Gift a lifetime or yearly membership to Nebula here: https://go.nebula.tv/gift?ref=realscience Watch this video ad-free on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/realscience-why-pandas-are-impressively-bad-at-existing Patreon: (https://www.patreon.com/realscience) Instagram: (https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann) Images Courtesy of Getty Images Thanks to our Patreon Supporters: Eric Ypsilantis Robert Thompson Keith Skipper References: [1]https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/ursidae#:~:text=All%20family%20members%2C%20generically%20referred,ago%20(MYA)%20in%20Eurasia. [2] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-13402-y [3] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1095643320300350#s0020 [4] https://academic.oup.com/conphys/article/8/1/coz104/5803378 [5] https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0078944&type=printable [6] https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0022602 [7] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0737080606003881 [8] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5050549/#:~:text=Even%20so%2C%20an%20adult%20giant,fatal%20dose%20for%20a%20human. [9] https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/msphere.00229-18 [10] https://wwf.panda.org/discover/knowledge_hub/endangered_species/giant_panda/panda/panda_life_cycle/ [11] https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2004640117 [12] https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/24/8/1801/1107947 [13] https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Human-population-and-estimated-habitat-loss-of-giant-pandas-over-the-past-300-years-in_fig1_43246089

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Compare news coverage. Spot media bias. Avoid algorithms. Try Ground News today and get 40% off your subscription by going to https://ground.news/realscience Watch this video ad-free on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/realscience-the-insane-biology-of-the-tardigrade Thank you so much to Marc Mapalo and Dr. Paul Bartels for their help throughout this video-making process and their insight on this topic. https://warren-wilson.edu/people/paul-bartels/ https://mcz.harvard.edu/people/marc-mapalo Thanks to Robert Berdan, Matt Inman, and Invertebrate Biology Videos for publishing their tardigrade images under the CC license, it is a huge contribution to science communication. Links to my things: (https://www.patreon.com/realscience) Instagram: (https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann) Images Courtesy of Getty Images Thanks to our Patreon Supporters: Eric Ypsilantis Robert Thompson Keith Skipper Credits: Writer/Narrator: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Lorraine Boissoneault Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Illustrator: Jacek Ambrożewski (https://www.instagram.com/jacekambrozewski/) Producer: Brian McManus (watchnebula.com/realengineering) References: [1] https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2211251120?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed [2]https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310746120_A_global_biodiversity_estimate_of_a_poorly_known_taxon_phylum_Tardigrada [3] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258903535_The_morphological_and_molecular_analyses_of_a_new_South_American_urban_tardigrade_offer_new_insights_on_the_biological_meaning_of_the_Macrobiotus_hufelandi_group_of_species_Tardigrada_Macrobiotidae [4] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016788090700237X?casa_token=cQOc5fmjunQAAAAA:jGo1CedZNWOjT0SMt8myE0YF5AD7-CdxXGcSpVBqRrjKmHTin6OEf7QRCYiF-HBrXRR-w-J7Hh0 [5] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803907000473?casa_token=NHKCoqiRtBcAAAAA:m9i7Ke9raIPTQ7QjeTRIM514vHQOigTSVsYvF2C2MS_9xGPAv4Cs8gr7N7L8UNKGx-CpF9HW9Ac [6] https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/13/8/evab164/6320065?login=false [7] https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2107289118 [8] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285433645_Phylum_Tardigrada [9] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10924213/#:~:text=Tardigrades%2C%20microscopic%20ecdysozoans%20known%20for,raised%20questions%20about%20this%20assumption. [10]https://sci-hub.scrongyao.com/10.1078/0044-5231-00051 [11] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982208008051 [12] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1095643320302439 [13]https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-00724-6 [14]https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011224015300134 [15]https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/178/4/907/2691466 [16]https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/188/3/887/5697459 [17]https://www.science.org/content/article/water-bears-survive-earth-orbit [18]https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6773438/ [19]https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms12808 [20]https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.373571v1?ct= [21]https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/14/3/335

Get a lifetime membership to Nebula here: http://go.nebula.tv/lifetime?ref=realscience Watch this video ad-free on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/realscience-the-insane-biology-of-the-praying-mantis Thanks to Jordi Woerts for letting us use his incredible footage of the mantis eating the frog www.youtube.com/@UC6E_IJAa8aJCB1JkjPBOw6g www.jordiwoerts.com Instagram: (https://www.instagram.com/jwwlphoto) And thanks the Marjorie McBride for letting us use her clip of the praying mantis eating the hummingbird Instagram: (https://www.instagram.com/marjorie_mcbride_photography) And thanks to Christopher Oufiero and the TU Mantis Lab https://wp.towson.edu/coufiero/ And Jenny Read and Newcastle University https://www.jennyreadresearch.com/ Links to my things: (https://www.patreon.com/realscience) Instagram: (https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann) Images Courtesy of Getty Images Thanks to our Patreon Supporters: Sasank Grandhi Eric Ypsilantis Robert Thompson Keith Skipper Credits: Writer/Narrator: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Lorraine Boissoneault Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (watchnebula.com/realengineering) REFERENCES [1] https://passion-entomologie.fr/phylogeny-of-dictyoptera-origin-of-cockroaches-termites-and-mantis-religions/ [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenopus_coronatus#cite_note-5 [3] https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/673858#:~:text=coronatus%20is%20indistinguishable%20from%20the,these%20pollinators%20as%20prey%20items. [4] Brackenbury, J. (1999). Flight and Wing Kinematics. In The Praying Mantids. The John Hopkins University Press. [5] https://sci-hub.scrongyao.com/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1976.tb00818.x [6] Edmunds, M. (1999). Ethology of Defense Against Predators. In The Praying Mantids. The John Hopkins University Press. [7] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5673847/ [8] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096098221500086X#:~:text=Once%20airborne%2C%20they%20then%20smoothly,jump%20with%20a%20precise%20landing. [9] https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0098 [10] https://bioone.org/journals/the-wilson-journal-of-ornithology/volume-129/issue-2/16-100.1/Bird-Predation-By-Praying-Mantises-A-Global-Perspective/10.1676/16-100.1.full [11] Yager, D. (1999). Hearing. In The Praying Mantids. The John Hopkins University Press. [12] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00359-020-01405-x [13] https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematic-representation-of-the-compound-eye-of-a-Mantis-The-black-pupil-is-only-visible_fig2_362902063 [14] https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/220/14/2502/18621/Stereopsis-in-animals-evolution-function-and [15] https://sci-hub.scrongyao.com/10.1038/302821a0 [16] https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)30014-9 [17]https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29628622/ [18] https://jor.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=28067 [19] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4298199/ [20] https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0811

Thank you to Trade for sponsoring. Visit https://drinktrade.com/realscience to enjoy 30% off your first month of coffee. Watch this video ad-free on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/realscience-the-insane-biology-of-the-elephant-seal (https://www.patreon.com/realscience) Instagram: (https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann) Images Courtesy of Getty Images Thanks to our Patreon Supporters: Sasank Grandhi Eric Ypsilantis Robert Thompson Keith Skipper Credits: Writer/Narrator: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Lorraine Boissoneault Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (watchnebula.com/realengineering) REFERENCES [1] https://nre.tas.gov.au/wildlife-management/fauna-of-tasmania/mammals/seals/southern-elephant-seal [2] https://www.marinebio.org/species/southern-elephant-seals/mirounga-leonina/# [3] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359307053_The_Elephant_Seal_Linking_Phenotypic_Variation_with_Behavior_and_Fitness_in_a_Sexually_Dimorphic_Phocid [4] https://www.csiro.au/en/news/all/articles/2023/april/deepest-diving-animals [5] https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/z92-055 [6] https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/226/13/jeb245157/323164/Diving-behaviour-of-southern-elephant-seals-new [6.5] https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?pId=11354&meta=Generic&id=5377989 [7] https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/zdqx2v4#z8nntrd [8] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ece3.7147 [9] https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10.1139/z06-193 [10] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003347206004052 [11]https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Filippo-Galimberti/publication/225963150_The_cost_of_success_Reproductive_effort_in_male_southern_elephant_seals_Mirounga_leonina/links/00b7d51f7c30a8e00a000000/The-cost-of-success-Reproductive-effort-in-male-southern-elephant-seals-Mirounga-leonina.pdf [12]https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359307053_The_Elephant_Seal_Linking_Phenotypic_Variation_with_Behavior_and_Fitness_in_a_Sexually_Dimorphic_Phocid [13] https://www.marinebio.org/species/southern-elephant-seals/mirounga-leonina/# [14] https://www.publish.csiro.au/ZO/ZO9680629 [15] https://oceanbites.org/from-the-poles-to-the-tropics-first-molting-of-a-southern-elephant-seal-on-mauritius-island/ [16] https://hal.science/hal-02889417/document [17] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-92635-9.pdf [18] https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-023-05720-2.pdf

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Get a lifetime membership to Nebula here: http://go.nebula.tv/lifetime?ref=realscience Watch this video ad-free on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/realscience-what-happens-to-wildlife-after-nuclear-disaster Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Images Courtesy of Getty Images Credits: Writer/Narrator: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Lorraine Boissoneault Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (watchnebula.com/realengineering) REFERENCES [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Bravo [2] https://web.archive.org/web/20170912102831/https://woods.stanford.edu/news-events/news/corals-may-hold-cancer-insights [3] https://www.osti.gov/opennet/servlets/purl/16364730.pdf [4] https://stacks.stanford.edu/file/druid:kj020rh6303/EloraLopezNandamDissertation-augmented.pdf [5] https://www.osti.gov/opennet/servlets/purl/16381163.pdf [6] https://www.commonsnews.org/issue/113/Where-did-the-Strontium-90-come-from [7] https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195238/http://www.bikiniatoll.com/BIKINICORALS.pdf [8] https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2015.0750 [9] https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/28/058/28058918.pdf [10] https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article/105/5/704/2961808#58173089 [11] https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0226 [12] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/eva.13476 [13] https://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/the-return-of-the-wolf-in-europe [14] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25852182/#:~:text=The%20X%2Dray%20tube%20output,(1.3%2D9.2)%20mGy. [15] https://sci-hub.ee/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105152 [16] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1383571821001273 [17] https://aacrjournals.org/cancerres/article/84/6_Supplement/7322/737498

