -- In the Thames Estuary, near a town called Sheerness, a few dozen miles east of London, lies a World War 2 shipwreck that contains over 1,000 tonnes of unexploded bombs. Is it a risk to the area? Or is it just an interesting historical artifact? The trouble is, no-one's quite sure... I'm at https://www.tomscott.com/ On Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott On Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram as @tomscottgo Thanks to Matt Gray for the incredible camerawork: he's at http://mattg.co.uk or @unnamedculprit on basically every social network. And thanks to Maxim Harper, @maximharper on Twitter, for tipping me off to this in the first place!

We're off with a new series! Pull down this description for links to everyone in it! Six games of skill and logic, between a video gamer, a game designer, a mathematician, and a magician. We start with Rock Paper Scissors Hammer Helmet, and the rules are simple: win rock paper scissors, then donk your opponent on the head before they cover themselves with the helmet. Playing in the tournament: EMMA BLACKERY, video gamer: https://www.youtube.com/birdyboots STEVEN BRIDGES, magician: http://youtube.com/stevenbridges HANNAH NICKLIN, game designer: http://patreon.com/hannahnicklin KATIE STECKLES, mathematician: http://youtube.com/st3cks The tournament is "double elimination", which means you have to lose twice -- or lose in the grand final -- before you're knocked out. Six shows, six games, only one winner. Game on. Production Facilities: YOUTUBE SPACE LONDON Floor Manager: JOSH HADLEY Game Producer: DAVID BODYCOMBE - @davidjbodycombe Editor: MICHELLE MARTIN - @mrsmmartin Director: MATT GRAY http://mattg.co.uk - @unnamedculprit Producer: TOM SCOTT http://tomscott.com - @tomscott

Welcome to Innovative Space Logistics, in the Netherlands: they invited me inside their clean room to see an actual CubeSat satellite that's going into space soon! (No, this isn't a sponsored video: I paid my own way there!) Go look at their site: http://isilaunch.com - and if you need to send something into space, get in touch with them! If there's something cool at your university or company, get in touch! https://www.tomscott.com/contact/ The satellite model I'm holding is holding is the engineering model of FUNcube: http://funcube.org.uk and the flight satellite that I definitely couldn't hold is Nayif-1, a cooperation between the Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre and the American University of Sharjah: http://www.aus.edu/ http://mbrsc.ae/ I'm at https://tomscott.com on Facebook at https://facebook.com/tomscott on Twitter at https://twitter.com/tomscott and on Instagram as tomscottgo

Want to know more about these tunnels? Go watch Geoff Marshall's video over at Londonist! https://youtu.be/qSzxTgDq3hM -- and thanks to the National Grid for letting me film down in the London Power Tunnels: this isn't a sponsored video, although they did go out of their way to show Geoff and me around! http://londonpowertunnels.co.uk - http://nationalgrid.com Back in the 1920s, electricity was generated by hundreds of small companies in towns and cities across the country. They were all different and mostly incompatible: London alone had 24 voltages and 10 frequencies. How did we get from there to the billion-pound tunnel projects of today? I'm at http://tomscott.com/ on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram at tomscottgo

People keep finding bugs in iPhones, and other people keep asking me to make videos about them. So here you go! Here's a tale of binary, of the Unix epoch, and a date beyond the lifespan of the universe. GET IN TOUCH: http://tomscott.com - TWITTER http://twitter.com/tomscott - FACEBOOK http://facebook.com/tomscott - INSTAGRAM tomscottgo THANK YOU SO MUCH to Michael Monteith, @mike220889 on Twitter, who was able to get me a conference room to film in on a Friday afternoon at very short notice!

Last in this season! Today we're off to France for a tale of the world's greatest conman, the Eiffel Tower, and some easy points. BONUS MATERIAL: https://youtu.be/RIZymJzJ6MM FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp OFFICIAL ALL-NEW WEB SITE and MORE AUDIO EPISODES: http://techdif.co.uk WANT A HEADS UP ON OUR LIVE SHOW? http://techdif.co.uk/live/ Thanks again to our anonymous subtitler, and all the people who've helped translate last week's episode! TOM is at http://tomscott.com or @tomscott on Twitter MATT is at http://mattg.co.uk or @unnamedculprit GARY is @garybrannan on Twitter and CHRIS doesn't do this social media nonsense.

Time is complicated. World records are complicated. Put the two together, and you've got a fight about large clocks between Düsseldorf's Rheinturm, the Mecca Clock Tower, and a laser sculpture from Burning Man. INSTAGRAM: tomscottgo FACEBOOK: http://facebook.com/tomscott TWITTER: http://twitter.com/tomscott

Welcome to one of the toughest winter sports - although it might not look like it. As well as being one of my regular videos, this is an ad for the Youth Winter Olympic Games! Subscribe to the Olympic YouTube channel: http://bit.ly/1MFol69 - and see the full description for more links. Discover more about the science of Lillehammer 2016: http://bit.ly/1ORyQEE Over on the Olympics channel: The Art of Monobob: http://bit.ly/1KK4zUp The Technology of the Biathlon Rifle: http://bit.ly/1JM6g8I The World's Largest Underground Cavern: http://bit.ly/1SnTwX6 and on my channel: How To Make Snow: http://youtu.be/IQ3kQPWlU-o The Second Largest Freezer in Norway: https://youtu.be/xo6IubbQuCk

JOIN OUR LIVE STUDIO AUDIENCE! MAYBE! http://techdif.co.uk/live/ --- From East Asia to West Yorkshire, today we're taking on the world's culinary delights and some odd governmental manipulations. BONUS MATERIAL: https://youtu.be/Wv_NcNXwGRw FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp OFFICIAL ALL-NEW WEB SITE and MORE AUDIO EPISODES: http://techdif.co.uk Thanks again to our anonymous subtitler, and all the people who've helped translate last week's episode! TOM is at http://tomscott.com or @tomscott on Twitter MATT is at http://mattg.co.uk or @unnamedculprit GARY is @garybrannan on Twitter and CHRIS doesn't do this social media nonsense.

The famous Lillehammer Bobsleigh Track! Massive, fast, and working in summer. Here's how. As well as being one of my regular videos, this is an ad for the Youth Winter Olympic Games! Subscribe to the Olympic YouTube channel: http://bit.ly/1MFol69 - and see the full description for more links. Discover more about the science of Lillehammer 2016: http://bit.ly/1ORyQEE Over on the Olympics channel: The Art of Monobob: http://bit.ly/1KK4zUp The Technology of the Biathlon Rifle: http://bit.ly/1JM6g8I The World's Largest Underground Cavern: http://bit.ly/1SnTwX6 How To Make Snow: http://youtu.be/IQ3kQPWlU-o BONUS LINKS! If you've come down this far, you can see also my video for Friday in advance: The Biathlon: Firing Guns Under Pressure: http://youtu.be/bbptPx9dmC4

In Lillehammer, Norway, it's time to make some snow. With science. As well as being one of my regular videos, this is an ad for the 2016 Youth Winter Olympic Games! Subscribe to the Olympic YouTube channel: http://bit.ly/1MFol69 - and see the rest of this description for more links. Discover more about the science of Lillehammer 2016: http://bit.ly/1ORyQEE Over on the Olympics channel: The Art of Monobob: http://bit.ly/1KK4zUp The Technology of the Biathlon Rifle: http://bit.ly/1JM6g8I The World's Largest Underground Cavern: http://bit.ly/1SnTwX6 BONUS LINKS! If you've come down this far, you can see also my videos for Wednesday and Friday in advance: The Second Largest Freezer in Norway: https://youtu.be/xo6IubbQuCk and The Biathlon: Firing Guns Under Pressure: http://youtu.be/bbptPx9dmC4

This week, we're taking on the world of medicine as we run through dodgy research, quack cures, and homeopathic kitten chlamydia. BONUS MATERIAL: https://youtu.be/69OfYdnPqaI FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp OFFICIAL ALL-NEW WEB SITE and MORE AUDIO EPISODES: http://techdif.co.uk Thanks again to our anonymous subtitler, and all the people who've helped translate last week's episode! TOM is at http://tomscott.com or @tomscott on Twitter MATT is at http://mattg.co.uk or @unnamedculprit GARY is @garybrannan on Twitter and CHRIS doesn't do this social media nonsense.

In Wuppertal, Germany, there's the Schwebebahn: a suspended monorail that carries 80,000 people a day above the streets of the city, and above the river Wupper. It's a wonderful thing: but it wasn't the future of travel, and here's why. INSTAGRAM: tomscottgo FACEBOOK: http://facebook.com/tomscott TWITTER: http://twitter.com/tomscott or on the web at https://tomscott.com

Crash Safari dot com -- and no, I'm deliberately not linking to it! -- crashes your phone. Or your browser. Pretty much instantly. How? And after several months of obscurity, why did it go viral so fast today? And yes, I did have to put this video together really quickly. Thank you SO MUCH to the wonderful Matthew Walster, @dotwaffle on Twitter, who not only found me somewhere to film at short notice but also volunteered to hold the camera. I am massively grateful to him -- thank you! I'm on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott on Facebook at http://facebook.com/tomscott and on Instagram at "tomscottgo" and also on the web: https://www.tomscott.com/

We're off to the Left Bit of Bottom America (thanks Matt), to Chile, and to a socialist scheme to bring a computer revolution decades early. Just one problem: people. UPDATE: There were several jokes in here about the 1973 Chilean coup. Those jokes crossed a line, and were offensive to Chilean folks. If we'd have known the full context of the coup, which we didn't in the rush of filming, we wouldn't have made them. The fault lies solely with me as the editor: I should have fact-checked and understood the context before publishing. I try to make sure the series is suitable for all, and in this case it's fair to say I got the balance wrong. I'm sorry. BONUS MATERIAL: https://youtu.be/cQygmnpX66E FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp OFFICIAL ALL-NEW WEB SITE and MORE AUDIO EPISODES: http://techdif.co.uk Thank you to our anonymous subtitler, and all the people who've helped translate last week's episode! TOM is at http://tomscott.com or @tomscott on Twitter MATT is at http://mattg.co.uk or @unnamedculprit GARY is @garybrannan on Twitter and CHRIS doesn't do this social media nonsense.

In Slough, outside the headquarters of Blackberry, I talk about an urban legend that's almost true: the idea that calling 999, the British emergency number, could actually charge your phone battery. It's not quite right, but it's close. (It's easy to make fun of Slough. There's no second part to that, it's just easy to make fun of Slough.) WEB: http://tomscott.com TWITTER: http://twitter.com/tomscott FACEBOOK: http://facebook.com/tomscott INSTAGRAM: @tomscottgo

We're back! And back where we belong, too, in a kitchen with dodgy lighting. Time for a new run of five episodes, and our not-so-new problem with slightly insulting the nations of Europe. This time, to the Mediterranean, and to Graham Island. BONUS MATERIAL: https://youtu.be/pEa8HQ-8zlA FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp OFFICIAL ALL-NEW WEB SITE and MORE AUDIO EPISODES: http://techdif.co.uk Bonus Park Bench on why we bleep swearing: https://youtu.be/8SZCGpzNx4o TOM is at http://tomscott.com or @tomscott on Twitter MATT is at http://mattg.co.uk or @unnamedculprit GARY is @garybrannan on Twitter and CHRIS doesn't do this social media nonsense.