Come play Cell to Singularity today, for free on iOS, Android and Steam: https://l.linklyhq.com/l/1uX46 Watch this video ad-free on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/realscience-the-insane-biology-of-the-narwhal Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Images Courtesy of Getty Images Credits: Narrator: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Lorraine Boissoneault Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator: Jacek Ambrożewski Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) REFERENCES [1] https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/1472-6785-7-14.pdf [2] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-44038-0 [3] https://psc.apl.uw.edu/rp/laidre/narwhal-faq/ [4] https://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822(23)01644-5.pdf [5] http://staff.washington.edu/klaidre/docs/Laidreetal_2012.pdf [6] https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ar.22886 [7] https://animalbiotelemetry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40317-023-00325-2 [8] https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1890/ES13-00137.1 [9] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OoTjLIN67Bw [10] https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0950 [11] https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jzo.13134 [12] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mms.12165 [13] https://polarresearch.net/index.php/polar/article/view/8343 [14] https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(21)00225-6?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982221002256%3Fshowall%3Dtrue

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Be one of the first 200 people to sign up with this link and get 20% off your subscription with Brilliant.org! https://brilliant.org/realscience/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Images Courtesy of Getty Images Credits: Writer/Narrator: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Justin Chua ([email protected]) Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator: Jacek Ambrożewski Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) REFERENCES [1] O’Shea, M. (2010). Lizards of the world. New Holland. [2] Roach, J. (2021, May 3). How “jesus lizards” walk on water. Animals. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/news-jesus-lizards-basilisks-walk-water [3] https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0127900 [4] Vieira, G. H., Colli, G. R., & Bao, S. N. (2005). Phylogenetic relationships of Corytophanid lizards (Iguania, Squamata, Reptilia) based on partitioned and total evidence analyses of sperm morphology, gross morphology, and DNA data. Zoologica Scripta, 34(6), 605–625. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2005.00208.x [5] Blickhan, R. (1989). The spring-mass model for running and hopping. Journal of Biomechanics, 22(11–12), 1217–1227. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(89)90224-8 [6] Semroc, J. (n.d.). Cleveland Museum of Natural history. Cleveland Museum of Natural History. https://www.cmnh.org/science-news/blog/july-2020/walking-on-water [7] Hsieh, S. T., & Lauder, G. V. (2004). Running on water: Three-dimensional force generation by basilisk lizards. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(48), 16784–16788. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0405736101 [8] https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/199/12/2611/7144/Size-Dependence-of-Water-Running-Ability-in [9] https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0037300 [10] Yamada, Y., & Nakamura, T. (2018). Blade-type crawler capable of running on the surface of water as bio-inspired by a basilisk lizard. 2018 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). https://doi.org/10.1109/iros.2018.8594397 [11] Fill, D., Strauss, E., Dunning, C., Western, A., & Hassanalian, M. (2021). Amphibious bioinspired robots for Ocean Objects Identification. AIAA AVIATION 2021 FORUM. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2021-2781 [12] Floyd, S., Adilak, S., Ramirez, S., Rogman, R., & Sitti, M. (2008). Performance of different foot designs for a water running robot. 2008 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. https://doi.org/10.1109/robot.2008.4543216 [13] Park, H. S., Floyd, S., & Sitti, M. (2009). Dynamic Modeling and analysis of pitch motion of a basilisk lizard inspired quadruped robot running on water. 2009 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. https://doi.org/10.1109/robot.2009.5152556

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Watch the second episode of Archeology Quest! https://nebula.tv/videos/realscience-stone-tools Watch this video ad-free on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/realscience-when-orcas-and-humans-worked-together Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Images Courtesy of Getty Images Credits: Narrator: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Lorraine Boissoneault Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator: Jacek Ambrożewski Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) REFERENCES [1] https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/running-ponies/the-legend-of-old-tom-and-the-gruesome-law-of-the-tongue/ [2] https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1043&context=currentnarratives [3] https://medcraveonline.com/IJAWB/orcas-are-social-mammals.html [4] https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/blog/killer-whale-avoids-eating-people-helped-19th-century-whalers-became-public-enemy-number-one/ [5] https://lithub.com/law-of-the-tongue-when-humans-and-killer-whales-hunt-together/ [6] https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-04-28/killer-whale-pod-spotted-off-nsw-far-south-coast/101012770

Be one of the first 200 people to sign up with this link and get 20% off your subscription with Brilliant.org! https://brilliant.org/realscience/ Watch this video ad-free on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/realscience-the-insane-biology-of-the-great-white-shark Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Images Courtesy of Getty Images Credits: Writer/Narrator: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Lorraine Boissoneault Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator: Jacek Ambrożewski Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) References: [1] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jmor.20380 [2] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/213776374_Three-dimensional_computer_analysis_of_white_shark_jaw_mechanics_How_hard_can_a_great_white_bite [3] https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0031781 [4] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3130444/ [5] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s003600050092 [6] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5609766/ [7]https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-marine-biological-association-of-the-united-kingdom/article/abs/predatory-behaviour-of-white-sharks-carcharodon-carcharias-at-seal-island-south-africa/0B567A5205A431DC464BAF1686065371 [8] https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/assets/Image/shark%20tale%20nursery.pdf [9] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/cxo.12823 [10] https://www.jstor.org/stable/29775147 [11] https://faculty.lsu.edu/maruskalab/files/publications/06_sensory_biology_of_elasmobranchs.pdf [12] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00429-014-0705-0 [13] https://www.vice.com/en/article/jpgqyb/heres-why-weve-never-been-able-to-tame-the-great-white-shark [14]https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lara-Ferry/publication/258032679_Captive_Feeding_and_Growth_of_Young-of-the-Year_White_Sharks_Carcharodon_carcharias_at_the_Monterey_Bay_Aquarium/links/00b7d526ed5aaacc5c000000/Captive-Feeding-and-Growth-of-Young-of-the-Year-White-Sharks-Carcharodon-carcharias-at-the-Monterey-Bay-Aquarium.pdf [15] http://elasmollet.org/Publications/EzcurraEtAl2012Ch2.pdf [16] https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lisa-Hoopes/publication/340675186_Chapter_13_Elasmobranch_mineral_and_vitamin_requirements/links/5e98637b92851c2f52a86161/Chapter-13-Elasmobranch-mineral-and-vitamin-requirements.pdf#page=14

Get Nebula for 40% off an annual subscription - the only place where you will be able to watch Archeology Quest! https://nebula.tv/realscience Give the gift of a lifetime Nebula membership! https://go.nebula.tv/gift?ref=realscience Watch this video ad-free on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/realscience-the-insane-biology-of-the-giant-manta-ray Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Images Courtesy of Getty Images Credits: Narrator: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Lorraine Boissoneault Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator: Jacek Ambrożewski Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) REFERENCES [1] https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/182/1/50/3886052?login=false [2] https://www.mdpi.com/2226-4310/3/3/20 [3] https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/166/1/132/2629187 [4]http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/topics/lh_size_benefits.htm [5] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169534704003143 [6] https://academic.oup.com/evolut/article/73/3/588/6727136# [7] https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsos.160717#d1e1590 [8] https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2688-8319.12051 [9] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00227-023-04219-y [10] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-10482-8 [11] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320716301975 [12] https://www.mantatrust.org/what-are-mobulids [13] https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article/113/1/180/2416039 [14] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10164-016-0462-z [15] https://benthamopen.com/contents/pdf/TOANATJ/TOANATJ-3-1.pdf [16] https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kathryn-Flowers/publication/344321454_Buried_in_the_sand_Uncovering_the_ecological_roles_and_importance_of_rays/links/6151e391f8c9c51a8af9fd3e/Buried-in-the-sand-Uncovering-the-ecological-roles-and-importance-of-rays.pdf

Be one of the first 200 people to sign up with this link and get 20% off your subscription with Brilliant.org! https://brilliant.org/realscience/ Watch this video ad-free on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/realscience-the-insane-biology-of-the-poison-dart-frog Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Images Courtesy of Getty Images Credits: Narrator: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Lorraine Boissoneault Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator: Jacek Ambrożewski Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) REFERENCES [1] https://hero.epa.gov/hero/index.cfm/reference/details/reference_id/8709519 [2] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318900410_Dart_poison_frogs_and_their_toxins [3] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470330319.ch174 [4] https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2133521100 [5] https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/222/12/jeb204149/20404 [6] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312103318_Evolution_of_Dietary_Specialization_and_Chemical_Defense_in_Poison_Frogs_Dendrobatidae_A_Comparative_Analysis [7] https://ralphsaporito.weebly.com/uploads/5/9/1/7/59174543/brooks___saporito_2019__bitter_is_better_.pdf [8] https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.0702851104 [9] https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aan5061 [10] https://ralphsaporito.weebly.com/uploads/5/9/1/7/59174543/saporito_et_al._2012_-_poison_frog_chemical_ecology_review.pdf [11] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4481408/ [12] https://ralphsaporito.weebly.com/uploads/5/9/1/7/59174543/murray_et_al._2016_-_arthropod_predator_defense_between_lifestages_in_pumilio.pdf [13] https://ralphsaporito.weebly.com/uploads/5/9/1/7/59174543/mina_et_al._2015_-_variation_in_alkaloid-based_microbial_defenses.pdf [14] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11272482/#:~:text=Histologically%2C%20there%20was%20epidermal%20hyperkeratosis,pathogen%20in%20poison%20dart%20frogs.

Come play Cell to Singularity today, for free on iOS, Android and Steam: https://l.linklyhq.com/l/1uX46 Watch this video ad-free on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/realscience-the-insane-biology-of-the-cuttlefish Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Images Courtesy of Getty Images Credits: Narrator: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Lorraine Boissoneault Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator: Jacek Ambrożewski Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) REFERENCES [1] https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2016.2818#d1e896 [2] https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.909192/full?&utm_source=Email_to_authors_&utm_medium=Email&utm_content=T1_11.5e1_author&utm_campaign=Email_publication&field=&journalName=Frontiers_in_Marine_Science&id=909192#B175 [3] https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/camo/ [4] https://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822(13)01262-1.pdf [5] https://www.oed.com/dictionary/cuttle_n1?tab=meaning_and_use#7607104 [6] The Secret Lives of Color, Kassia St. Clair [7] https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rspa.1962.0024#:~:text=The%20best%2Dknown%20buoyancy%20mechanism,of%20the%20proteins%20and%20skeleton. [8] https://home.eps.hw.ac.uk/~yc273/papers/Cadman_2012_J%20Bionic%20Eng.pdf [9] https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2009531117# [10] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223484352_The_secret_life_of_the_giant_Australian_cuttlefish_Sepia_apama_Cephalopoda_Behaviour_and_energetics_in_nature_revealed_through_radio_acoustic_positioning_and_telemetry_RAPT [11] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00555001 [12] https://oceanconservancy.org/blog/2019/06/21/ode-flamboyant-cuttlefish/ [13] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096098221400743X [14] https://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/this-cuttlefish-dazzles/ [15] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmor.20121 [16] https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/cephalopod-camouflage-cells-and-organs-of-the-144048968/ [17] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7298144/#:~:text=Fast%2Dmoving%20prey%20(e.g.%2C,et%20al.%2C%202017). [18] https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/dishonesty-the-best-polic/ [19] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3440998/ [20] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/brv.12651 [21] https://www.cell.com/iscience/pdf/S2589-0042(22)02119-8.pdf

Be one of the first 200 people to sign up with this link and get 20% off your subscription with Brilliant.org! https://brilliant.org/realscience/ Watch this video ad-free on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/realscience-the-deep-ocean-noises-we-still-cant-identify Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Images Courtesy of Getty Images Credits: Narrator: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Lorraine Boissoneault Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator: Jacek Ambrożewski Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) REFERENCES [1] https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/acoustics/sosus_gen.html [2] https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/bloop.html [3] https://dosits.org/science/sounds-in-the-sea/how-does-sound-in-air-differ-from-sound-in-water/ [4] https://rwu.pressbooks.pub/webboceanography/chapter/6-4-sound/ [5] https://www.ctbto.org/news-and-events/news/minute-earth-video-explains-sofar-channel-ctbto-uses-listen-underwater-nuclear [6] https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2022.810156/full [7] https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sofar.html [8] https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/inside-the-nail-biting-quest-to-find-the-loneliest-whale/https://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/a-lone-voice-crying-in-the-watery-wilderness/ [9] https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/news/dec21/oh-snap.html [10] https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps2008/362/m362p037.pdf [11] https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/acoustics/sounds/bloop.html [12] https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/acoustics/sounds/julia.html [13] https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/acoustics/sounds/upsweep.html [14] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-13186-2?fbclid=IwAR1anl6ftMqVO6c_AgQQzaXaPYpp-Osg7gm4LQWzPhvvRzkv-MrGQRaB05k [15] https://www.academia.edu/14128372/Settlement_stage_coral_reef_fish_prefer_the_higher_frequency_invertebrate_generated_audible_component_of_reef_noise [16] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-30332-5 [17] https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00606/full [18] https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021EF002099

Watch the extended interview featuring Dr. Kay Holekamp - the leading expert on spotted hyenas: https://nebula.tv/videos/fieldnotes-spotted-hyenas-observing-natures-fiercest-hunters Watch this video ad-free on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/realscience-the-insane-biology-of-the-spotted-hyena Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Images Courtesy of Getty Images Credits: Narrator: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Ashleen Knutsen Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator: Jacek Ambrożewski Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) REFERENCES [1] https://ielc.libguides.com/sdzg/factsheets/spottedhyena/population-conservation#:~:text=Global%20Population&text=Tentative%20estimate%3A%2027%2C000%2D47%2C000%20individuals. [2] https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Distribution-map-of-spotted-hyaena-light-grey-and-lion-dark-grey-Most-lion_fig1_269776526 [3]https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2019/hyenas-probably-have-more-friends-than-you-spotted-hyena-social-hierarchies/#:~:text=Spotted%20hyenas%20are%20highly%20social,pecking%20order%20are%20female%20hyenas. [4]https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carnivora_phylogeny_%28eng%29.png [5] https://ielc.libguides.com/sdzg/factsheets/spottedhyena [6] https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article/95/2/246/2701321 [7] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327090170_Carnivora [8]https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7747684/ [9] https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/whos-laughing-now-38529396/#:~:text=Spotted%20hyenas%20sometimes%20scavenge%2C%20but,equal%20leopards%2C%20cheetahs%20and%20lions. [10] https://web.archive.org/web/20130506084714/http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/1998-013.pdf [11] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3273618/ [12] https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0134116 [13] https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0137679 [14] https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/1365-2435.12638 [15] https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2019/hyenas-probably-have-more-friends-than-you-spotted-hyena-social-hierarchies/ [16] https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.02.074237v1.full [17] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00265-006-0305-y [18] https://www.uwyo.edu/news/2014/08/uw-professor-studies-communication-patterns-of-hyenas-in-bbc-documentary.html [19] https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/blog/girls-boy-bits-pseudopenis-hyena-elephant/

Be one of the first 200 people to sign up with this link and get 20% off your subscription with Brilliant.org! https://brilliant.org/realscience/ Watch this video ad-free on Nebula: Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Images Courtesy of Getty Images Credits: Narrator: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Ashleen Knutsen Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator: Jacek Ambrożewski Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) References: [1] https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/07/weather/hurricane-lee-path-atlantic-caribbean-climate/index.html [2] https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/climo/ [3] https://ocean.si.edu/planet-ocean/waves-storms-tsunamis/hurricanes-typhoons-and-cyclones [4] https://public.wmo.int/en/resources/meteoworld/hybridization-of-sandy [5] https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/108/11/1520-0493_1980_108_1915_aaostt_2_0_co_2.xml [6] https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/perfect-storm-what-is-the-fujiwhara-effect--85337 [7] https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/40615/typhoon-melor-and-tropical-storm-parma [8] https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2023/03/17/1164256900/cyclone-freddy-shattered-records-people-lost-everything-how-does-the-healing-beg [9] https://public.wmo.int/en/media/news/world%E2%80%99s-deadliest-tropical-cyclone-was-50-years-ago [10] http://www.hurricanescience.org/history/storms/1970s/greatbhola/ [11] https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-tropical-cyclone-activity [12] https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/bibliography/related_files/gav_2010JCLI3810.pdf [13] https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1920849117 [14] https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/31/9/jcli-d-17-0391.1.xml [15] https://www.c2es.org/content/hurricanes-and-climate-change/ [16] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-013-1011-1

Compare news coverage. Spot media bias. Avoid algorithms. Try Ground News today and get 30% off your subscription by going to https://ground.news/realscience Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Narrator/Writer: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Ashleen Knutsen Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator: Jacek Ambrożewski Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) References: [1] https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/what-countries-have-tornadoes [2] https://www.weather.gov/media/pah/Skywarn/TORNADOsafety.pdf [3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Super_Outbreak [4] https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/users/brooks/public_html/papers/deathhist.pdf [5] https://weather.com/storms/tornado/news/2021-04-05-tornado-warning-nws-accuracy [6] https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/tornadoes/ [7] https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/projects/vortex2/ [8] https://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/ [9] https://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/ef-scale.html [10] https://weather.com/safety/tornado/news/2021-03-19-record-breaking-tornadoes-us [11] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Bridge_Creek%E2%80%93Moore_tornado [12] https://www.weather.gov/pah/1925Tornado_ss [13] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_El_Reno_tornado [14] https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/138/7/2010mwr3201.1.xml?tab_body=fulltext-display [15] https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/research/tornadoes/ [16] https://www.earth.com/news/radar-signature-will-improve-tornado-forecasting/

Watch the additional video I made about the sacred pact between orcas and humans that allowed them to work together to hunt off the coast of Australia: https://nebula.tv/videos/realscience-when-orcas-and-humans-worked-together Watch this video ad-free on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/realscience-the-secret-sea-life-in-the-pacific-garbage-patch Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Images Courtesy of Getty Images Thanks to Dr. Rebecca Helm Credits: Narrator: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Lorraine Boissoneault Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator: Jacek Ambrożewski Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) REFERENCES [1] https://www.americanoceans.org/facts/ocean-gyres-facts/ [2] https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sargassosea.html [3] https://www.google.com/books/edition/Biology_of_the_Pacific_Ocean_Zenkevoch_L/QTIUAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=pleuston&pg=PT12&printsec=frontcover [4] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-64465-8 [5] https://www.keybiscayne.fl.gov/news_detail_T8_R248.php [6] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-51842-1 [7] https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001046 [8] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12526-021-01233-5#Sec22 [9] https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps_oa/m662p069.pdf [10] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-22939-w] [11] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-023-01997-y [12] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-64465-8 [13] https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acs.est.7b04682 [14] https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001646 [15] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X22010517?via%3Dihub

Watch the additional video I made about the sacred pact between orcas and humans that allowed them to work together to hunt off the coast of Australia: https://nebula.tv/videos/realscience-when-orcas-and-humans-worked-together Watch this video ad-free on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/realscience-are-orcas-taking-back-the-ocean Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Images Courtesy of Getty Images Thanks to Stefan George Kudor, Daniel Kriz, April Boyes Credits: Narrator: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Lorraine Boissoneault Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator: Jacek Ambrożewski Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) REFERENCES [1] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/mms.12947 [2] https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-has-a-group-of-orcas-suddenly-started-attacking-boats/#:~:text=Much%20as%20 in%20 humans%2C%20 orca,area%20with%20heavy%20boat%20traffic. [3] http://www.orcarelief.org/docs/energy%20KW%20human%20disturbance.pdf [4] https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=CROEDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT8&dq=orca+ramming+boats&ots=gy3hW633b_&sig=XAIHV_WP_Ons8buuSq7Z-faOtpQ#v=onepage&q=orca%20ramming%20boats&f=false [5] https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms11693 [6] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320704001338?via%3Dihub [7] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4997274/ [8] https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001946 [9] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-023-01608-5

Compare news coverage. Spot media bias. Avoid algorithms. Try Ground News today and get 30% off your subscription by going to https://ground.news/realscience. Sale ends July 14! Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Narrator/Writer: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Lorraine Boissoneault Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator: Jacek Ambrożewski Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) References: [1]https://www.oceansunfish.org/evolution.php [2]https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/joa.12842 [3] https://www.necropsymanual.net/en/teleosts-anatomy/skeleton-and-musculature/ [4] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6081505/#joa12842-bib-0031 [5] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316721554_Satellite_Tracking_and_Site_Fidelity_of_Short_Ocean_Sunfish_Mola_ramsayi_in_the_Galapagos_Islands [6] https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1365-2656.12346 [7] https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/vertical-migration.html [8] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022098121001416 [9] https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780429343360-6/reproductive-biology-ocean-sunfishes-kristy-forsgren-richard-mcbride-toshiyuki-nakatsubo-tierney-thys-carol-carson-emilee-tholke-lukas-kubicek-inga-potter?context=ubx [10] https://www.oceansunfish.org/Rev%20Fish%20Biol%202010.pdf