Zebra, pelican, puffin, toucan, pegasus: Britain names our crosswalks after creatures, thanks to historical reasons. But do they actually make you safer? Well, not always. Here's the DoT study: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/04100/ And here's the very first Things You Might Not Know video I did, two years ago, on "pegasus crossings": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5V45wYwrkY TWITTER: http://twitter.com/tomscott FACEBOOK: http://facebook.com/tomscott INSTAGRAM: http://instagram.com/tomscottgo

Britain has some of the strongest product placement rules in the world - and it means YouTube vloggers have to declare their advertising before you click on the video. Why? And what did it mean for our version of The Price is Right? Thank you to Rob (http://twitter.com/readwriteerase) for stepping in as camera operator at the very last moment, despite the terrible weather and his being a bit ill! SEE MORE OVER ON THE PARK BENCH: 18 minutes of Matt and Tom talking about the economics of YouTube, and why there isn't a Patreon link here: https://youtu.be/w04WmOzK4UY

On Christmas Day, someone at Steam changed a setting and brought down their whole games platform. I wasn't expecting to do a video this Christmas, but when enough people tweet me, it turns out I can be convinced... (I should note: while Steam have officially confirmed "a caching problem", I've got no privileged information about the specifics. It's possible (but unlikely, I think) this was a misconfiguration at Akamai, or a bizarre server bug that happened to exactly match a much more likely caching misconfiguration error!)

In 1987, a German student wrote CHRISTMA EXEC - a virus whose basic mechanisms still work if you port them to today's desktop computers. Why haven't we changed in nearly 30 years? And what could we do instead? Merry Christmas to all, and to all a good night. http://tomscott.com FACEBOOK: http://facebook.com/tomscott TWITTER: http://twitter.com/tomscott INSTAGRAM: http://instagram.com/tomscottgo The Park Bench will continue over Christmas: http://youtube.com/mattandtom/ "It made a generation who could code A bubble before proper consoles, who all know That the games you get today, Well, they might be very flash, But they'll never beat the thrill of getting through Jetpac" -- MJ Hibbett and the Validators, Hey Hey 16K: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ts96J7HhO28

In Europe, you're legally protected from "automated decisions". The US Army, in a recent report, may have to take issue with that. What's the battlefield of the future going to look like? And why is there a tank painted bright blue in the middle of London? Thanks to Sam Cook (@sam_cook) for holding the rather dodgy gimballed camera on this one! And the US Army report is here: http://www.defenseinnovationmarketplace.mil/resources/ARL_Visualizing_Tactical_Ground_Battlefield_2050_Report.pdf (PDF)

Mevea Simulation sit in Lappeenranta in Finland, and they may well make the greatest industrial simulators on Earth. I had to go check them out. They're at https://www.youtube.com/user/MeVEALtd BEHIND THE SCENES on the Park Bench: https://youtu.be/dvr0LzEb0ww And no, this isn't a sponsored video: I found out about them, emailed them out of the blue, and they were nice enough to agree to show us around and use their contacts to get us to the steelworks! (See the behind the scenes video for more!) SOCIAL STUFF: Twitter: http://twitter.com/tomscott Facebook: http://facebook.com/tomscott Instagram: http://instagram.com/tomscottgo Thanks to Matt Gray for directing! http://mattg.co.uk Twitter: http://twitter.com/unnamedculprit Facebook: http://facebook.com/unnamedculprit Instagram: http://instagram.com/unnamedculprit

Go watch my Field Day! This is the reason I was out in California, and the result looks incredible: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gO3LUhFwx6k *** In the desert of California, we're flying drones. It's safe out here: but just how many people are flying near airports? The answer: a lot. TWITTER: http://twitter.com/tomscott FACEBOOK: http://facebook.com/tomscott INSTAGRAM: http://instagram.com/tomscottgo

Welcome to Galco's Soda Pop Stop, and the wonderfully knowledgeable John Nese. Thank you to John for his time, and to all the team at the Soda Pop Stop! You can visit them here: http://www.galcos.com/ In Highland Park, in Los Angeles, sits something that most business analysts would say couldn't exist any more: an independent store selling soda pop. 700 flavours of it. There was so much I couldn't include in this thanks to my dodgy camerawork -- the create-your-own soda section, John's absolutely perfect recommendation for a soda I'd like. But hopefully I got all the important parts! If you're ever nearby, do stop in. And thank you to Michelle Martin, @mrsmmartin on Twitter, for doing the first big edit of this! TWITTER: http://twitter.com/tomscott FACEBOOK: http://facebook.com/tomscott INSTAGRAM: http://instagram.com/tomscottgo Or just get in touch at http://tomscott.com/contact

Thanks to the British Museum! Go help choose their first YouTube series: https://youtu.be/luXVd6M-wQM The Rosetta Stone is one of the most famous archaeological finds in history: and it was the key to cracking Egyptian hieroglyphics. And while it took scholars years to work it out, there was one clue in there that helped unlock everything that followed. After hours in the British Museum, I went to explain... TWITTER: http://twitter.com/tomscott FACEBOOK: http://twitter.com/tomscott INSTAGRAM: TWITTER: http://instagram.com/tomscottgo

Los Angeles needed water, and lots of it. It still does. And that water comes from the LA Aqueduct, masterplanned by William Mulholland. The end of his career, though, wasn't such a triumph. This is the story of the St Francis Dam, and the collapse that stopped Los Angeles from taking over an entire valley. THANKS TO: Ed from Media Giraffes - go visit his channel for the 4K drone footage! https://www.youtube.com/user/mediagiraffes AND THANKS TO: Alex from Drone Gear - go visit his channel for drone reviews and giveaways! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMcrU0kyE_BMtgKysvt5uUA Also, here I am: FACEBOOK: http://facebook.com/tomscott TWITTER: http://twitter.com/tomscott INSTAGRAM: http://instagram.com/tomscottGO

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - Trademark rights are an interesting thing. You can see this thing from all over the city of Los Angeles: but if you want to use it for anything commercial, well, then you're going to start having some trouble. THANK YOU to Ed from Media Giraffes for sharing his drone footage! Go check out his channel: http://www.youtube.com/user/mediagiraffes THANK YOU to Ali Jardz for holding the camera for me, and for putting up with my having an ulterior motive for the hike through Griffith Park! You can see him here: https://www.youtube.com/user/RogueBlueJay

Thanks to the team at Goalball UK, and Robert Avery, for letting us have a few minutes on court during their tournament! If you want to play, have a look at http://goalballuk.com -- and if you know any other sports we can try to score Just One Point in, let us know... Goalball was invented after World War 2 to help rehabilitate blinded ex-servicemen. Nearly seventy years later, it's now a Paralympic sport, where every player has a full blindfold and puts themselves deliberately in the way of a very heavy ball going at 25mph -- and in world-class games, anything up to 60mph. Do try this at home - just with the right safety equipment. TOM is at http://tomscott.com and http://twitter.com/tomscott MATT is at http://mattg.co.uk and http://twitter.com/unnamedculprit GARY is at http://twitter.com/garybrannan Thanks to Tom Gray and Lucy Kay for camerawork and support!

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - In north-west Germany sits Bielefeld, a city complete with castle, cathedral and citizens. Just one catch: according to something that's half urban legend, half in-joke, it doesn't exist. Let's talk about belief and Bielefeld.

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - Under the Elbe river in Hamburg, Germany, lies the Old Elbe Tunnel in St Pauli. Like early 20th century tunnels around the world, it has lifts or stairs to take you down and under the river. But this is on a whole different scale to those you might have seen elsewhere... And go see Miniatur Wunderland, if you haven't already: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ACkmg3Y64_s

Made with BBC Brit Lab! See my video with Greg Foot over on their channel: https://youtu.be/KZ2GE2CLo34 -- I'm at http://tomscott.com/ and http://twitter.com/tomscott Deep in the Essex countryside lies Kelvedon Hatch, and the Secret Nuclear Bunker that's now an off-beat tourist attraction. Inside, I met up with Greg Foot from the BBC's Brit Lab, and discovered the rather optimistic 1980s plans for tracking nuclear fallout, and helping the survivors of a nuclear war... if there were any.

Thanks to all the folks at the Institute for Computational Cosmology! You can find out more here: http://icc.dur.ac.uk/Eagle/ or in their Reddit AMA here: https://www.reddit.com/r/science/comments/2sifgc/science_ama_series_we_are_cosmologists_working_on/ I'm at http://tomscott.com and http://twitter.com/tomscott

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - The Falkirk Wheel sits between Edinburgh and Glasgow, in the southern parts of Scotland, and it's the world's only rotating boat lift. There's some very clever design going on here -- and some physics that goes all the way back to Ancient Greece.

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - Here's the behind-the-scenes "how I made the emoji keyboard" video! If you haven't seen the original: http://youtu.be/3AtBE9BOvvk But the thing is, the truth is basically just "I bodged some stuff together". Which gives me the opportunity to tell some stories... AUTOHOTKEY: http://ahkscript.org/ LUAMACROS: http://www.hidmacros.eu/ Some videos of the TV show, Gadget Geeks: Speed Golf: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nytnm2olXzg The Songwriting Machine: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8gg__A00nmQ The Love Table: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vac5gCSKpZU and Colin's channel! http://youtube.com/colinfurze

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - In the news today: a link which, when moused over or clicked on, crashes Google Chrome. It's a heck of a bug: but how does it work, and what does it have to do with "null-terminated strings"? TECH DETAILS: https://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=533361

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - This is the most ridiculous thing I've built in a long while: a full-size, real-life emoji keyboard, made of 14 keyboards and over 1,000 individually placed stickers. And yet, it's got everything from Unicode 8 -- but not yet the candidates from Unicode 9. I might need another keyboard for them, next year. BEHIND THE SCENES: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIFE7h3m40U Thanks to Matt Gray (http://mattg.co.uk) for filming and rigging, and to YouTube Space London for giving me... well, enough space to plug 14 keyboards into one laptop. There'll be a video later this week on how it all works from a technical point of view, along with some rambling about the Art of the Bodge!

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - In the cloisters of University College London sits noted philosopher Jeremy Bentham: the man who asked to be dissected, stuffed and preserved in his will. WARNING: This video contains a really gross shot of his preserved, severed head. Thanks to: The Bentham Project and Transcribe Bentham team! If you'd like to help out with their crowdsourced transcription, you can find them here: http://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/transcribe-bentham/ Matt Gray for the beautiful filming: http://mattg.co.uk - http://twitter.com/unnamedculprit/ and UCL Museums and UCL Creative Media Services for the aforementioned really gross shot of Jeremy Bentham's preserved, severed head.

http://tomscott.com - with many, many thanks to the Royal Navy and everyone at HMS Excellent! http://royalnavy.mod.uk How do you train sailors to save a sinking ship? Sure, you can teach them the theory, but there's no replacement for having to hammer softwood wedges into deck and bulkhead splits that are spraying cold, high-pressure water in your face. At HMS Excellent in Portsmouth sits Hazard, a Royal Navy Damage Repair Instructional Unit (DRIU). Every Navy recruit who's going out to sea will have to go through something like this -- and on a much harder level than we did! But then, they'll have had months of training and teamwork beforehand... DIRECTED BY Matt Gray: http://mattg.co.uk - @unnamedculprit - see behind-the-scenes video at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwlnbkzDKoY WITH: Paul Curry - @cr3 Melinda Seckington - http://missgeeky.com - @mseckington And again, with many thanks to all the Navy team who were so generous with their time and effort: http://royalnavy.mod.uk - http://twitter.com/royalnavy http://facebook.com/royalnavy

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - On a windy day in Gloucestershire, I find one of the few parts of the once top-secret GPSS aviation fuel pipeline (now called CLH-PS after privatisation) that pokes above ground, and explore the balance between secrecy and safety.

Thanks to the Environment Agency for letting me film! The invite came via my friend Paul Curry - you should read his write-up, which features a few more details about the boat, its controls, and hunting for eels: http://www.buzzfeed.com/paulcurry/land-to-sea-drifting-and-eel-sifting I'm at http://tomscott.com/ and on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tomscott - and if you've got anything weird and interesting to show off, drop me an email! http://tomscott.com/contact/

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - Time to learn about graveyard spirals, while trying not to be in one! I was so far outside my comfort zone for this. Thank you to Bruce Duncan from the Edinburgh University Gliding Club, who got me safely up and down again, and to Alistair Hammond from the Loughborough University Gliding Club, who managed to talk me into experiencing serious G-forces for the first time in my life! We launched from Bicester Gliding Club. I'd seriously recommend giving it a go if you can!

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - A guide for the newly empowered, courtesy of the Superhero Help Academic Foundation Trust, Education Division. Sure, you could jump a few places and fight crime: or you could take over the world. Thanks to YouTube Space London, who offered me time on their science lab set -- and thanks to Matt Gray (http://mattg.co.uk - @unnamedculprit) who directed the shots! Oh, and if you want to see teleportation in fiction done well, have a look at Steven Gould's Jumper series -- the later books really start playing around with physics in fun ways, like building a... well, I'll leave that for you to read. (Amazon UK affiliate cash-in link: http://amzn.to/1gYOEZx )

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - For a few weeks every year, the road through the abandoned village of Imber, in the middle of the military firing range of Salisbury Plain, is open to the public. How can the government seize and evacuate an entire village? And would it be possible now? Thanks to Paul (@cr3) for his camerawork! More information: http://www.imberchurch.org.uk/ http://www.abandonedcommunities.co.uk/imber.html http://www.ianvisits.co.uk/blog/2015/03/07/date-announced-for-annual-imber-bus-rally/

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - Hovercraft were the future. So what went wrong? I had a brief stop on the Isle of Wight last week, and had one chance to get this video. Turns out hovercraft are loud, and you shouldn't stand too close behind one.

Last in this season! We take on a former President of the USA, and one particularly vicious rabbit. Thanks for watching, everyone! [Update: this was filmed in April 2015 and published in early August — before the news of Jimmy Carter's illness. We wish the best to him and his family!] BONUS MATERIAL - Matt's Polymer Notes: https://youtu.be/HDSAZLp5blQ THE FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp TOM is @tomscott and at http://tomscott.com GARY is @garybrannan MATT is @unnamedculprit and at http://mattg.co.uk CHRIS doesn't do this social media nonsense. (psst: want to see what we were saying at the end? https://youtu.be/sZ4Eb6RDYv0 )

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - There are only a few transporter bridges still working in the world. What are they for? Why weren't there more of them? And why don't we build them any more? Those answers and more, from an unsettlingly high position fifty metres above the River Usk. BONUS CLIP: Me, terrified, walking across the bridge! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wlsj9GUlHH8

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - Thanks to Ashley Shepherd for the drone footage - see the full video on his channel here: http://youtu.be/nhtL2dBrmlI This is the Duga-3 array, inside the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone. It's an incredible piece of Soviet engineering, capable of sending radar pulses so powerful they could see over the horizon. Which, when you think about it, is more complicated than it might initially appear...

This week! We're tracking down some suggestive pseudoscience, and wondering about the Queen's package. And no, you're not finding out what was in the bit that got removed for legal reasons. BONUS MATERIAL - The Spit-Take Edition: https://youtu.be/TM3Wk6Q0Ey0 THE FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp TOM is @tomscott and at http://tomscott.com GARY is @garybrannan MATT is @unnamedculprit and at http://mattg.co.uk CHRIS doesn't do this social media nonsense.

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - Here's the behind-the-scenes video from Chernobyl week, where Paul (@cr3) and I answer how we got here, and what it's like -- while you see all the B-roll footage that I couldn't fit into the regular videos!

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - In the abandoned theme park of Pripyat, I have a banana. For scale. Let's talk about the Banana Equivalent Dose. Thanks to Ashley Shepherd for the drone footage - see the full video on his channel here: http://youtu.be/nhtL2dBrmlI

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - Deep in rural Ukraine sits what was once the V.I. Lenin Nuclear Power Station. Now, it's the site of the worst nuclear disaster in human history: and one that still needs to be contained, thirty years later. How do you deal with something that'll be this toxic for so long into the future?

Surprisingly few tangents this week, because the subject matter is astonishing enough that there's no stopping us. Apart from getting a cat stuck in an index file, of course. BONUS MATERIAL - Bulkbeard and Accidental Woganing: https://youtu.be/cjg5Z6txmSg THE FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp TOM is @tomscott and at http://tomscott.com GARY is @garybrannan MATT is @unnamedculprit and at http://mattg.co.uk CHRIS doesn't do this social media nonsense.

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - The biggest uninterrupted indoor space on the planet, Tropical Islands Resort ( https://www.tropical-islands.de/ ), sits on an old airfield in Germany. How on earth could anyone afford to build something that big... and then use it as a waterpark? Well, the story's a bit more complicated than that. (And full disclosure: this isn't a sponsored video, no money's changed hands, but Tropical Islands were happy to let me in free and give me a ride up on their balloon. I'm grateful to all the team there for a fantastic day!)

It turns out the Citation Needed team have a certain amount of skepticism when it comes to mythological beasties. So rather than talk about the boobrie, it's on to slaughtering birds, extinct creatures, and why all pandas are actually Conservatives. BONUS MATERIAL - Old Chucklewigs and Wogan Impressions: http://youtu.be/cnf9gG-GpCY THE FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp TOM is @tomscott and at http://tomscott.com GARY is @garybrannan MATT is @unnamedculprit and at http://mattg.co.uk CHRIS doesn't do this social media nonsense.

With many, many thanks to all the team at DP World London Gateway (http://londongateway.com - http://twitter.com/LondonGatewayUK )! This isn't a sponsored video: they just went above and beyond to make sure this looked good, and I'm so grateful to them. On main camera was Matt Gray (http://mattg.co.uk - http://twitter.com/unnamedculprit) - you can see the full timelapses, in 1440p50, over at his channel: https://youtu.be/eb9U_UFDviE This was co-written with Dan Williams (http://iamdanw.com - http://twitter.com/iamdanw) - if you want more detail about how all this works, you can see his half-hour talk at https://youtu.be/JifYVGp727c or read his "Postcards from a Supply Chain" at http://www.iamdanw.com/postcards/ And of course, I'm at http://tomscott.com/ and http://twitter.com/tomscott

We're back again! We start with the tale of SS Bessemer, but soon enough we're coming up with a rejected Bond villain, working out how schooling really happens in Rotherham, and then inventing a terrible butler. Hold on to your mystery biscuits, because this is Citation Needed, Season 3. BONUS MATERIAL - Atomised Feculence: http://youtu.be/y6QKIjqHgqk THE FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp TOM is @tomscott and at http://tomscott.com GARY is @garybrannan MATT is @unnamedculprit and at http://mattg.co.uk CHRIS doesn't do this social media nonsense.

Robert Llewellyn is lovely! He agreed to drive me at 135mph for this video, and I was in a remote controlled car that he drove over on his channel. Go see: https://youtu.be/LsLJasd1wEE ! And thank you to the physicists I pestered about this one. For a definitive, complicated, physics-based answer, see Luboš Motl's post here, which a couple of people referred to: http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/34421/does-the-mass-of-a-batterys-change-when-charged-discharged And, of course, thank you to our wonderful camera crew: Matt Gray, http://mattg.co.uk or http://twitter.com/unnamedculprit, and Mark Hankins from Hankin Films, http://hankinfilms.co.uk or http://twitter.com/hankinfilms ! More from me: http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - Welcome to Svalbard, a group of islands in the High Arctic, north of Norway; the one place on the planet where carrying a gun is a legal requirement, and for a very good reason.

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - I had an enormous amount of B-roll footage of Svalbard that I couldn't use, and the internet had a lot of questions about how to get there. Time to solve both those problems in one go!

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - In Svalbard, in the Arctic Circle, there's a sundial that works 24 hours a day! Sort of. When it's sunny. Which it wasn't. Basically, don't rely on this for telling the time.

(EDIT: Of all the things not to fact-check! It's UTC, not UCT. Which is short for Coordinated Universal Time, because reasons. Well, that's embarrassing.) http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - There's a leap second tonight! And while there's not the Y2K-scale of disaster being predicted for it, there are probably going to be a few problems. Here's why computers have trouble with something that should, in theory, be pretty simple.

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - You might have heard of the Svalbard Global Seed Vault: it's called the "doomsday vault", the backup of last resort for if the apocalypse happens. Except... well, perhaps that's a bit too dramatic.

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - There's a strange avenue of trees in Richmond Park, ten miles from St Paul's Cathedral; and an odd, wedge-shaped skyscraper in the city. At the New London Model, at the NLA Galleries at the Building Centre, I explain both of these. London is going vertical: but there are quite a few places where tall buildings aren't allowed, and here's why. Thanks to Dan W on camera, and to the team at the New London Model!

Word Count" is going to count plenty of things that aren’t words too -- and it doesn’t get to a more fundamental question: what actually is a word? Written with GRETCHEN MCCULLOCH: http://gretchenmcculloch.com - http://twitter.com/GretchenAMcC [Update: her book BECAUSE INTERNET is out July 2019! https://gretchenmcculloch.com/book/ ] More from Gretchen at ALL THINGS LINGUISTIC: http://allthingslinguistic.com - http://twitter.com/AllThingsLing Directed by MATT GRAY: http://mattg.co.uk - http://twitter.com/unnamedculprit And more from me: http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott</a

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - In a disused quarry at Harpur Hill, near Buxton, there's a bright blue lagoon. It looks like a perfect place to cool off in summer. And it is, if you enjoy skin irritation and fungal infections. But the strange thing is: I arrived expecting to find it black, not blue... Why do I talk about dark and lonely water, and about fools ignoring signs? Watch this, which terrified the children of 1973: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XNPMYRlvySY Thanks to Chris Dymond, who was my camera operator for this trip to Sheffield, and who also gave me a lift out to the middle of the Peak District to film the place!

Some languages have longer words than others -- but that's not just a simple choice. There's a lot of different ways to mix up morphemes, even if they all mean the same thing in the end. Written with GRETCHEN MCCULLOCH: http://gretchenmcculloch.com - http://twitter.com/GretchenAMcC [Update: her book BECAUSE INTERNET is out July 2019! https://gretchenmcculloch.com/book/ ] More from Gretchen at ALL THINGS LINGUISTIC: http://allthingslinguistic.com - http://twitter.com/AllThingsLing BONUS LINK: Typology illustrations! http://allthingslinguistic.com/post/50939757945/morphological-typology-illustrations-from Directed by MATT GRAY: http://mattg.co.uk - http://twitter.com/unnamedculprit And more from me: http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - There aren't many paternoster lifts left in the world: they're inaccessible, tough to maintain and a bit more dangerous than a regular lift. But some of them still exist: so if you're ever nearby, do stop by the University of Sheffield's Arts Tower and have a ride up and down. Just don't go over the top. Thanks to Chris Dymond, who was my camera operator for this trip to Sheffield!