Be one of the first 200 people to sign up with this link and get 20% off your subscription with Brilliant.org! https://brilliant.org/realscience/ Watch this video ad-free on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/realscience-when-the-blind-can-see-with-their-mind Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Images Courtesy of Getty Images Credits: Narrator: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Lorraine Boissoneault Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator: Jacek Ambrożewski Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) REFERENCES [1] https://www.hunimed.eu/news/the-future-of-vision-and-eye-care/ [2] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11522/ [3] https://www.amnh.org/explore/ology/brain/seeing-color [4] https://www.bps.org.uk/research-digest/your-brain-stops-time-when-you-blink [5] https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0956797616672270 [6] https://zenodo.org/record/853235 [7]https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2019.1910 [8] https://www.ted.com/talks/daniel_kish_how_i_use_sonar_to_navigate_the_world/transcript [9] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5493986/ [10] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p6GDNpylILE [11] https://academic.oup.com/nc/article/2022/1/niab043/6539830#377635420 [12] https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00901/full [13] https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2005769 [14] https://elifesciences.org/articles/40766 [15] https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/eyes-charles-bonnet-syndrome [16] https://ec.europa.eu/research-and-innovation/en/horizon-magazine/vision-tech-developments-give-glimpse-future

Watch the next Real Science video about the world of human sonar: https://nebula.tv/videos/realscience-when-the-blind-can-see-with-their-mind Watch Becoming Human, exclusive on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/becominghuman Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Narrator/Writer: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Lorraine Boissoneault Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator: Jacek Ambrożewski Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) Images Courtesy of Getty Images Select footage courtesy of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) And Caladan Oceanic/University of Western Australia REFERENCES [1] https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2012.1357 [2] https://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/bitstream/2445/127894/1/628738.pdf [3] https://bioone.org/journals/zoological-science/volume-20/issue-10/zsj.20.1243/Phylogenetic-Position-of-a-Deep-Sea-Ascidian-Megalodicopia-hians-Inferred/10.2108/zsj.20.1243.full [4] https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/181/1/1/3926497#95354375 [5] Theodore Pietsch. Oceanic Anglerfishes: Extraordinary Diversity in the Deep Sea. [6] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/096706379500061A#:~:text=Melanocetus%20johnsoni%20(Teleostei%3AMelanocetidae),sit%2Dand%2Dwait%20predators. [7] https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tracey-Sutton/publication/309716805_Dining_in_the_Deep_The_Feeding_Ecology_of_Deep-Sea_Fishes/links/60a18006299bf14769a29f8b/Dining-in-the-Deep-The-Feeding-Ecology-of-Deep-Sea-Fishes.pdf [8] https://bioone.org/journals/copeia/volume-2008/issue-4/CG-07-082/Macropinna-microstoma-and-the-Paradox-of-Its-Tubular-Eyes/10.1643/CG-07-082.short [9] https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2638575

Watch the next Real Science video about deep sea creatures on Nebula now: https://nebula.tv/videos/realscience-why-creatures-get-creepier-the-deeper-you-go Watch Becoming Human, exclusive on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/becominghuman Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Narrator/Writer: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Lorraine Boissoneault Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator: Jacek Ambrożewski Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) Thanks to the Patek Lab for their incredible footage and help throughout this entire video Images Courtesy of Getty Images REFERENCES [1] https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/aquarius/evolution.php [2] https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/13/12/647 [3] https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/aquarius/raps.php [4] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ntls.20220060 [5] https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/215/24/4374/11185/Strike-mechanics-of-an-ambush-predator-the [6] https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-3182/9/1/016014 [6.5]https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/208/19/3655/15838/Extreme-impact-and-cavitation-forces-of-a [7] https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/208/19/3655/15838/Extreme-impact-and-cavitation-forces-of-a [8] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.201705295/abstract;jsessionid=4C4734944E5EE4127AC60CE49389F3DE.f04t03 [9] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S000334722030289X?via%3Dihub [10] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6731505/ [11] https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abe3196 [12] https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1245824 [13] https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(15)01310-X?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS096098221501310X%3Fshowall%3Dtrue [14] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cne.24788 [15] https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2026833118 [16] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4629637/ [17] https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1917303117

Be one of the first 200 people to sign up with this link and get 20% off your subscription with Brilliant.org! https://brilliant.org/realscience/ Watch this video ad-free on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/realscience-intelligence-without-a-brain Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Narrator: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Ashleen Knutsen Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Editor: Leany Muñoz Illustrator: Jacek Ambrożewski Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) Imagery courtesy of Getty Images REFERENCES: [1] https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.00172.pdf [2] https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Botany/Botany_(Ha_Morrow_and_Algiers)/Unit_1%3A_Biodiversity_(Organismal_Groups)/05%3A_Protists/5.02%3A_Heterotrophic_Protists/5.2.01%3A_Slime_Molds [3] https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/slime-molds.htm [4] https://pediaa.com/difference-between-haplontic-and-diplontic-life-cycle/ [5] https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/23%3A_Protists/23.2%3A_Characteristics_of_Protists/23.2B%3A_Protist_Life_Cycles_and_Habitats [6] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5h8WOWEqP6o&embeds_euri=https%3A%2F%2Fbio.libretexts.org%2F&feature=emb_title [7] https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1500708112 [8] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/slime-mould [9] https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/slime-molds.htm [10] https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.00172.pdf [11] https://www.nature.com/articles/35035159#Sec2 [12] https://annealing-cloud.com/en/knowledge/1.html [13] https://www.jstor.org/stable/40508592 [14] https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.180396 [15] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136970211400025X [16] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4738259/ [17] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279899958_Physarum_Chip_Project_Growing_Computers_from_Slime_Mould

Get Nebula using my link for 40% off an annual subscription: https://go.nebula.tv/realscience Watch Becoming Human, exclusive on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/realscience-the-first-tools Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Images Courtesy of Getty Images Credits: Narrated and Directed by Stephanie Sammann Written by Lorraine Boissoneault Produced, Animated, 3D Art by Mike Ridolfi Animated & Illustrated by Kirtan Patel Edited by Dylan Hennessy David O’Sullivan Executive Producer Dave Wiskus Executive Producer Brian McManus Executive Producers PJ Scott-Blankenship Trenton Waterson Graham Haerther Nebula Creative Directors Dom Burgess Simon Buckmaster Nebula Content Producer Eric Schneider Graphic Designer Simon Buckmaster Title Design by Max Moser Post Production Coordinator Zara Glaze Supervising Sound Editor Graham Haerther Sound Design Donovan Bullen Special Thanks to Gemma Arnott Brad Phillipi Nick Arnott Bradford Dillon Brianne Bell Sources https://iho.asu.edu/about/lucys-story https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012812162700028X https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2014.0064 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248484710116 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012812162700028X https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0019630 https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/australopithecus-afarensis-lucy-species.html "Homo floresiensis cranium" (https://skfb.ly/oCVXy) by Digital Atlas of Ancient Life is licensed under CC Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/). "Homo erectus Skull" (https://skfb.ly/69UCP) by Ohio State University Art and Design is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). "Homo ergaster cranium" (https://skfb.ly/oDAM9) y Digital Atlas of Ancient Life is licensed under CC Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/). "Homo neanderthalensis (réplica)" https://skfb.ly/6QSYK) by Museo [UV] Historia Natural is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). "Homo erectus Cranium" https://skfb.ly/6QXIK) by gwuanthro is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Taung Child Skull byRadiolabis licensed under the Creative Commons - Attribution - Non-Commercial license. "Homo sapiens (2501.1rp35) – cranium" https://skfb.ly/6QUBV) by RLA Archaeology is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

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Be one of the first 200 people to sign up with this link and get 20% off your subscription with Brilliant.org! https://brilliant.org/realscience/ Watch this video ad-free on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/realscience-the-insane-biology-of-the-gorilla Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Narrator/Writer: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Ashleen Knutsen Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Editor: Leany Muñoz Illustrator: Jacek Ambrożewski Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) Imagery courtesy of Getty Images [1] https://www.koko.org/about/gorilla-koko/ [2] https://gorillafund.org/uncategorized/gorilla-anatomy/ [3] https://www.strengthlog.com/deadlift-strength-standards-kg/ [4] https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.115614/page/n69/mode/2up [5] https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.21449 [6] https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/jappl.2000.89.1.81 [7] https://gorillafund.org/uncategorized/gorilla-anatomy/ [8] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2843616/ [9] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2964658/ [10] https://open.lib.umn.edu/vetphysioapplied/chapter/fermentation/ [11] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23754526/ [12] https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030380 [13] https://www.eva.mpg.de/fileadmin/content_files/primatology/pdf/publications/Robbins_Possible_tool_use_in_a_mountain_gorilla_2013.pdf [14] https://gorillafund.org/uncategorized/gorilla-communication/ [15] http://www.gorillagestures.info/index.htm [16] https://www.koko.org/about/programs/project-koko/interspecies-communication/sign-language/ [17] https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00437956.1990.11435816 [18] https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/animals/2018/06/conversations-with-a-gorilla

Get Nebula using my link for 40% off an annual subscription: https://nebula.tv/realscience Watch this video ad-free on Nebula: Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Special Thanks to Lydia Greene and the Duke Lemur Center https://www.instagram.com/lemurscientist/ https://lemur.duke.edu/ Carla Frare and the Center for Transformative Research in Metabolism (TRiM) at the University of Alaska https://trimalaska.com/about/ Images Courtesy of Getty Images Credits: Narrator/Writer: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Lorraine Boissoneault Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator: Jacek Ambrożewski Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) References: [1] https://www.nature.com/articles/srep01768 [2] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-022-01679-1 [3] https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-020-01207-6 [4] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ece3.4674 [5] https://meridian.allenpress.com/australian-zoologist/article/35/2/276/135018/The-importance-of-the-cloacal-bursae-as-the [6] https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/physiologyonline.2000.15.4.181 [7] https://www.jstor.org/stable/3872551 [8] https://www.science.org.au/curious/hibernation [9] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-87785-9 [10] https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.2740905 [11] https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-012820-095945 [12] https://www.sciencenews.org/article/arctic-squirrels-recycle-proteins-hibernation-survive-winter [13] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-20382-6 [14] http://www.sei.aero/archive/IAC-16-B3.7.10-Human-Stasis-vFinal.pdf