Kids learn languages really easily, don't they? There's this thing in your brain that just works it out -- but it switches off when you're an adult. Right? Well, maybe. But it's not that simple. Written with GRETCHEN MCCULLOCH: http://gretchenmcculloch.com - http://twitter.com/GretchenAMcC [Update: her book BECAUSE INTERNET is out July 2019! https://gretchenmcculloch.com/book/ ] More from Gretchen at ALL THINGS LINGUISTIC: http://allthingslinguistic.com - http://twitter.com/AllThingsLing Directed by MATT GRAY: http://mattg.co.uk - http://twitter.com/unnamedculprit And more from me: http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - Yes, plenty of folks already know about the most complicated borders in Europe, in Baarle-Nassau (the Netherlands) and Baarle-Hertog (Belgium). But why did we end up with this particular system? Why do we have nations in the first place? Most historians would say it goes back to something called the Peace of Westphalia, many years ago... BONUS LINK: My friend Dan W (@iamdanw) also took a trip there, and wrote up a lovely piece on the history of the two Baarles. It's worth a read; http://www.iamdanw.com/wrote/what-are-borders-anyway/

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - There are all sorts of theories about why a string of weird, mostly-Arabic text can crash your iPhone. I've hunted through them, summarised the ones that seemed plausible, and the first part of this is a run-down of what's going on. The second part: well, I'm going to take a punt at explaining why Arabic, in particular, causes this bug -- and hopefully we'll see if I'm right or wrong soon! The Snopes article in question: http://m.snopes.com/2015/05/27/iphone-effective-power-imessage-glitch/ The Register has an article about exactly what instruction misfires, but without knowing *why* that bit of code's being called, it's not all that useful: http://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/05/27/text_message_unicode_ios_osx_vulnerability/ And lastly, here's how to fix your phone if you've been hit by it: https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204897

One comma can make a lot of difference. Language is ambiguous -- but in some very specific ways. Here's how. Written with GRETCHEN MCCULLOCH: http://gretchenmcculloch.com - http://twitter.com/GretchenAMcC [Update: her book BECAUSE INTERNET is out July 2019! https://gretchenmcculloch.com/book/ ] More from Gretchen at ALL THINGS LINGUISTIC: http://allthingslinguistic.com - http://twitter.com/AllThingsLing BONUS LINK: Garden Path Sentence Shirts: http://allthingslinguistic.com/post/118396390957/garden-path-sentence-shirts-a-story Directed by MATT GRAY: http://mattg.co.uk - http://twitter.com/unnamedculprit And more from me: http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - In Spijkenisse, in the Netherlands, are a set of small bridges that most of Europe should recognise instantly: because they're the fictional ones from their banknotes, made real as a wonderful piece of public art and infrastructure.

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - On stage at Thinking Digital 2015, I talk about angry people, livestreaming, and how nothing seems to have changed recently. Thanks to all the crew, volunteers, sponsors and technical team at Thinking Digital -- I'm using several camera angles and the audio from their livestream, plus my Periscope broadcast and a GoPro from the front row (thanks Emilia)! Thinking Digital is at http://thinkingdigital.co.uk - tickets for 2016 are already on sale!

Machine translation's a useful tool, don't get me wrong. But if you actually try to use it for regular conversation, it'll fall down really quickly. Why? What makes it so difficult? Written with GRETCHEN MCCULLOCH: http://gretchenmcculloch.com - http://twitter.com/GretchenAMcC [Update: her book BECAUSE INTERNET is out July 2019! https://gretchenmcculloch.com/book/ ] More from Gretchen at ALL THINGS LINGUISTIC: http://allthingslinguistic.com - http://twitter.com/AllThingsLing BONUS LINK: How do you translate nonsense words? http://allthingslinguistic.com/post/64517588622/jabberwocky-how-do-you-translate-a-word-that Directed by MATT GRAY: http://mattg.co.uk - http://twitter.com/unnamedculprit And more from me: http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - The Delta Works, to the west of the Netherlands, are one of the modern wonders of the world. But there's other, lesser-known infrastructure there too: including the Rozenburg Wind Wall, on the Caland Canal, which turns a dangerous, windy stretch of canal into a much more navigable bit of water. It's a triumph of humanity over nature, and it's astonishing. Thanks to Dan W - http://twitter.com/iamdanw - for letting me borrow his footage from the busier parts of the port of Rotterdam!

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - In a fjord near Stavanger, in southern Norway, is Preikestolen: Pulpit Rock. It's known as one of the world's scariest tourist attractions, for good reason -- but despite the millions that visit it, it's pretty safe. At least, for current human values of safe. Let's talk about risk, immortality, and what it means to be human. Thanks to my friends Tim, who held the camera, and Matt, who got the shot from the boat below. Tim did manage to dangle his legs off the end: I got a photo of him, while muttering "no, no, no, no" under my breath...

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - This weekend, the Royal Navy was offering public tours of HMS Defender, one of their new-generation Type 45 destroyers. It's an astonishing ship: about 8,000 tonnes of steel and high-tech equipment designed to defend an entire fleet against air and missile attack. There's another type of attack it's more vulnerable against, though: the sea mine. And by luck, there was a good example of mine defence docked a little way upriver...

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - pull down for details of Ai Pioppi! In the foothills of the Dolomites, an hour or so north of Venice, lies Ai Pioppi, a restaurant that's home to an astonishing, giant, human-powered, kinetic-art theme park playground. It was designed and made by a man called Bruno over forty years, and it's free for folks who eat at the restaurant. I'll be honest: I sort of thought it was a myth. The idea of unattended, huge kinetic ride-on sculptures was surely false? There was some evidence: a very artfully-shot documentary, and some shaky tourist footage, but I couldn't quite believe that something this potentially dangerous could still exist. So on Easter weekend, when it was quiet, Paul (@cr3) and I took a road trip to try it. And it's real. It's very, very real. Watch as we try and take a somersault on the Bicycle of Death. And if you don't take the right amount of caution, it can hurt you -- although my eventual injury didn't come through any rides, but just by tripping over by running! AI PIOPPI: http://www.aipioppi.com/ Opening hours vary, closed most weekdays and all winter, check before travelling Via VIII Armata, 76, Nervesa della Battaglia TV, Italy Thank you so much to everyone at Ai Pioppi: I'm sorry for bleeding on your ride, and for pronouncing your restaurant's name terribly. Thanks to Paul, who drove me to the hospital; thanks to the doctors and nurses at Treviso Hospital, too. And Europeans: remember to take an EHIC card on holiday around Europe, so your healthcare travels with you. I didn't have to pay a penny or deal with travel insurance! And more than that: if you do go, and I recommend you do if you're ever anywhere near it: TAKE CARE. Even when you're on an adrenaline high and you think you're invincible. I wasn't. You won't be either. Hospital visits in a foreign language aren't fun!

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - Don't worry: unlike last time I did a video like this, I'm not actually going to attempt to do any of these. I swore off politics a long time ago! Purdah also applies to civil servants, who basically can't do anything public for weeks. All the government departments' Twitter and Facebook accounts will be going very quiet... Thanks to Chris Reynolds for camerawork!

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - Back in the Caledonian orogeny, 400 million years ago, two bits of the Earth's crust began to collide. The result, a long time later, was the Central Pangaean Mountains: and now, you can find their remnants all over the globe.

I took a trip to the University of Bristol, to have a look inside a nanomaterials lab, and to be surprised at a combination of massively expensive equipment and very basic tools... Thanks to the Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials and the Chemical Imaging Facility at the University of Bristol -- and to Kate Oliver and Andy Collins! http://www.bcfn.bris.ac.uk/ Also thanks to Michelle Martin (@mrsmmartin) for a wonderful editing job with some tough material -- and to Tom Morris (@tommorris) for camera work on the day! Tom's site: http://tomscott.com @tomscott: http://twitter.com/tomscott Thanks to all the team at Bristol University! The equipment used was purchased under EPSRC Grant "Atoms to Applications", Grant ref. EP/K035746/1.

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - What if you could have a perfect filter for the web? Anything you'd regret seeing or reading: it's gone before you even see it. Welcome to the Bubble. THANKS TO Chris Hanel of Support Class who helped with the design: you can visit him at http://chrishanel.com and see Support Class' wonderful live-gaming-graphics showreel here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AR4VUc30nqY

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - The idea of a "public road network" is a relatively modern one. After all, the US Interstate System was only finished in 1991, and UK motorways aren't that much older. What if history had taken a different turn? Let's talk about turnpikes, toll roads, and perhaps even zeppelins. THANKS TO: IanVisits for tipping me off to the tollbooth and scanning this map: http://www.ianvisits.co.uk/blog/2010/03/27/map-of-london-and-its-toll-gates-from-1857/ The National Archives for scanning several old maps and images, and for information about the Rebecca Riots and turnpikes: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/rebecca-riots/

This isn't going to give you all the details of how to program a quantum computer: but it'll at least explain what you're doing in the simulator! Play here: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/physics/research/quantum/outreach/qcloud/simulator/ -- I don't understand it, but then I don't have a qualification in quantum physics! Thanks to Jacques Carolan, and all the team at Bristol University's Centre for Quantum Photonics -- and thanks to Tom Morris for holding the camera! And if you don't know about the double slit experiment, and wave-particle duality, there's a lovely explanation from Jim Al-Khalili at the Royal Institution here: https://youtu.be/A9tKncAdlHQ Tom's site: http://tomscott.com @tomscott: http://twitter.com/tomscott

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - Thanks to the Transport Research Laboratory for letting me have a test ride on one of the Meridian Shuttles they're testing on the Greenwich Peninsula! If you want a ride, they'll be there, on and off, between March and May -- not often enough to make a special trip worth it, but if you're in the area, see if you can spot one!

http://rednoseday.com/ideas/ - Comic Relief raises millions every year to fight poverty around the world. This year, they're asking you to make your face funny for money -- so here I am, in the wind tunnels at the University of Southampton, ready to find out what it's like to stand in a hurricane. Please, if you can: donate or, better yet, fundraise yourself: http://rednoseday.com/ideas/ BEHIND THE SCENES: http://youtu.be/DJeHPKBiHg4 MORE FROM COMIC RELIEF: https://youtube.com/rednoseday THANKS TO: all the team at the University of Southampton wind tunnels! - http://southampton.ac.uk/windtunnels and to Vertical Planet for rigging up the safety harness for me and my intrepid camera operator! - http://www.verticalplanet.tv/ PREVIOUSLY FOR COMIC RELIEF: How To Land a Plane in an Emergency: https://youtu.be/k3R1ajg8dTY

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - For those of us who grew up in the age of CGI, green screen is just "a thing that computers do". But how did effects like this work before the age of pixels? With the help of some suitably shiny graphics, here's a quick summary. Thank you to Matt Gray - http://mattg.co.uk - http://twitter.com/unnamedculprit - for sterling work getting the camera and lighting right!

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - Yes, there are more than seven; but they include a few colours that most people can't see, too. We're going to trace a two-minute course through Isaac Newton, cataracts, Claude Monet, and the wonders of evolution. (Thank you to Paul Curry, @cr3 on Twitter, who held my camera in the freezing cold! The Trafalgar Square projection artwork was by Greyworld, as part of an advertising campaign; it's now been dismantled.)

http://techdif.co.uk - It's the last episode of the season! This time we're talking about Michael Caine: COVERED IN BEES. Thanks for watching this run, everyone: we'll be back in the summe BONUS MATERIAL - The Lost Episode: Margery Booth and Squeaky Pops: http://youtu.be/Sm6w7KVpGYU THE FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp TOM is @tomscott and at http://tomscott.com GARY is @garybrannan MATT is @unnamedculprit and at http://mattg.co.uk CHRIS doesn't do this social media nonsense.

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - In the 1970s, at the height of the space race, British Rail -- the government organisation that ran all the UK railways -- patented a flying saucer. How? Why? And could it ever have worked? Have a look at recent UK patents here: http://www.ipo.gov.uk/p-pj-ukapppub.htm

http://techdif.co.uk - This week, we're meant to be talking about a not-so-famous adventurer, but it rapidly runs into deep-fried food and a baking disaster. BONUS MATERIAL - Gary Doesn't Get Away With It; Two Minutes of Corpsing: http://youtu.be/nnz9DCk80XY THE FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp TOM is @tomscott and at http://tomscott.com GARY is @garybrannan MATT is @unnamedculprit and at http://mattg.co.uk CHRIS doesn't do this social media nonsense.

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - Despite its reputation as being a Traffic Circle of Hell, Swindon's Magic Roundabout -- like the couple of other "ring junctions" in the UK -- is a triumph of road design. Here's why it works so well. For more information on this, its small number of siblings across the country, and why popular opinion's still against it, have a look at its CBRD entry: http://www.cbrd.co.uk/articles/the-magic-roundabout/

http://techdif.co.uk - This week, we delve into obscure British traditions, and Gary gets points for two of his specialist subjects: archives and goose impressions. BONUS MATERIAL - All The Sponsor Credits We Didn't Use This Season: http://youtu.be/zBC72xoXmmM THE FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp TOM is @tomscott and at http://tomscott.com GARY is @garybrannan MATT is @unnamedculprit and at http://mattg.co.uk CHRIS doesn't do this social media nonsense.

It's been all over the British news today: developer Paul Price found a bug in photo-crap-maker Moonpig's site, one that might have exposed three million users' personal information. Paul's got a great technical post about it at https://www.darkport.co.uk/blog/moonpig-vulnerability/ -- but there's no decent non-techie explanation except for the one-paragraph summaries in newspapers. It was a perfect storm of tech incompetence: here's how to avoid doing it yourself.

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - If you travel to Greenwich, stand on the famous Prime Meridian Line -- which is marked with a physical line and a sculpture at the Royal Observatory -- and look at your GPS, it won't read 0° longitude. It'll be slightly out. Who's right? And why? Many thanks to my lovely cameraman Tom Morris (http://tommorris.org), who dealt with the cold wind admirably!

http://techdif.co.uk - This week, interstellar spammers meet Ming the Merciless. And folks outside the UK might want to have a Google window open, because we're about to crack through a whole load of musical references that never made it outside our borders. BONUS MATERIAL - Hot Hail and Seaside Rock: http://youtu.be/CGZs1Wph0EY THE FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp TOM is @tomscott and at http://tomscott.com GARY is @garybrannan MATT is @unnamedculprit and at http://mattg.co.uk CHRIS doesn't do this social media nonsense. And for anyone who hasn't heard of him, the startling DAZ SAMPSON: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KOfzi-WhkU

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - In 1993, the New York Times called rabies a "shared national nightmare" for Britain. For younger viewers, and those outside the UK -- say anyone who doesn't remember the Channel Tunnel opening -- "rabies" may just be one of those things you hear about on the news sometimes. But there are a lot of people who are proud of Britain being free of it. Here's why. I'm indebted to Pemberton and Worboys' wonderful "Mad Dogs and Englishmen: Rabies in Britain 1830-2000" - http://amzn.to/1xr1x2B - for a lot of fact-checking here, as well as inspiration. It turns out this is a properly fascinating subject: I had to cut so many fascinating things out of my script. (A five-minute monologue to camera on a windy beach isn't interesting.) I recommend you at least get the book from your local library. For example... FACT: The requirement for muzzling dogs extended to tiny, tame lapdogs, but not to "sporting" dogs, those used for hunting -- because the men writing the laws didn't want to muzzle their own dogs. (Their dogs were upper class, manly dogs, how could they be rabid?) FACT: The first ever human vaccine was created for rabies, by Louis Pasteur -- the medical genius who gave his name to pasteurisation, among many other things. If you're at risk these days, you can get vaccinated: but it's not given as standard in the UK, because, hey, we don't have rabies -- and it's a better idea to vaccinate the animals that might carry it. FACT: Before the EU pet travel scheme came into force in 2000, any animal coming into the UK had to be quarantined -- completely separated from its owners and other animals -- for three months to be sure it wasn't rabid. Not many people took their pets overseas. Seriously, I got really absorbed in researching this. Further reading: "How Britain's Rabid Obsession Has Altered the Channel Tunnel", New York Times, 1993, http://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/10/news/10iht-rabid.html and another plug for "Mad Dogs and Englishmen", http://amzn.to/1xr1x2B

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - There's an old saying: that it's "too cold to snow". Can that really be true? It started snowing outside, on the day after Christmas, and so I thought I'd do a bit of research, check my facts, then hurry out to film something in the cold.

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - On the winter solstice, I trekked out to a cold and muddy Avebury Henge, out in Wiltshire, to talk about two things: first, the peculiar and mostly-British belief of ley lines, and second, the fact that it's basically a hipster version of Stonehenge: bigger, cooler, and you've probably never heard of it. Oh - and if you want to play about with ley line data yourself, I made http://www.tomscott.com/ley/ a couple of years ago. It still gets me occasional disappointed emails from believers. And yes, I know that's Ben Goldacre in the by-line of the Guardian. He wrote the article about it; Matt Parker did the mathematics, but most of those references have since gone offline. (I'm willing to bet someone'll comment about that without reading the description within the first few hours after this goes up.)

http://techdif.co.uk - Highbrow and lowbrow collide this week, as a giant brass arse meets Thomas Pynchon. And there's a barnstorming start from Matt as he connects "Livermore, California" with a rather famous bulb. BONUS MATERIAL - 90 Seconds of Dick Jokes Removed From This Episode: http://youtu.be/sG158KRtCQg THE FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp TOM is @tomscott and at http://tomscott.com GARY is @garybrannan MATT is @unnamedculprit and at http://mattg.co.uk CHRIS doesn't do this social media nonsense.

http://www.tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - On Swanscombe Peninsula sits Gravesend Weather Station: a Met Office station that consistently records the hottest temperatures in the UK. Is it particularly warm there? Or have they put it in the wrong place? And what'll happen when they have to make room for Paramount London, the coming BBC-linked theme park?

http://techdif.co.uk - This week, we start with Steve Irwin, discuss some shocking fish, and tell a tale of a penguin in the desert who just needed a hug. BONUS MATERIAL - The Thunderbirds Crematorium: http://youtu.be/WJWT066UukM THE FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp TOM is @tomscott and at http://tomscott.com GARY is @garybrannan MATT is @unnamedculprit and at http://mattg.co.uk CHRIS doesn't do this social media nonsense.

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - There's been a "Life Pro Tip" going around the internet lately saying that the numbers on toaster dials are actually minutes. I was so sure it was false. Oh, I was so sure. I got four toasters set to "2", and I had one take to film it all in a back room at my office. This is that one take. Thanks to Dan W (@iamdanw) on camera and Jonty (@jonty) on toaster-wrangling! UPDATE: An error pointed out by a couple of folks in the comments: modern toasters likely don't use bi-metallic strips. They either use a capacitor charged through a variable resistor, or specialised silicon. See this great Technology Connections video. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zLFG068HtgM There's now a full corrections page for this channel at https://www.tomscott.com/corrections/

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - Around the United Kingdom there are odd concrete pillars on the top of hills, built to last for decades if not centuries. They've got a cryptic marking on them, and the words "Ordnance Survey Triangulation Station". What are they? (They're trig points.) Who put them there? (Brigadier Martin Hotine and thousands of people working with him.) And why? (To get an accurate map of the UK, with maths.)

http://techdif.co.uk - We're back! We start with the tale of Thomas Trueblood, rapidly steer off into the 1904 Olympic marathon -- perhaps the most ridiculous Olympic race ever -- and then have a quick discussion about a man called Jam Handy. Get your mystery biscuits ready. BONUS MATERIAL - Gary Spots an Ice Cream Van: https://youtu.be/a5Q04hmXmjY THE FULL PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGIo2odDuuPeYtb7BtQ1kBhp TOM is @tomscott and at http://tomscott.com GARY is @garybrannan MATT is @unnamedculprit and at http://mattg.co.uk CHRIS doesn't do this social media nonsense.

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - Lincoln's Gettysburg Address is one of the great moments of American history. There's a myth that he wrote it on the train to Gettysburg -- which isn't true -- but I want to dive into something a bit more linguistic. Those opening words: "four score and seven years ago": why do they sound so resonant? And where might you have heard something similar?

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - With many thanks to the South Street Seaport Museum! Visit them at http://southstreetseaportmuseum.org/ or at Pier 16 in New York. These days, if you have dangerous, underwater shoals and you need a lighthouse, you build a big tower and anchor it to the seabed. But a hundred years ago, that technology wasn't there: and so you'd build a lightvessel: a floating lighthouse with a crew of twelve, who's stay out in the dangerous channel in all weathers. At the South Street Seaport Museum, Mike Weiss, the waterfront foreman, gave me a tour around the Lightship Ambrose. (Apologies for the audio on this one: I was shooting quickly, and it turns out it's windy on the East River in New York!)

http://www.tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - I was walking through New York and found a couple of seemingly-abandoned liquid nitrogen tanks on the street. Except they weren't abandoned: they were full, making a very quiet hissing noise, and plumbed into... somewhere. I did a bit of research, and found out why they're really there. Thanks to David Bodycombe, who tipped me off to the tanks' existence: I was planning to go looking for them, but instead I just found them, casually sitting on the street corner, while I was headed to the Rockefeller Center...

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - On a busy street in Manhattan, there was once a place called Tad's 30 Varieties of Meals -- or possibly Tad's 57 Varieties, or maybe just Tad's. It closed long ago, but the idea was this: diners would pick a frozen meal, take it to their own table, and put it in their new, shiny, space-age microwave oven. Needless to say, it didn't catch on: but there's more history there than you might think.

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - Some folks might leave their heart in San Francisco, but over at Waterside Plaza in New York, there's a much more real and physical souvenir: a part of Bristol, a port town in the south west of England, that literally makes up the foundation of a development near the East River.

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - Those potions in Macbeth are a lot less mysterious than you might think. The Harry Potter ones don't really work, though. Thanks to the Warner Brothers Studio Tour for letting me film, and to Amy Louise Gwynne for spellcasting!

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - Welcome to the Kelston Toll Road: Fed up with a 14-mile diversion caused by a landslip, businessman Mike Watts has taken a £300,000 risk and set up his own private toll road. It costs £2 for cars to travel the 400 metres -- which is slightly less than the cost of the petrol to take the detour. And the odd thing is this: despite the Kelston Toll Road not being approved by the local council, Mike is still on the right side of the law. Many thanks to Mike Watts and the team at the Kelston Toll Road: they can be found on Twitter at @KelstonTollRoad and, obviously, between Bath and Kelston on the A431!

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - Why don't we use mixer taps? I've talked about the British plug before, and how it's a wonderful design: British plumbing, on the other hand, still leaves a lot to be desired.

Remember Heartbleed? Well, this is probably worse. Here's a (somewhat simplified) explanation of what Shellshock actually is. Don't worry: I haven't included instructions on how to actually exploit it. The moral of the story is: keep your security patches up to date!

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - Back at the same pub where he taught me to strangle someone, stage-fighting and lovely improv person Norm (@cackhanded) returns to show me how to break someone's neck in the movies. Listen to the warnings on this one, folks.

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - I was passing by the Thames Barrier today, and figured it'd be a good time to talk about Scotland -- and how it's quite literally rising up. With "post-glacial rebound" and "glacial isostatic adjustment", though, not the referendum.

This is part of School of YouTube! If you've learned something, help someone who hasn't got that chance. http://comicrelief.com/tomscott In the UK: Text SOYT9 to 70005 to donate £5 - In the US: Text SOYT9 to 71777 to pledge. See T&Cs below. Thank you to VIRTUAL AVIATION - http://virtualaviation.co.uk - for providing their absolutely astonishing simulator. (Seriously, the folks in the back had to keep holding on when the plane tilted.) Thank you to GORDON BURNS - http://twitter.com/mrgordonburns - for the wonderful voiceover harking back to the Krypton Factor. And many thanks, of course, to MATT GRAY - http://mattg.co.uk http://twitter.com/unnamedculprit - for his excellent directing, and MORAG HICKMAN - http://entanglement.co.uk http://twitter.com/moraghickman - for stepping up as a pilot. (All three of us got the plane down on a perfectly still day with no wind. But an autopilot could do that. That's not nearly as interesting.) UK: Texts cost £5 plus your standard network message charge. £5 per text goes to Comic Relief. You must be 16 or over and, please, ask the bill payer’s permission. For full terms and conditions and more information go to http://comicrelief.com/terms-of-use US: Follow the link you’re sent to fill in your credit card information. Message and data rates may apply.