Be one of the first 200 people to sign up with this link and get 20% off your subscription with Brilliant.org! https://brilliant.org/realscience/ Watch this video ad-free on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/realscience-natures-wildest-weapons Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Narrator/Writer: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Lorraine Boissoneault Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Editor: Leany Muñoz Illustrator: Elfy Chiang (https://www.elfylandstudios.com/) Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) Imagery courtesy of Getty Images References: [1] https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/bombardier-beetles-and-their-caustic-chemical-cannon.html [2] https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.11.421891v2.full [3] https://news.mit.edu/2015/how-bombardier-beetles-produce-defensive-spray-0430 [4] https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0647 [5] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00114-020-01692-z [6] https://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822(07)01254-7.pdf [7] https://web.archive.org/web/20200318135214id_/https://jeb.biologists.org/content/jexbio/221/24/jeb159723.full.pdf [8] http://tierphysiologie-bayreuth.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/RischawySchuster2013.pdf [9] https://elifesciences.org/articles/74057.pdf [10] https://www.nature.com/articles/srep27523 [11] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096098220601013X [12] https://bit.ly/3Cr7ntc [13] https://www.micropia.nl/en/discover/microbiology/pilobolus/ [14] https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0158277

Get a year of both Nebula and Curiosity Stream for just 14.79 here: http://www.curiositystream.com/realscience Watch this video ad-free on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/realscience-the-insane-biology-of-humans Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Images Courtesy of Getty Images Credits: Narrator/Writer: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Lorraine Boissoneault Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator: Elfy Chiang (https://www.elfylandstudios.com/) Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) References [1] https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/696721 [2] https://scholar.harvard.edu/ntroach/evolution-throwing [3] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-37904-w [4] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362090/ [5] https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(18)30386-6.pdf [6] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/evan.21405 [7] https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1002181107 [8] https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0220464 [9] https://theaquaticape.org/human-evolution/aat/ [10] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4913504/ [11] https://www.science.org/content/article/tibetans-inherited-high-altitude-gene-ancient-human [12] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6410003/ [13] https://humgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40246-022-00395-y – [10] https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(15)01119-8?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0092867415011198%3Fshowall%3Dtrue [11] https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00817-2 [12] https://www.nature.com/articles/jhg201695

Go to https://www.givewell.org/realscience and pick YOUTUBE and enter REAL SCIENCE at checkout, for GiveWell to match your donation up to $100. Watch this video ad-free on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/realscience-how-life-survives-on-underwater-volcanoes New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Narrator/Writer: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Lorraine Boissoneault Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Editor: David O'Sullivan Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) References: [1] https://tos.org/oceanography/assets/docs/29-4_phillips.pdf [2] https://www.science.org/content/article/surprise-undersea-volcano-could-offer-unique-window-earth-s-interior [3] https://theconversation.com/deep-sea-volcanic-eruptions-create-megaplumes-that-may-have-dispersed-early-life-159264 [4] https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=255060 [5] https://www.jstor.org/stable/24861089 [6] https://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/the-discovery-of-hydrothermal-vents/#:~:text=They%20unveiled%20a%20discovery%20that,first%20known%20active%20hydrothermal%20vent. [7] https://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/deep-sea-tubeworms-get-versatile-inside-help [8] https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0016018 [9] https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/375424/1/28-1_nautilus.pdf [10] https://www.jstor.org/stable/30052221 [11] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3390001/ [12] https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/ex1504/logs/aug31/aug31.html [13] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0967064516303058?via%3Dihub [14] https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2022GL099293 [15] https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/ocean-coasts/ocean-acidification [16] https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/climate-issues/ocean-impacts

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Get a 2-year plan + 4 extra months and 30 days money-back guarantee by going to https://nordvpn.com/realscience Watch this video ad-free on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/realscience-why-ocean-animals-keep-evolving-to-glow Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Narrator: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Lorraine Boissoneault Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Editor: David O'Sullivan Illustrator: Elfy Chiang (https://www.elfylandstudios.com/) Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) References: [1] https://www.mbari.org/new-study-shows-that-three-quarters-of-deep-sea-animals-make-their-own-light/ [2] https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0155154 [3] https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.673620/full [4] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5029497/ [5] https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abc5705 [6] https://link.springer.com/article/1.1007/s00114-012-0956-7 [7] https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2010761117 [8] https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/habitat-conservation/shallow-coral-reef-habitat [9] https://latzlab.ucsd.edu/bioluminescence/bioluminescence-questions-and-answers/ [10] https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(19)30554-8?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982219305548%3Fshowall%3Dtrue [11] https://medarbetarportalen.gu.se/digitalAssets/1566/1566428_biolumen.pdf [12] https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2021/lights-camera-action-how-the-hawaiian-bobtail-squid-brings-a-creative-vision-to-its-maritime-world-of-small-big-screens/ [13] https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/76769.pdf [14] https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2006.0236 [15] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-21298-w [16] https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1920875117 [17] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00227-014-2406-x [18] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00114-012-0956-7 [19] https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-astrobiology/article/abs/thoughts-on-the-diversity-of-convergent-evolution-of-bioluminescence-on-earth/4612B29DD0868EA0B6F9B57E2C5A93E1

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Get 1 year of both Nebula and CuriosityStream for just 14.79 here: http://curiositystream.com/realscience using the code "realscience" Watch the first episode of Becoming Human on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/realscience-bipedalism Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Narrator: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Lorraine Boissoneault Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Editor: David O'Sullivan Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Illustrator: Elfy Chiang (https://www.elfylandstudios.com) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) Imagery courtesy of Getty Images References: [1] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5452959/ [2] https://www.nps.gov/cato/learn/nature/insects.htm [3] https://news.stanford.edu/2018/01/23/insects-took-off-evolved-wings/ [4] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982216314610#bib3 [5] https://www.the-scientist.com/notebook/unearthing-the-evolutionary-origins-of-insect-wings-69845?_ga=2.47373476.2093500862.1659640892-872914349.1659640892 [6] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-020-1257-8 [7] http://pterosaur.net/species.php [8] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016699520300024 [9] https://www.discovermagazine.com/technology/the-origins-of-flight-from-birds-to-bugs-to-planes [10] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mam.12211 [11] https://www.science.org/content/article/winged-robots-hint-origins-flight [12] https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0915099107 [13] https://asknature.org/strategy/respiratory-system-facilitates-efficient-gas-exchange/ [14] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mam.12211 [15] https://www.britannica.com/animal/bat-mammal/Form-and-function [16] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/mam.12211 [17] https://www.britannica.com/animal/flying-fox [18] https://www.livescience.com/biggest-birds-on-earth

Get a 2-year plan + 4 extra months and 30 days money-back guarantee by going to https://nordvpn.com/realscience Watch this video ad-free on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/realscience-why-does-this-flower-smell-so-bad Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Narrator: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Lorraine Boissoneault Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator: Elfy Chiang (https://www.elfylandstudios.com/) Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) References: [1] https://www.worldwildlife.org/places/borneo-and-sumatra [2] https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_38_2005-01-22.html [3] https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2017/03/colossal-blossom [4] https://www.nybg.org/garden/the-corpse-flower-amorphophallus-titanum/ [5] https://www.quantamagazine.org/dna-of-giant-corpse-flower-parasite-surprises-biologists-20210421/ [6] https://books.google.com/books?id=Hc4aBgAAQBAJ&pg=PP7&lpg=PP7&dq=The+Rafflesia+in+the+Natural+and+Imperial+Imagination+of+the+East+India+Company+in+Southeast+Asia&source=bl&ots=QxhvJxYhju&sig=ACfU3U1-UUiMnOI0erzC3MeYS3rsdl81kA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjS0dTS_Lf6AhVfEVkFHSu8Aj4Q6AF6BAgCEAM#v=onepage&q=The%20Rafflesia%20in%20the%20Natural%20and%20Imperial%20Imagination%20of%20the%20East%20India%20Company%20in%20Southeast%20Asia&f=false [7] https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/31/4/793/1110087 [8] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4536854/ [9] https://www.quantamagazine.org/dna-of-giant-corpse-flower-parasite-surprises-biologists-20210421/ [10] https://www.google.com/books/edition/Carrion_Ecology_Evolution_and_Their_Appl/VXxjCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Carrion+and+Dung+Mimicry+in+Plants&pg=PA361&printsec=frontcover [11] https://www.britannica.com/science/hydrocarbon/Polymerization#ref1004383 [12] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/tpj.14496 [13] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1369526607001732 [14] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jse.12260 [15] https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/cultivating-the-worlds-largest-stinkiest-flower-is-no-small-task?loggedin=true [16] https://doaj.org/article/8bd3034a94b34218885a47a4d0443206 [17] https://earth.org/deforestation-in-southeast-asia/ [18] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989422000658

Be one of the first 200 people to sign up with this link and get 20% off your subscription with Brilliant.org! https://brilliant.org/realscience/ Watch this video ad-free on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/realscience-the-insane-biology-of-the-seahorse Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Narrator: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Angela Wipperman (https://www.angelawipperman.com) Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator: Elfy Chiang (https://www.elfylandstudios.com/) Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) References: [1] https://sharkresearch.rsmas.miami.edu/research/projects/great-white-predation/#:~:text=No!,success%20rate%20of%20roughly%2080%25. [2] https://animalbiotelemetry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40317-015-0059-2#:~:text=As%20with%20fur%20seal%20pup,4b). [3] https://www.britannica.com/animal/sea-horse ​​; [4] https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms3840 [5]https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/210/3/432/2766/Dimorphic-sperm-and-the-unlikely-route-to [6] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0143400421005816#sec5 [7] https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/seahorse.html [8] https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/article/seahorse-fathers-take-reins-in-childbirth [9] http://maeresearch.ucsd.edu/mckittrick/pubs/Seahorse_Final%20version.pdf [10] https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/discover-fish/species-profiles/hippocampus-erectus/ [11] http://courses.washington.edu/biomechs/homework/Seahorse.pdf [12]https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/why-seahorses-have-square-tails-180955802/ [13] https://www.nature.com/articles/nature20595 [14] ​​https://oceanconservancy.org/blog/2018/12/10/7-wild-facts-may-not-know-seahorses/ [15] Oligocene expansion of seagrass habitats Evolution of seahorses' upright posture was linked to [16] https://www.discoverwildlife.com/animal-facts/marine-animals/how-and-why-do-seahorses-change-colour/ [17] https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Adrian-Flynn/publication/231927738_Effect_of_habitat_complexity_and_predatory_style_on_the_capture_success_of_fish_feeding_on_aggregated_prey/links/0c960535f191596939000000/Effect-of-habitat-complexity-and-predatory-style-on-the-capture-success-of-fish-feeding-on-aggregated-prey.pdf [18] https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms3840 [19] https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn11015-need-for-speed-gave-seahorse-its-snout/ [20] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2665837/

For 16 free meals with HelloFresh across 7 boxes AND 3 free gifts, use code REALSCIENCE16 at https://bit.ly/3jQf5ni Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Narrator: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Angela Wipperman (https://www.angelawipperman.com) Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) Imagery courtesy of Getty Images References: [1] (https://www.washington.edu/news/2011/10/07/babies-show-sense-of-fairness-altruism-as-early-as-15-months/). [2] (https://www.nature.com/articles/nature01963) [3] (https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199969470.001.0001/acprof-9780199969470 ) [4] (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cd.23219977608 ) [5] (https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/aug/26/animalbehaviour.medicalresearch) [6] https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1504454112 [6.5] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513815001221 [7] (https://srcd.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1993.tb02950.x) [8] (https://theconversation.com/how-monkeys-make-friends-and-influence-each-other-65906) [9] (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4132870) [10] (https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1701676114) [11] (https://www.wired.com/2014/11/monkeys-know-theyre/) [11.5] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982214014432#mmc2 [12] (https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/pdf/S2211-1247(20)30382-X.pdf). [13] (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29040907/) [14] (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25556543/). [15] (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6372234/). [16] (https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0914616107#sec-11)

Sign up to Morning Brew for free today!: https://morningbrewdaily.com/realscience Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Narrator/Producer: Stephanie Sammann Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Editor: David O'Sullivan Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Illustrator: Elfy Chiang (https://www.elfylandstudios.com) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Imagery courtesy of Getty Images References: [1] https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Inside-of-a-Dog/Alexandra-Horowitz/9781416583431 [2] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3018978/#:~:text=Olfactory%20sense%20is%2C%20in%20terms,of%20interaction%20with%20the%20environment. [3] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5131614/ [4] https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/4/517/htm [5] https://www.rockefeller.edu/news/30838-study-reveals-smell-receptors-work/#:~:text=While%20most%20receptors%20are%20precisely,respond%20to%20many%20chemical%20components. [6] https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2018.00056/full [7] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5884888/ [8] https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2020.00159/full [9] https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/meet-dogs-sniffing-out-whale-poop-science-180958050/#:~:text=As%20a%20Conservation%20Canine%2C%20or,Washington%20Center%20for%20Conservation%20Biology. [10] https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/22338-blood-tests-for-cancer [11] https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-021-08651-5 [12] https://apnews.com/article/7168c3a5321d42ba990fba953a163837

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Sign up to Morning Brew for free today!: https://morningbrewdaily.com/realscience Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Narrator/Producer: Stephanie Sammann Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Editor: David O'Sullivan Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Illustrator: Elfy Chiang (https://www.elfylandstudios.com) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Animator: Eli Prenten (https://www.instagram.com/twistereli/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) Imagery courtesy of Getty Images References: [1] https://www.britannica.com/science/abyssal-zone [2] https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/invertebrates/vampire-squid-hell [3] https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/marinesnow.html#:~:text=Marine%20snow%20is%20a%20shower,finally%20reaching%20the%20ocean%20floor. [4] https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2005.3158 [5] https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/invertebrates/giant-squid#:~:text=Introduction,-Dr.&text=Giant%20squid%20live%20up%20to,have%20weighed%20nearly%20a%20ton. [6] https://www.tepapa.govt.nz/discover-collections/read-watch-play/science/colossal-squid/colossal-squid-te-papa/how-big-colossal [7] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleiber%27s_law [8] https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-marine-biological-association-of-the-united-kingdom/article/abs/slow-pace-of-life-of-the-antarctic-colossal-squid/C65E7D6CAE8A77365BDB695C1F34E4D4 [9] https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/animals-and-temperature/thermal-evolution-of-ectotherm-body-size-why-get-big-in-the-cold/B1ADB4A7A1778CDEE18D377DC10A934D [10] https://sci-hub.se/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1012336823275 [11] https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/greenland-shark.html [12] https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaf1703 [13] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-76371-0#:~:text=As%20a%20large%20and%20slow,date7%2C13%2C33. [14] https://www.aaas.org/supergiant-amphipods-deep-sea [15] https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/isopod.html [16] https://www.npr.org/sections/krulwich/2014/02/22/280249001/i-wont-eat-you-cant-make-me-and-they-couldnt [17] https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2435.12152 [18] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22905166/

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Get 1 year of both Nebula and CuriosityStream for just 14.79 here: http://curiositystream.com/realscience using the code "realscience" New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Narrator/Writer: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Ashleen Knutsen Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) References: [1] https://humanresearchroadmap.nasa.gov/evidence/reports/EvidenceBook.pdf [2] https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2001/ast01oct_1/ [3] https://www.space.com/24701-how-long-does-it-take-to-get-to-mars.html [4] https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/station-science-101/cardiovascular-health-in-microgravity/ [5] https://www.nasa.gov/hrp/bodyinspace [6] https://www.nasa.gov/johnson/HWHAP/artificial-gravity [7] http://www.artificial-gravity.com/NASA-JSC-EX-02-50.pdf [8] https://www.nasa.gov/analogs/envihab [9] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00421-021-04673-w [10] https://journals.physiology.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1152/japplphysiol.00180.2021 [11] https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.14814/phy2.14977 [12] https://www.google.com/books/edition/Psychology_and_Human_Performance_in_Spac/A5v6DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Russian+Soyuz-21+mission+odor+hallucination&pg=PA119&printsec=frontcover [13] https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-studies-team-dynamics-in-antarctica [14] https://www.nasa.gov/analogs/nsrl/why-space-radiation-matters [15] https://www.epa.gov/radiation/radiation-basics [16] https://www.epa.gov/radiation/radiation-sources-and-doses [17] https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20050196720/downloads/20050196720.pdf [18] https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aaz1334 [19] https://www.space.com/nasa-changing-astronaut-radiation-exposure-limit [20] https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20050196720/downloads/20050196720.pdf, [21] https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/news/features/2016/stemrad-vest-space.html [22] https://journals.aps.org/rmp/pdf/10.1103/RevModPhys.83.1245?casa_token=euXHFGZUkvgAAAAA%3AxhojYmMa0cxTWxVqtUNWq2jS1MvaxvpCiJgG4UBAr1-XX9fru4XS1LbJcNuqv1IfirZPi-IqvM_57w [23] https://rsv.org.au/space-radiation/ [24] https://www.space.com/genetically-engineer-astronauts-missions-mars-protect-radiation.html [25] https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2016.20648 [26] https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms12808#MOESM1958

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Be one of the first 200 people to sign up with this link and get 20% off your subscription with Brilliant.org! https://brilliant.org/realscience/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Narrator/Writer: Stephanie Sammann Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) Imagery courtesy of Getty Images References: [1] https://www.google.com/books/edition/Insectivorous_Plants/rxwqAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1 [2] https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Plants-and-Fungi/Venus-Flytrap [3] https://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/en/news-and-events/news/detail/news/the-pressure-sensor-of-the-venus-flytrap/ [4] https://www.pnas.org/content/117/27/16035 [5] https://www.nibb.ac.jp/en/press/2020/10/06.html [6] https://www.the-scientist.com/the-literature/what-makes-a-venus-flytrap-snap-67151 [7] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5993016/#table-2fn1 [8] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11432920/ [9] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982220305674 [10] https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2018.0012 [11] https://www.uvm.edu/~ngotelli/manuscriptpdfs/EllisonGotelliJEB2009.pdf [12] https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/nph.14879

Get 1 year of both Nebula and CuriosityStream for just 11.59 here, until January 23rd: http://curiositystream.com/realscience using the code "realscience" New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Narrator/Writer: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Ashleen Knutsen Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Max Moser Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) Imagery courtesy of Getty Images References: [1] https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/golden-spider-silk [2] https://daily.jstor.org/the-tangled-history-of-weaving-with-spider-silk/ [3] https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/epoly-2020-0049/html?lang=en#j_epoly-2020-0049_ref_012_w2aab3b7d596b1b6b1ab2b1c12Aa [4] https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2016.0125 [5] https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/02/200211092550.htm [6] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081012727000067 [7] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326668967_Spider_Silk-Properties_and_Uses_Spider_Silk-Properties_and_Uses [8] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2658765/ [9] http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/spider/page3.htm [10] https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6115 [11] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5861357/ [12] https://www.geneseo.edu/nuclear/density-spider-silk [13] https://hypertextbook.com/facts/2004/KarenSutherland.shtml [14] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia_Kevlar_Silk_Comparison.jpg [15] https://www.colorado.edu/lab/vernerey/sites/default/files/attached-files/gradient_effects.pdf [16] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11385464/ [17] https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8402&context=etd [18] https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00193?casa_token=WGgbjUgib7kAAAAA:WWr1DvGBN2iMgy8i5FlprBr75GaojBTSlbiGnIBUDVD7RbTH_Y8Ez-L1U8KpYeccvaVY5kjq4UWtFmQ [19] https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00980 [20] https://www.nature.com/articles/natrevmats20173

Get 1 year of both Nebula and CuriosityStream for just 11.59 here, until December 24th: http://curiositystream.com/realscience using the code "realscience" New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Narrator/Writer: Stephanie Sammann Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) Imagery courtesy of Getty Images Additional Footage: Dreadfin Entertainment References: [1] https://us.whales.org/whales-dolphins/facts-about-orcas/ [2] https://phys.org/news/2017-05-orcas-prey-great-white-sharks.html [3] https://www.amnh.org/explore/news-blogs/on-exhibit-posts/the-first-whale-pakicetus [4] https://www.whaleresearch.com/about-orcas#:~:text=Male%20orcas%20usually%20grow%20to,(2%2D3%20m). [5] https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/understanding-orca-culture-12494696/ [6] https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/sound-strategy-hunting-southern-residents-part-2#:~:text=The%20whales%20hunt%20with%20echolocation,bounce%20back%20to%20the%20whale. [7] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17348498/ [8] http://courses.washington.edu/fish538/resources/Au%20et%20al%202010%20salmon.pdf [9]https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-47335-w [10] https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/scientists-plan-to-use-ai-to-try-to-decode-the-language-of-whales [11] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280780256_Acoustic_behaviour_of_resident_killer_whales_Orcinus_orca_off_Vancouver_Island_British_Columbia [12] https://open.library.ubc.ca/media/stream/pdf/831/1.0096602/1 [13] https://www.jstor.org/stable/1380981?casa_token=L30nHWeK8coAAAAA%3AbrD0GVcQ2Rb-WvxrMcbI6cQxqWlkTJKHqGYHmmAf1drv1k7zB4ivPU93f4L5vX4cAwOapvx_QmAjV3S4ex3fMxZDjrN8coZkxxsERab9WZULOhjctEA&seq=3#metadata_info_tab_contents [14] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230729878_Development_of_intentional_stranding_hunting_techniques_in_killer_whale_Orcinus_orca_calves_at_Crozet_Archipelago [15] https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms11693 [16] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetacean_intelligence [17] https://psychology.fandom.com/wiki/Encephalization_quotient [18] https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.a.20075 [19] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0376635701001346?np=y