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - At dConstruct 2014, I spin a tale of the future: not to make a prediction, but to put our current world in perspective. Thanks to all the dConstruct folks at the Brighton Dome: crew, volunteers, and audience!

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - A £20 ultrasonic fogger, some rum and vodka, and a lot of style: put them together and you get Toby Jackson's (@matingslinkys) Marvellous Booze Fogger, part of Nottinghack's contribution to the Electromagnetic Field festival this weekend. Always drink responsibly!

http://emoj.li - Emojli, our emoji-only messenger, has launched! Today at Electromagnetic Field, the UK hacker camp, Matt Gray and I gave a talk about how it was made, why it was made, and why we never want to build anything like it again. MATT: http://mattg.co.uk - @unnamedculprit ME: http://tomscott.com - @tomscott OTHER VIDEOS IF THIS ISN'T YOUR THING: Ten Illegal Things To Do In London: https://youtu.be/rJGifTou5FE Chess Clock Jenga: https://youtu.be/YN_F9bNuF0I Breaking the News: https://youtu.be/t2tYvANA8to

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - DONATE: http://www.mndassociation.org The mammalian diving reflex is a quirk of evolution that means a shock of ice water does the unexpected: it lowers your heart rate. I demonstrate using not a bucket, but a bathtub. This was probably a bad idea.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - No, seriously. Here's how to read text when all you can see is a bunch of 0s and 1s. It's easier than it seems. I... I think I might have gone off the deep end a bit here.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - A filming drone, video goggles, a Mazda MX-5 Miata and a disused airfield. Paul and Oli compete to answer the question: can you drive in a third person view? The stunts in this video were performed by trained drivers on a closed course. Do not try this at home. Paul is on Twitter at @cr3 and http://cr3ation.co.uk - Oli's at @coldclimate and http://www.theapproachablegeek.co.uk/ Thanks to our aerial filming crew, Neil and Rob from Skypower, http://skypower.co.uk - they stepped in at very short notice to make it happen!

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - A brief introduction to password hashing for the uninitiated -- and why you should never trust a site that emails your password back to you!

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - Another close call with gravity, this time with a little more coherence and on an alpine slide. Although I'll be honest: this is one of those times where "I told you that story so I could tell you this one". Here's the link to the first, much less coherent, gravity video: https://youtu.be/cLVWRHuPsas (Filmed at JNL Chatham's toboggan run. I didn't actually ask for permission to film, so it's my own damn fault that I went flying.)

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - I try not to do too many "look at this thing" videos, because it's better to have an interesting backdrop and an interesting fact. This time, though, I'll make an exception. Welcome to Bounce Below. No product placement here, by the way: I booked and paid like everyone else! Bounce Below is at the Llechwedd Slate Caverns in Blaenau Ffestiniog, and you can find out more here: http://www.bouncebelow.net/

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - I'm getting a bit linguistic in this week's video, from the Welsh village of Llanfair­pwllgwyn­gyllgo­gery­chwyrn­drobwll­llanty­silio­gogo­goch. And as often happens with linguistics, the answer depends on how you define things. What counts as a word, after all?

http://tomscott.com -- http://twitter.com/tomscott -- I know, technically everywhere has the same "gravity", but there's less gravitational pull from the Earth in some places. You try fitting that into a YouTube title. (Filmed at Zip World Titan in Blaenau Ffestiniog. That's not product placement, I paid for my ride just like everyone else, it's just that I know loads of people will ask if I don't mention it.)

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - ALL THE ELECTRICS I USED WERE UNPLUGGED. DO NOT DO THIS. Yep, I'm going all patriotic again. And while I'm willing to bet that a good number of British folks know the first half of this video, there's one thing about slack in here that I only just learned myself.

Reserve your username now: http://emoj.li - your username, of course, has to be emoji. Matt Gray and Tom Scott present Emojli, the first emoji-only social network.

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - If you've tried to tweet a national flag emoji lately -- I can't imagine why -- you'll have noticed that you can only fit 70 of them into a tweet. The reason why is buried in a bit of technical specification, and shows how your phone can lie to you... Links for mobile users: Why you can tweet more in Japanese: what counts as a character? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOcxwRc2Epg And, until the Computerphile video proper's uploaded, my old treatise on UTF-8: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MijmeoH9LT4

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - http://facebook.com/tomscott A few centuries ago, the arbiter of "local noon" wasn't the mechanical clock, it was the sundial. The pseudoscientific-sounding "equation of time" is how you convert between the two -- and perhaps not the way you'd expect.

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - In Trinity Buoy Wharf lighthouse in London -- and a few other science museums around the world -- sits Longplayer, a musical composition designed to last a millennium. How do you keep something running for that long? Thanks to Rob Blake for holding the camera through the many takes. This one took a while... And thanks to Martin Deutsch for reminding me about Longplayer!

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - It should never have happened. Defending against cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks is Web Security 101. And yet, today, there was a self-retweeting tweet that hit a heck of a lot of people - anyone using Tweetdeck, Twitter's "professional" client. How did it work? Time to break down the code. (Remember the old Myspace worms? They worked the same way.) THE SELF-RETWEETING TWEET: https://twitter.com/derGeruhn/status/476764918763749376

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott WITH THANKS TO: Colin Furze - http://youtube.com/colinfurze - for letting me try his Magneto shoes, and Matt Gray - http://mattg.co.uk - on camera! "Fail-safe" doesn't mean "we have a backup", it means "if this fails, nobody gets hurt". So I went to see the master of inventions that aren't failsafe, Colin Furze, for a more visual demonstration.

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - Who'd be stupid enough to put an actual nuclear reactor in the middle of London? Well, the Royal Navy, for more than thirty years, at the Old Royal Naval College in Greenwich -- that place that got blown up in Thor 2. It's not quite as bad as it seems, though. Thanks to David and Oli for sending this in, and to Rob Blake on camera! PS: here's my favourite Thor joke. A man in a Viking helmet with a giant hammer walks into a bar. The bartender says "hey, are you Thor?" And the man replies, "No, I alwayth walk like thith."

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - Originally, I was going to try and tell this story while inside the bubble. That plan lasted until the very first tackle.

WEB: http://tomscott.com - TWITTER: http://twitter.com/tomscott - Angels. Gentle people with wings, and puffy-faced children with serene faces. Right? Wrong. Thrones and cherubim? According to the great Biblical scholars, they're like terrifying aliens.

http://techdif.co.uk - It's the season finale! As the sun sets, we talk about very cold sports; Tom learns he's got weak fingers; and surprisingly, it all ends on a song.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - From tracking a point, to analysing pixels, to plotting 3D camera moves: here's how you go from shaky handheld shots to that "gliding through the Matrix" effect. Thanks to Matt Gray for his excellent camera work - he's at http://mattg.co.uk - @unnamedculprit

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - In ninety minutes, one of the most watched TV events of the year will happen. I'm there. It's going to be close. This is what happens if it's too close.

http://techdif.co.uk - This week, we get distracted by chocolate, disrespect a man who's been dead for nearly a century, and debate low-gravity football.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - In which I walk down a street, talk about some research, and pull a bait-and-switch at the last minute to reveal the real moral of the story.

http://techdif.co.uk - This week, Gary works on his impressions, we delve into some European history, and Chris pops a button.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - With thanks to all the team at the National Railway Museum, York! You can ride in the passenger section behind Rocket on certain days; get in touch with the Museum at nrm.org.uk for details.

http://techdif.co.uk - Dusk has fallen, and while we start off with science fiction farce and retro British TV, it all goes a bit dark when we starting talking about armageddon.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - Despite the rather mythical title to this video, it's actually mostly about technicalities. And not about the dodgy vampire books.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - We've invented a new game: Chess Clock Jenga. It's... well, it's Jenga with a chess clock, but you probably worked that out already.

http://techdif.co.uk - As the sun sets, we have an entire pastry-based episode, offend the Dutch, and have a nun pun run.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - In towns and cities across Britain, Europe, and occasionally the rest of the world, there are still some odd circular scaffolding structures. And younger viewers might not know what they are -- or why there aren't many left.

http://techdif.co.uk - This week... well, there's more than one type of toilet humour in here. Brace yourselves, folks: 'cos we're goin' lowbrow.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - Buffer exploits are one of the basic bugs of computer science. They're responsible for glitches in games, for all sorts of viruses and exploits, and any number of technical disasters. Here's the basics of how they work, and a non-technical breakdown of Heartbleed, this week's rather startling attack.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - Out in the countryside near Canterbury, on the London to Ramsgate line, there's a strange level crossing - one that requires human effort. It's strange what railway history leaves us with. (Thanks to @quixoticgeek on camera duty!)

http://techdif.co.uk - This week: we get stuck somewhere dark, it all gets a bit serious for a moment, and Gary pulls his hoodie over his head. It's all kicking off.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - A few years ago, there were a lot of news reports about Paris Syndrome, an affliction that hit people whose ideas of Parisian delight were a long way from reality. A correction to this video: tachycardia is accelerated heartbeat, not irregular. The video's also a very early one that, in hindsight, I'm not particularly proud of, but that's not technically a correction. All corrections can be found at https://www.tomscott.com/corrections/

http://techdif.co.uk - We're going highbrow this week. Or at least, we're trying to. It all falls apart when Matt suggests some unusual toast preferences.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - Facebook bought Oculus Rift for $2bn. Yep, two billion dollars. I made them a commercial. They probably won't like it.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - As ever, I'm not a lawyer -- but even professional lawyers can't give consistent advice on this. I'm still a bit worried that I'm going to get sued in France.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - At the front of Notre Dame cathedral in Paris sits a mostly-ignored marker. Mostly ignored, that is, until one person arrives and takes pictures, at which point everyone crowds round it and ruins the shot.

http://techdif.co.uk - In the series premiere, Gary, Chris and Matt are faced with two challenges: first, a Big Lobster, and second, trying not to offend Australians too much.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - There were lots of Victorian engineering plans that never got off the drawing board - but one attempt at a Channel Tunnel remarkably did.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - And this particular tank, although it's a Soviet one, is accessible at the corner of Mandela Way and Pages Walk in Bermondsey. (And I know the term's "combat vehicle", I just prefer using "fighting machine".)

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - When there's no room left to be buried, the dead will... take a train? It's hard to believe, but the London Necropolis Railway has a history.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - In every Hollywood movie where someone dials a phone number, it starts with 555. Turns out Britain's got a similar system, and it's one of the few good decisions Ofcom's ever made.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - There's a famous British euphemism: "tired and emotional". Which means drunk. But if you're being recorded, or writing down your thoughts, you might want to stay away from it - because the British legal system is terrifying.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - I'm joined by tef (@tef - http://programmingisterrible.com) who explains the Miura fold, a fancy origami fold that has uses both up in space and down on the ground.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - It's a good question: with so many medical advances, how is "a cure for the common cold" still shorthand for "something that'll never exist"? Well, there's a good answer too -- and your body already knows it.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - There aren't that many places in the world where you can find geysers: even fewer where they blow regularly. Here, amongst the volcanic landscape of Iceland, is one of them. Here you'll find the original Geysir, plus its more regular cousin Strokkur. And a lot of wind.

Bar billiards is a little-known British pub game. And in the tradition of video game "let's plays" -- only in the real world -- I got some folks together for a match. THE RULES: Pot the balls in the holes. Each hole's worth some points. Red ball's worth double. Don't knock over the pegs. And you only score those points when you play a legal shot that doesn't pot anything. Don't worry, you'll work it out soon enough. FEATURING: MATT: http://standupmaths.com - @standupmaths IZZY: @izkirk JIM: http://singingbanana.com - @jamesgrime TOM: http://tomscott.com - @tomscott WITH: MATT GRAY on camera: http://mattg.co.uk - @unnamedculprit MICHELLE MARTIN editing: http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCQrkogtWChHBMmRXUkT0Tw - @mrsmmartin THANKS TO: THE PEMBURY TAVERN in Hackney. (They accept Bitcoin.)

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - If I were in Iceland, I'd have a different name: and not only that, but the Icelandic government would have made my parents pick a name from a list. But there are more lessons to learn about names, particularly for those of us from the English-speaking world...

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - I'm not saying that you shouldn't trust moss if you have absolutely no other options. I am saying that you shouldn't get lost in the woods in the first place.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - Rivers change course. They leave behind old channels, oxbow lakes, and a dozen other things you learned about in geography class. The trouble is, some rivers can't be allowed to move any more.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - Remember the "dumbest dot-com", AllAdvantage? They paid you to surf the web, at least for a while. And one day, they announced that they were incredibly popular in rich Beverly Hills, California. The reason connects them to the US Postal Service... and Jason Priestley.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - The corporate behind-the-scenes workings of Walt Disney World are interesting, to say the least. They've got their own private city.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - SPF is meant to be a multiplier, but it's much more complicated than that. And as a Brit in Florida, I have to take care about burning.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - Everyone knows about foley artists and fake sound effects, but how about ADR, automated dialogue replacement? (And yes, I got some computer assistance to recite the lines perfectly!)

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - Oneironauts are "dream travellers": folks who say they can become aware of, and control, their dreams. But how do you tell if you're dreaming? Well, there's this one weird trick...

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - There were a lot of embarrassing things on TV in the 1990s, and Andy Crane in a baseball cap was just one of them.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - A few days ago I was pushed into a pool. This is how to get pushed into a pool properly.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - If a GPS goes over 1200mph or 60,000 feet, it'll shut down. And the reason why is linked to here, at the Kennedy Space Centre, and the Cold War.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - (YouTube ate this first time around, so I've reuploaded it.) From the flame trench of Launch Complex 39 at the Kennedy Space Centre, under the pad from which the Apollo astronauts went to the moon, here's the reason that orbit is so damn hard to get to.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - Hitting someone in the chest with a bucket of water looks impressive at close range, sure. But on stage, there's a different technique you need to use to make sure the back row is just as impressed.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - Things that can hurt you just by looking at them are science fiction and fantasy, right? Well, not quite. Inside Walt Disney World, home of the most terrible earworm known to humanity, I talk about the McCollough Effect.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - I honestly thought this was an urban legend until I looked into it, but it's true. (The urban legend is that Margaret Thatcher invented it.)

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - I'm flying to the US. Ten hours on a plane is a long time, so I'm filming a video in an airplane bathroom, about something that makes sense in an airplane bathroom: relativity. "Galilean invariance" is the idea: centuries before Einstein, someone else had the idea that there's no privileged frame of reference.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - Have you noticed? That reversing beeper you find on trucks has been replaced by a squelch of white noise. Today, standing on a lay-by next to a busy construction site, I explain why -- while trying not to get run over.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - Ninety metres above the river is really tall for a cable car. Why build it so high, and spend so much? Well, other than the Mayor of London being a bumbling buffoon, there's a reason it's got to be that high.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - We'll hopefully never know what's written in the letters of last resort: top secret, handwritten notes from the British Prime Minister to be opened by submarine captains in the event of nuclear war. This video contains an error: I say "Trident-class", but that's the name of the missiles. It should be Vanguard-class. For all corrections on this channel, see https://www.tomscott.com/corrections/

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - Why don't wind farms always turn, even if there's a lot of wind?

We go back to our old-school YouTube days, and try to cook bacon with a thing that isn't designed to cook bacon. It doesn't go well. TOM: http://tomscott.com - @tomscott MATT: http://mattg.co.uk - @unnamedculprit

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - In the second of two videos filmed rough-and-ready in an alley behind a pub, all-round lovely person Norm (@cackhanded) teaches me how to safely slap someone across the face on stage.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - In the first of two videos filmed rough-and-ready in an alley behind a pub, all-round lovely person Norm (@cackhanded) teaches me how to safely strangle someone on stage.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - I spin a (fictional) tale of the day that Google accidentally opened everything. Performed at GeekyConf, with thanks to Betsy Weber and Natalie Downe on camera.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - I was walking through Kings Cross, spotted Platform 9¾, and thought I'd share something you might not know: thanks to redevelopment of the station, right now it's in the wrong place. It won't be for long, though.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - Zeppelin trivia expert Simon Willison (@simonw) explains why the world's first in-flight radio message was "Roy, come and get this goddamn cat".

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - Using edible gold leaf, gold that's been rolled out to a fraction of a micron in thickness, you can have a gold plated tongue, at least for a few seconds. File this one under 'stupid human tricks'.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - There's a hidden nodule on some British pedestrian crossings that provides a vital clue for folks who might otherwise not be able to cross the road safely.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - Joseph Bazalgette moved most of the Thames stink away, but there's still some 19th-century dodginess in the river now and again.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - Since 1624, Members of Parliament haven't been allowed to resign. And yet, they do: how do they manage it.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - A message from the Interstellar Safety Council. What if the rest of the universe wasn't built on "survival of the fittest"? The post and discussion that inspired this: http://bogleech.tumblr.com/post/56211923819/its-funny-how-science-fiction-universes-so-often

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - When you film with an iPhone or other smartphone in Europe at night, there's often a weird rolling banding effect over your footage. The reason has to do with power grids, frequencies, and some rather American-centric smartphone makers.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - In the Norwegian city of Tromsø, there's a bit of city planning straight out of science fiction: an underground road network, complete with junctions and roundabouts, bored into the mountains around the city.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - I'm up in the Arctic Circle, by a large ship on the Hurtigruten line, to talk about the longest TV program in the world, and why Norway excels at something called "slow television".

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - There's a hidden pattern on banknotes, all around the world, that means photocopiers refuse to copy them.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - I'm joined by Felix Cohen from http://manhattansproject.com to learn how to make orange oil go up in flames. Add flavour, aroma, and a touch of danger to your cocktails. Personally, I don't drink, but that doesn't mean I can't learn to mix 'em. Please drink responsibly.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - Helicopters in London have a simple rule that means they're safer for everyone in the city. I stand on something a bit too high in order to explain it.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - If you wander the footpaths and bridleways of Britain, you might stumble across a special crossing for horses.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - There's an interesting thing about English that hardly anyone thinks about. There are two "th" sounds. And if you want to know why it took me twenty-one takes to record this intro, you try switching them round. Directed by Matt Gray - http://mattg.co.uk - @unnamedculprit Filmed at YouTube Space, London

http://tomscott.com/ - @tomscott - Twitter was set up to support 140 characters. And in the English alphabet, that's easy to understand: a character is a letter, number, space or punctuation mark. People more or less agree with computers there. And if it was twenty years ago, that's exactly how the system would work. That far, no further. But now, we have Unicode.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - The order of adjectives is one of those wonderful linguistic things that no-one really notices until it's pointed out to them. Filmed at YouTube Space, London, and directed by Matt Gray (http://mattg.co.uk - @unnamedculprit)

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - Why do we say "Ye Olde"? Why is "Menzies" pronounced "Mingis"? To find out, we have to go back into history. Filmed at YouTube Space, London, and directed by Matt Gray (http://mattg.co.uk - @unnamedculprit)

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - In one of the tallest buildings in London, Tom answers the question of how many Gs you pull in a lift, with the help of some sugar and a very dirty kitchen scale.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott Or: what happens when you privatise Big Brother.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - It's not that Hawaiian has a completely different word for Christmas -- it's just that Kalikimaka is the closest that Hawaiian can possibly get to the word Christmas. Videos linked: Mele Kalikimaka by Bing Crosby: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hEvGKUXW0iI Skwerl: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vt4Dfa4fOEY

There are important corrections to this video. Visit here: https://www.tomscott.com/gender-neutral-pronouns/ or pull down the description to read them. Original description: Grammatical gender is a silly concept. So I'm about to go against my vow of descriptivism, and risk being run over by the Linguistic Mafia's bus, and say this: it's a silly idea. CORRECTIONS March 9th, 2019 Back in 2013, I made a video about ‘singular they’ and gender-neutral pronouns. Looking back on it with half a decade of hindsight, there are several things I want to correct. I also have a few thoughts on how the reactions to it have changed over time, and why the video’s comments will remain off. Firstly, while editing the video, I cut the first sentence of the script. That sentence didn’t seem to add anything, and I’m a believer in ‘don’t bore us, get to the chorus’. That would have been fine — if only the script didn’t refer back to that first sentence later on, noting that the viewer probably didn’t notice the singular they in it. There used to be an annotation explaining that mistake, but YouTube’s deleted all annotations now. I regret the error. Secondly, I mentioned that recently-coined gender-neutral prounouns (hir, xe, etc) haven’t caught on in regular usage, and that trying to deliberately add new words into a language is extremely difficult. I think that’s true, but my tone was a bit too dismissive — there was an implied value judgment there. I’d rephrase that in a second video. And finally, I co-opted a couple of LGBT slogans, both in the title of the video and the video itself. Those aren’t my slogans to rewrite, and adding ‘with apologies to’ in the reference line isn’t a great way of solving that. Looking back, I’m uncomfortable with those. Changing times In 2013, the video was uncontroversial. You can see that in this chart of likes and dislikes over time from YouTube’s analytics tool: [graph available on https://www.tomscott.com/gender-neutral-pronouns/ ] The video received very few dislikes until 2016. And I remember the comments from back then: those dislikes weren’t from angry conservative types. Instead, those were speakers of languages that used grammatical gender — they were angry that I’d insulted their language! But you can see the tide start to shift in 2016. This is why I turned off comments: it seems that a small number of people with limited empathy deliberately search out videos about subjects like this just so they can hit ‘dislike’, leave awful comments that are usually one of a few toxic in-jokes, and go. YouTube's moderation tools remain desperately inadequate at dealing with that problem without appointing full-time moderators, and frankly, that would be time and money that could be better spent on almost anything else. For that reason, the comments are going to remain off. If I were to remake this video in 2019, the most significant change would be focus: the title would be all about singular they, not gender-neutral pronouns. It probably wouldn’t even mention LGBT issues beyond a quick reference. It wouldn’t be a shout of hey, did you know about these folks, because five years later, most people watching the video do. Instead, it’d be a quiet nod of I see you. What worked for a 2013 audience doesn’t work in 2019. It seems that, over the last few years, non-binary and trans folks have reached stage three on the Williams Scale: ‘then they fight you’. Hopefully, it won't take long to reach stage four: ‘then you win’.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - Every so often, someone has a brilliant idea to reform English spelling. And you're probably thinking that I'm about to go off on a rant about how spelling reform never works. The trouble is... sometimes, just sometimes, it does work.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - If you see the phrase "10 items or less" in a supermarket and immediately cringe and complain that it should be "10 items or fewer"... well, you are not going to like this week's video.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - Why is an "odour" classier than a "smell"? Why is a "beverage" fancier than a "drink"? The answer lies in English history - and in the way we automatically know which 'register' of language to use. (Includes bonus medieval advice for constipation!)