Start building your ideal daily routine! The first 100 people who click on the link will get 25% OFF Fabulous Premium: https://www.thefab.co/realscience Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Narrator/Writer: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Angela Wipperman Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) Imagery courtesy of Getty Images References: [1] https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09248?version=meter+at+null&module=meter-Links&pgtype=article&contentId=&mediaId=&referrer=&priority=true&action=click&contentCollection=meter-links-click [2] https://www.nationalgeographic.com/foodfeatures/evolution-of-diet/ [3] https://data.oecd.org/agroutput/meat-consumption.htm [4] https://www.fao.org/3/y4252e/y4252e05b.htm [5] https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/13/meat-greenhouses-gases-food-production-study [6] https://winstonchurchill.org/publications/churchill-bulletin/bulletin-115-jan-2018/no-bull/ [7] https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/thenow/what-is-labgrown-meat/1/ [8] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23781504/ [9] https://www.cell.com/heliyon/pdf/S2405-8440(21)01789-8.pdf [10] https://www.wired.co.uk/article/scaling-clean-meat-serum-just-finless-foods-mosa-meat [11] https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/references/gibco-cell-culture-basics/cell-culture-environment/culture-media/fbs-basics/intro-fetal-bovine-serum-collection.html [12] https://thecounter.org/lab-grown-cultivated-meat-cost-at-scale/ [13] https://media.mpbio.com/document/file/brochure/dest/l/s/1/0/2/LS102019-EN-FastGro-Brochure.pdf [14] https://cedelft.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/CE_Delft_190254_TEA_of_Cultivated_Meat_Def.pdf [15] https://www.wired.co.uk/article/scaling-clean-meat-serum-just-finless-foods-mosa-meat [16] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6078906/ [17]https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369703X15300413

Help clean up the ocean with #TeamSeas Donate here: https://teamseas.org Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Narrator/Writer: Stephanie Sammann Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) References: [1] https://www.britannica.com/science/end-Triassic-extinction [2] https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/reptiles/sea-turtles [3] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ddi.12369 [4] https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/turtle-hatch.html [5] https://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/wildlife/sea-turtle/lighting/disorientations/gallery/ [6] https://conserveturtles.org/information-sea-turtles-threats-artificial-lighting/ [7] https://conserveturtles.org/11390-2/ [8] https://sci-hub.se/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022098107000172 [9] https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/about/news-room/press-releases-and-statements/2020/07/23/research-finds-plastic-flows-into-the-ocean-expected-to-triple-by-2040 [10] https://www.neaq.org/about-us/news-media/press-kit/press-releases/rescue-effort-saves-stranded-600-lb-leatherback-sea-turtle/ [11] https://www.neaq.org/about-us/news-media/press-kit/press-releases/rehabilitated-sea-turtles-released-into-waters-off-cape-cod/ [12] https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/articles/2020/07/23/breaking-the-plastic-wave-top-findings [13] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W4u3GL9SyyM&ab_channel=SaveSeaTurtles [14] https://www.nps.gov/pais/learn/nature/Kempsridleystory.htm

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Get 1 year of both Nebula and CuriosityStream for just 14.79 here: http://curiositystream.com/realscience using the code "realscience" New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Narrator: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Ashleen Knutsen Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) Imagery courtesy of Getty Images Music: volga by biba-dupont excavate by marshall-usinger tropical-bounce by london-art-gang sublime by anbr no-one-is-out-here by yehezkel-raz the-destiny by max-h antisystem---short-glitch-transmission-interference- by sampletraxx ui-designer---glitch-menu-interaction by sampletraxx References: [1] https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9926-timeline-bse-and-vcjd/ [2] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1116429/ [3] https://www.cdc.gov/prions/bse/bse-north-america.html [4] https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24416-1-in-2000-britons-may-carry-mad-cow-prion-protein/ [5] https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd/causes/ [6 ] https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd/symptoms/ [7] https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd/prevention/ [8]https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(19)30196-8/fulltext [9] https://www.nature.com/articles/laban1005-10a [10] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28003548/ [11] https://stm.sciencemag.org/content/8/370/370ra182 [12] https://americasblood.org/for-donors/americas-blood-supply/ [13] https://www.va.gov/pittsburgh-health-care/stories/many-veterans-who-served-in-europe-can-now-give-blood-fda-lifts-ban/

The first 1000 people to use the link will get a free trial of Skillshare Premium Membership: https://skl.sh/realscience04211 New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Writer/Narrator: Stephanie Sammann Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) Imagery courtesy of Getty Images Additional Photo Credits: Verisimilus Aleksey Nagovitsyn Matteo De Stefano/MUSE Prehistorica Dmitry Bogdanov Nobu Tamura Tommy from Arad Nemo's great uncle Music: merge by theatre-of-delays my-right-foot by tamuz-dekel technologie-automatisée by lance-conrad road-less-traveled by dj-taz-rashid different-paths by theatre-of-delays inkling by daniel-joseph-white References: [1] https://www.sharksider.com/timeline-shark-evolution/ [2] https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/sharks-rays/sharks [3] https://jeb.biologists.org/content/jexbio/212/24/4010.full.pdf [4]https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-71472-2 [5] https://faculty.washington.edu/fishguy/Resources/Research_PDFs/2003-hammerhead-shark-turning-head-shape.pdf [6] https://www.publish.csiro.au/mf/MF9890129 [7] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124104600000036 [8] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1011028312787 [9] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235427479_Electroreception_in_neonatal_bonnethead_sharks_Sphyrna_tiburo

Get 1 year of both Nebula and CuriosityStream for just 14.79 here: http://curiositystream.com/realscience using the code "realscience" New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Narrator: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Angela Wipperman Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) Imagery courtesy of Getty Images Music: organism by roie-shpigler the-castle by anbr effort by anbr i-can-see-you by angel-salazar sliding by evgeny-bardyuzha dancing-on-the-snow by anbr october by anbr References: [1 https://www.pnas.org/content/112/25/7761#sec-6 [2] https://news.mongabay.com/2015/06/study-confirms-what-scientists-have-been-saying-for-decades-the-sixth-mass-extinction-is-real-and-caused-by-us/ [3] https://quaggaproject.org/the-project/ [4] https://quaggaproject.org/stellenbosch-university/ [5] https://sci-hub.se/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0093691X08007784 [6] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-40546-1 [7] https://medium.com/lotus-fruit/reviving-extinct-animals-using-crispr-38d0d43e4007 [8] https://reviverestore.org/projects/woolly-mammoth/progress/ [9] https://www.cbd.int/doc/speech/2007/sp-2007-05-22-es-en.pdf

Get a 30-day trial of Audible at http://Audible.com/realscience Or, text, "realscience" to 500 500 Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Narrator: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Ashleen Knutsen Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) Imagery courtesy of Getty Images Music: wonder---no-strings by tristan-barton nano by evgeny-bardyuzha the-undertake by borrtex null by veshza fall-equinox---alternative-version by the-bows References: [1] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160642/#:~:text=How%20Many%20Named%20Species%20of,the%20physiology%20has%20been%20investigated [2] https://www.nature.com/articles/nature19355 [3] http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/158203.stm [4] https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/early/2015/10/29/1514974112.full.pdf [5] http://faculty.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit7/metabolism/growth/growth.html [6] https://news.mit.edu/2019/determine-bacteria-evolution-age-0208 [7] https://www.britannica.com/science/bacteria/Evolution-of-bacteria#ref39347 [8] https://www.edvotek.com/site/pdf/956.pdf [9] https://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6278/1196?casa_token=TcUtyz_d3aEAAAAA%3Akk8fYuXFyeAWh6aWjYWm_v3vumfXt03NmKIE-kS9sa36I_IgLckQaAfGjstLIpyAgQbGhRr5QeFw [10] https://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6278/1154?casa_token=ulZOSqYuHU8AAAAA%3A5PpZUa9ddmNqtc2v8Pywcu2VBRV3FyMf8Dj4nhlajOeZ_farBUa9i39McA7sTQ_BOLjwFghI0A5X [11] https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kim_De_Mora/publication/3481750_Development_of_a_novel_biosensor_for_the_detection_of_arsenic_in_drinking_water/links/584a870f08ae4a7a6917c460/Development-of-a-novel-biosensor-for-the-detection-of-arsenic-in-drinking-water.pdf [12] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-019-0498-z

Get 1 year of both Nebula and CuriosityStream for just 14.79 here: http://curiositystream.com/realscience using the code "realscience" New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Narrator: Stephanie Sammann Writer: Lorraine Boissoneault Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) Imagery courtesy of Getty Images Music: eternity by ian-post ganymede by yehezkel-raz surreal-journey by aquartos through-the-sunset by seth-parson a-journeys-epilogue---instrumental-version by sivan-talmor revelation---no-atmosphere-fx- by tristan-barton References: [1] https://news.mongabay.com/2013/07/forgotten-species-the-arapaima-or-dinosaur-fish/ [2] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22512942/ [3] https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/arapaima [4] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24816264/#:~:text=The%20scales%20of%20the%20arapaima,hard%2C%20highly%20mineralized%20surface%20layer. [5] https://sci-hub.se/https://science.sciencemag.org/content/227/4688/782.abstract [6] https://sci-hub.se/https://journals.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/ajplegacy.1935.111.2.352 [7] https://sci-hub.se/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241692058_The_role_of_prolactin_in_fish_reproduction [8] https://zoologyweblog.blogspot.com/2018/03/arapaima-milk-reflections-on-big-fish.html [9] https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2014/06/26/arapaima-conservation-its-happening-at-the-local-level-in-guyana/