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - I give Thinking Digital 2013's health and safety crew a massive headache, while talking about sentimental value, physical objects and digital data. Live direction and filming by Nathan Rae Productions - http://nathanrae.co.uk Outside broadcast crew: Chris Fisher on camera and James Johnson on Sound. With many thanks to Herb, Elspeth, Jackie, and all the Thinking Digital crew.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - Colours are easy, right? They're one of the first things you learn as a kid. But what if "blue" and "green" were the same colour? Or "light blue" and "dark blue" weren't? Well, guess what: there are languages out there that do exactly that.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - There are lots of interesting features in other languages, some of which English would really benefit from having. I'm going to talk about four of them: time-independence, clusivity, absolute direction, and evidentiality. Also, I've learned from last week: no irritating piano music this time! UNESCO list of endangered languages: http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - Jonathan Ross is known as "Wossy". He can't say his Rs. But there's a good chance that you've got the same speech defect he does, and you don't even know it.

Tom Scott (http://tomscott.com @tomscott) and Matt Parker (http://standupmaths.com @standupmaths) investigate some of the London Underground's greatest lies.

I found some instant whey. I'm sorry. http://tomscott.com - @tomscott

http://lhsbikeshed.tumblr.com - @LHSBikeshed - Chris Paton, Tom Wyatt and Charles Yarnold made a starship simulator out of an old caravan, using Unity, Processing, Arduino, and two and a half months of hard work. It's on tour around events in the UK! Video by Tom Scott: http://tomscott.com - @tomscott

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - Are you tired? Stiff? Feeling a bit peaky? Try Yorkshire Yoga. Written with Liam Butler - http://angryflatcap.com - @liammakesstuff and directed by Matt Gray - http://mattg.co.uk - @unnamedculprit

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - There's a good argument that lyric videos count as a whole new genre. Here's that genre's history, presented in its own style. Referenced videos: Bob Dylan - Subterranean Homesick Blues: http://youtu.be/Vx4pRyEtit4 Prince - Sign O The Times: http://youtu.be/5zIjtwsrXfk George Michael - Praying For Time: http://youtu.be/goroyZbVdlo Saul Bass' titles for Psycho: http://youtu.be/s4L9J-CUAl8 Jarrett Moody's "Pulp Fiction" scene: http://youtu.be/HoDJhlaX0LA Jonathan Coulton - Shop Vac: http://youtu.be/y4sOfO8Ei1g Katy Perry - Firework: http://youtu.be/vlLgvQErn6o Cee Lo Green - F*** You: http://youtu.be/CAV0XrbEwNc *** Lyric videos are all over YouTube like a rash. Record companies love 'em. And for good reason. They're very cheap, compared to a full video. They can be released earlier, which means there's more than a static picture for the many people who mainly listen to music through YouTube. And they separate the official release from all the unofficial fan videos that inevitably pop up. Lyric videos are older than that, though. There's an argument that Bob Dylan's 1965 Subterranean Homesick Blues counts as one. In 1987, Prince's video for Sign O The Times was perhaps the first proper lyric video. Just pulsing shapes and moving words, complete with the slightly dodgy punctuation and abbreviations that you'd see from an amateur video today. And in 1990, George Michael's "Praying for Time" just had classy white text on a black background. That wouldn't look out of place if it'd been put together a quarter of a century later in Windows Movie Maker. The modern, professional lyric video can trace its roots back to kinetic, or dynamic, typography. Inspired by, among others, the movie titles of designer Saul Bass, there was a YouTube trend for taking famous scenes from films and animating the dialogue. Jarratt Moody's dynamic 'Pulp Fiction' scene stole the show here. That led to a trend through 2010 for animated lyrics - most notably a gorgeous and painstakingly-animated video for Jonathan Coulton's Shop Vac uploaded in November 2010. But by then, Katy Perry's management had started releasing simple lyric videos - just subtitles on a photo background. These were to compete with the fans, who'd been putting up unofficial ones for years. These unofficial videos often had inaccurate or mispelled lyrics, and in some cases - to get around YouTube's automated copyright systems - they'd speed up the music slightly, mangling the original track just so their lyric tribute could survive. In 2010, Cee-Lo Green made the first mainstream, dynamic, and massively popular modern lyric video - for the song that middle America knew as 'Forget You'. And suddenly, everyone had to have one. Some of them are amazing feats of design, and have brought the art of motion graphics back into the public eye. Some of them... are terrible. But as long as YouTube's around: well, they're here to stay.

A quick and dirty video from Tom (http://tomscott.com - @tomscott) and Matt (http://mattg.co.uk - @unnamedculprit) - ten illegal things to do in London. Yes, these are all properly illegal: you can see our references at http://tomscott.com/law/

http://tomscott.com/ - http://twitter.com/tomscott I made Facebook a new commercial for Graph Search. I don't think they'll like it. Music: "Transition One" by Kevin MacLeod, http://incompetech.com - licensed under Creative Commons by-3.0

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - When Facebook claimed they could resurrect the dead, the world laughed. But Facebook were entirely serious. I first came across the idea of recreating dead people from their works in the later chapters of Charles Stross' brilliant Accelerando - although those resimulations were a little more impressive. http://www.antipope.org/charlie/blog-static/fiction/accelerando/accelerando-intro.html

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - CEO of Instagram, Jackson Seepage, explains the reasoning behind the company's controversial new terms of service. Needless to say, Jackson Seepage is not actually the CEO of Instagram and this video isn't actually a formal statement by them.

http://tomscott.com - http://twitter.com/tomscott - Poorly impersonated versions of GLaDOS, Richard O'Brien and Brian Blessed lend their voice to self-service checkouts. Honestly, I'm surprised that this hasn't already been done for Comic Relief.

http://techdif.co.uk - new podcast every Thursday. After the latest batch of podcast recording sessions, the Tech Dif crew took a road trip. It lasted for hours. We cut it down to 90 seconds. In the front: Matt and Chris. In the back: Tom and Gary.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - As complaints about Apple's new Maps continue to pile in, team leader Jackson Seepage explains why it isn't quite working as planned. Music based on "Resignation" by Kevin MacLeod released under Creative Commons CC by 3.0 • http://incompetech.com iPhone 5 mockup by Zach Vega released under Creative Commons CC by-sa 3.0 • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IPhone_5.png iOS 6 screenshots from theamazingios6maps.tumblr.com and its contributors

http://tomscott.com/ - @tomscott - A five-minute story of a possible future: lifelogging, privacy, and a member of Parliament caught in a scandal.

http://tomscott.com - @tomscott - One pineapple. One coconut. Two giant slingshots. SCIENCE. (Yes, we know we should have angled the board downwards. And yes, we know that a pina colada uses coconut cream. We weren't letting that get in the way of a good pun.) With thanks to the London Hackspace crew: Paddy Duncan, Ciarán Eaton, Samuel Keating-Fry, Jim MacArthur, David Sullivan, Heather Sullivan, and Tom Wyatt.

Nyan Cat, delivered to your fax machine! For details and the number to dial: http://tomscott.com/nyanfax - Made by Tom Scott http://tomscott.com / @tomscott Original Nyan Cat music from daniwellP, used with permission.

Written and performed by Jennifer Gardy: http://jennifergardy.com - Animated by Tom Scott: http://tomscott.com - Credits by Jessica Latshaw: http://jessicalatshawofficial.com Background tracks: "Continue Life" and "Faster Does It" by Kevin MacLeod, http://incompetech.com - licensed under Creative Commons 'by' 3.0 Inspired and recorded in a pub, during an ill-advised fit of creativity, after Thinking Digital 2012. Thanks to all that helped!

http://tomscott.com - Or: what you see when you die. If you liked this, you may also enjoy two novels that provided inspiration for it: Jim Munroe's Everyone in Silico, where I first found the idea of a corporate-sponsored afterlife; and Rudy Rucker's trippy Postsingular, which introduced me to the horrifying idea of consciousness slums.

HOW IT WORKS, WHO MADE IT, AND WHERE YOU CAN PLAY: http://tomscott.com/golf I figured that I should probably celebrate my 10,000th day on this planet, so I took over part of a Grade 2 listed building, asked hackers and makers I know to make ridiculous minigolf holes, and invited loads of people to come and play them. Most of these holes will be at the Derby Maker Faire on the 3rd June — but after that, they'll be scavenged for parts and lost forever. However: if you've got a space big enough to hold them, and a bit of a budget to get us there, we'd love to tour with them. Get in touch!

http://tomscott.com - I made the Google Project Glass team a new commercial. I don't think they'll like it.

http://tomscott.com - Tom attempts to recite the prologue of Romeo and Juliet while being flung around by the Grand Pier robocoaster in Weston-Super-Mare. With thanks to the Grand Pier - http://grandpier.co.uk And to Dan W - http://iamdanw.com - on second camera

The team from Click on the BBC World Service invited folks from the London Hackspace to put something together for their live show. The result: a ping-pong ball launcher that released a ball every time someone around the world tweeted about the show. At the end, all those balls got launched into the live studio audience. Tom Scott ( http://tomscott.com ) built the Twitter integration, which sent signals to Charles Yarnold's ( http://www.electriclaboratory.com ) custom laser-cut ball-release mechanism, which is available for download on Thingiverse: http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:15800 Then Tom Wyatt's ( http://imakethin.gs ) contraption of motors, Lego and cardboard accelerated all those balls out into the crowd. If he'd turned the power up, we could have hit the back row - but then the whole thing might have blown itself apart! More information on the London Hackspace: http://london.hackspace.org.uk/

http://www.tomscott.com - Three cream crackers. Two men. One minute. No water. This is what happens when the Technical Difficulties crew meet up on a windy night in York, and someone mentions the one-minute cracker-eating challenge. They thought it'd be easy. They were wrong.

http://tomscott.com - Now, time for science! Fill a regular water bottle rocket with glutinous mint sauce. Pump it up to a ridiculously high pressure and release as normal. What happens? With thanks to all the crew that helped out, particularly those that got covered in mint sauce.

http://tomscott.com - My talk from Ignite London 4 (http://ignitelondon.net): in which I rattle through the online privacy settings of fashionable web services, and leave a surprising message. FAQ: * Is the data really pulled in live from the web? With the exception of the Wikipedia articles, which I summarised in advance, yes. Everything on screen really was live data. * Did you know who was going to appear? No — but the selection process was algorithmic, not random. It was always going to pick someone interesting. As an extra safety net, a few minutes before I went on stage someone else checked who the system had chosen: they forced a re-selection if it picked someone under 18, someone in the middle of anything stressful or traumatic, or someone who appeared likely to react badly to the phone call. * What presentation software were you using? Google Chrome, running a regular web page written with HTML, JavaScript and jQuery. The data was pulled in using the sites' official APIs, with the exception of the live Facebook profile. Facebook has excellent security and will not let you put its pages inside an iframe; so another computer took a screenshot of the profile and uploaded the result as a PNG. * How did you do the day-of-the-week calculation? See the annotation during the video credits. As for the speed, I was exceptionally lucky: the date was a very easy one to calculate. * Did the person you called ever call back? Nope. But then, I did drop that disposable phone in my glass of water at the end of the talk.

http://imakethin.gs http://tomscott.com http://brightarcs.com In the pub after Day 1 of the 2011 Maker Faire UK, Tom Wyatt and the London Hackspace team came up with an idea — Kinect-controlled Tesla coils, or the "Evil Genius Simulator". Tom Wyatt had a chat with the team from BrightArcs, who'd brought their giant Tesla coils along. A few hours of quick hacking later: it was real. Thanks to Sam Cook for helping to film!

http://tomscott.com - http://makerfaireuk.com The Maker Faire: "a weekend of cool robots, garden-shed inventions, knitted wonders, and the occasional fireball". This is the 2011 Faire, held in the Newcastle Centre for Life from March 12-13, condensed into thirty seconds of shouted excitement.