The first 1000 people to use the link will get a free trial of Skillshare Premium Membership: https://skl.sh/realscience02211 New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Writer/Narrator: Stephanie Sammann Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) Imagery courtesy of Getty Images Music: Dusk-to-dawn_by_josh-leake new-world by ian-post metamorphosis by the-bows the-city-of-hope by borrtex [1] https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-immune-system/a/intro-to-viruses [2] https://jvi.asm.org/content/89/3/1537 [3] https://www.nature.com/articles/nrmicro1972 [4] https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2021/02/viruses-can-cause-great-harm-but-we-could-not-live-without-them-feature/ [5] https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/phenomena/2012/02/14/mammals-made-by-viruses/ [6] https://www.nature.com/articles/35001608

Get 1 year of both Nebula and CuriosityStream for just 14.79 here: http://curiositystream.com/realscience using the code "realscience" New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Writer/Narrator/Editor: Stephanie Sammann Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) Imagery courtesy of Getty Images Music: flight-of-the-inner-bird---instrumental-version by sivan-talmor horizons---no-leads by ian-post new-land---no-choir by ian-post pictures-from-the-past by aleksey-chistilin the-dream---no-choir by ian-post horizons---piano--strings-version by ian-post tomb by veshza References: [1] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7212395/ [2] https://www.antscanada.com/ant-biology/ [3] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/een.12337#:~:text=In%20many%20ant%20species%2C%20caste,reproduction%20(production%20of%20queens). [4] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0003347262901410 [5] Hölldobler, B., & Wilson, E. O. (1994). Journey to the ants: A story of scientific exploration. [6] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmor.1050220206 [7] https://www.npr.org/2008/11/29/97547749/the-secret-society-of-superorganisms#:~:text=Workers%20who%20remain%20help%20care,superorganism%20colonies%20are%20highly%20successful. [8] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Selfish_Gene [9] https://www.pbs.org/video/eo-wilson-ants-and-men-full-episode/

Get 1 year of both Nebula and CuriosityStream for just 11.79 here: http://curiositystream.com/realscience using the code "realscience" New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Writer/Narrator/Editor: Stephanie Sammann Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) Producer: Erica Corder Imagery courtesy of Getty Images References: [1] https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/physrev.00016.2016 [2] http://www.kenstoreylab.com/animal-models-2/invertebrates/rana-sylvatica/ [3] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5520671/ [4] https://www.organdonor.gov/statistics-stories/statistics.html [5] https://www.organdonor.gov/about/process/matching.html#:~:text=Because%20organs%20such%20as%20the,are%20recovered%20from%20the%20donor. [6] https://www.journalofsurgicalresearch.com/article/S0022-4804(66)80008-2/pdf [7] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006291X84715129

Get 1 year of both Nebula and CuriosityStream for just 11.79 here: http://curiositystream.com/realscience using the code "realscience" New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Writer/Narrator/Editor: Stephanie Sammann Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) Imagery courtesy of Getty Images References: [1] https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/weight-loss/expert-answers/brown-fat/faq-20058388 [2] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6801758/ [3] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2912224/ (https://sci-hub.se/10.1152/ajpregu.1989.256.1.R42) [4] https://jeb.biologists.org/content/221/Suppl_1/jeb162586#:~:text=Brown%20adipose%20tissue%20(BAT)%20is,times%20throughout%20the%20hibernation%20season. [5] https://www.une.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/32505/Lovegrove20et20al.20SminthopsisPassive20Rewarm20JCP99.pdf [6] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/blubber [7] https://ecobubamarica.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/12.jpg [8] https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2002-32473 [9] https://beyondpenguins.ehe.osu.edu/issue/arctic-and-anarctic-birds/how-do-birds-stay-warm#Complex [10] Moalem, Sharon, and Jonathan Prince. Survival of the Sickest: The Surprising Connections Between Disease and Longevity (P.S.). Reprint, Harper Perennial, 2008.

Get 1 year of both Nebula and CuriosityStream for just 14.79 here: http://curiositystream.com/realscience using the code "realscience" New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Writer/Narrator/Editor: Stephanie Sammann Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) Imagery courtesy of Getty Images References: [1] https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2019/02/horseshoe-crabs-related-to-spiders/ [2] https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0108036 [3] https://dnr.maryland.gov/ccs/Pages/horseshoecrab-anatomy.aspx [4] https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2018.00185/full [5] https://www.chemistryworld.com/podcasts/limulus-amebocyte-lysate/3010453.article [6] https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/crash-a-tale-of-two-species-the-benefits-of-blue-blood/595/ [7] https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/02/the-blood-harvest/284078/ [8] https://www.britannica.com/story/horseshoe-crab-a-key-player-in-ecology-medicine-and-more [9] https://www.horseshoecrab.org/research/sites/default/files/TIBTECH-rFC.pdf [10] https://www.usp.org/news/rfc-horseshoe-crabs-statement

Get 1 year of both Nebula and CuriosityStream for just 14.79 here: http://curiositystream.com/realscience using the code "realscience" New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Writer/Narrator/Editor: Stephanie Sammann Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) Imagery courtesy of Getty Images References: [1] https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/cephalopod-camouflage-cells-and-organs-of-the-144048968/ [2] https://thebiologist.rsb.org.uk/biologist-features/158-biologist/features/2071-the-real-chameleons [3] https://ideas.ted.com/oddballs-with-high-level-intelligence-a-q-a-with-roger-hanlon-about-the-amazing-octopus/ [4] https://jeb.biologists.org/content/218/10/1462.short [5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_animals_by_number_of_neurons [6] https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-06/agu-rmh062419.php [7] https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/mar/28/alien-intelligence-the-extraordinary-minds-of-octopuses-and-other-cephalopods [8] https://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution/fulltext/S0169-5347(18)30267-2 [9] http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Definitions_of_Play#:~:text=One%20often%2Dquoted%20definition%20of,patterns%20resembling%20those%20used%20in [10] https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/beastly-behavior/201705/why-play-is-important

Get 1 year of both Nebula and CuriosityStream for just 14.79 here: http://curiositystream.com/realscience using the code "realscience" New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Writer/Narrator/Editor: Stephanie Sammann Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) References: [1] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0887796396800873 [2] https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-7368(72)70735-5 [3] https://www.givingblood.org/about-blood/blood-facts.aspx [4] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6956546/ [5] https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt0407-427?draft=collection [6] https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt1298/ [7] https://www.jbc.org/content/295/2/325.full?sid=c27b7e12-df66-40f7-a9b7-2aea477c3d64 [8] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-019-0469-7?fbclid=IwAR0bZXz1QNJDG-oC8d7TdmmSwWdkWn5Rjw5JS91QIlRt3UzxKUEZVpg8HVo

Get 1 year of both Nebula and CuriosityStream for just 14.79 here: http://curiositystream.com/realscience using the code "realscience" New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Writer/Narrator/Editor: Stephanie Sammann Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) References: [1] https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/venus/overview/#:~:text=6-,Greenhouse%20Effect,hot%20enough%20to%20melt%20lead. [2] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-020-1174-4 [3] https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/ast.2015.1404 [4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosignature [5] https://theconversation.com/if-there-is-life-on-venus-how-could-it-have-got-there-origin-of-life-experts-explain-146407 [6] https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-010-2239-2_40 [7] https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/nasa-climate-modeling-suggests-venus-may-have-been-habitable [8] http://repository.iucaa.in:8080/jspui/handle/11007/1671 [9 https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/ast.2013.1074 [10] https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/itt9b7/askscience_ama_series_we_have_hints_of_life_on/g5he4yv/?utm_medium=android_app&utm_source=share&context=3 [11] https://www.sciencefocus.com/news/venus-has-at-least-37-recently-active-volcanoes/ [12] https://arxiv.org/pdf/1910.05224.pdf [13] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/crat.200410307 [14] https://astrobites.org/2020/09/21/phosphine-in-venus/

Get 1 year of both Nebula and CuriosityStream for just 14.79 here: http://curiositystream.com/realscience using the code "realscience" New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Thank you to our Patreon supporters: KMSkipper96 Credits: Writer/Narrator/Editor: Stephanie Sammann Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) References: [1] https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2020/06/marine-biologist-audun-rikardsen-swims-with-russian-spy-beluga-whale/ [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Marine_Mammal_Program [3] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFu_ef9XypY [4] https://rannsoknasetur.hi.is/sites/rannsoknasetur.hi.is/files/myndirhusavik/source_levels_of_clicks_from_free-ranging_white-beaked_dolphins.pdf [5] https://dosits.org/science/sounds-in-the-sea/what-are-common-underwater-sounds/ [6] https://dosits.org/science/movement/sofar-channel/sound-travel-in-the-sofar-channel/ [7] https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/19/world/war-gulf-overview-2-us-ships-badly-damaged-iraqi-mines-persian-gulf.html [8] https://doi.org/10.1117/12.280845 [9] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0893608095000526 [10] https://asa.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1121/1.385015 [11]https://www.cbsnews.com/news/mine-hunting-dolphin-awol-in-iraq/

Get 1 year of both Nebula and CuriosityStream for just 14.79 here: http://curiositystream.com/realscience using the code "realscience" New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Writer/Narrator/Editor: Stephanie Sammann Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) References: [1] https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/sicklecell/data.html#:~:text=SCD%20affects%20approximately%20100%2C000%20Americans,sickle%20cell%20trait%20(SCT). [2] https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/06/23/877543610/a-year-in-1st-patient-to-get-gene-editing-for-sickle-cell-disease-is-thriving [3] https://www.quantamagazine.org/crispr-natural-history-in-bacteria-20150206/ [4] http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2014/crispr-a-game-changing-genetic-engineering-technique/ [5] http://ir.crisprtx.com/static-files/da1909c1-e5fb-4232-99fe-0013a11fab61 [6]https://www.nature.com/articles/d41587-019-00035-2 [7]https://investors.vrtx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/crispr-therapeutics-and-vertex-announce-positive-safety-and [8] https://www.texaschildrens.org/health/bone-marrow-transplantation-children-sickle-cell-disease#:~:text=To%20create%20space%20in%20the,similar%20to%20a%20blood%20transfusion. [9] https://www.vox.com/2018/7/23/17594864/crispr-cas9-gene-editing

Get 1 year of both Nebula and CuriosityStream for just 14.79 here: http://curiositystream.com/realscience using the code "realscience" Here is Oxitec's 140 page risk assessment for the OX513A technology https://www.fda.gov/files/animal%20&%20veterinary/published/Oxitec-Mosquito---Draft-Environmental-Assessment.pdf New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Writer/Narrator/Editor: Stephanie Sammann Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) References: [1] https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/world-deadliest-animal.html [2] https://www.biointeractive.org/sites/default/files/GMmosquito-figures-SW.pdf [3] https://endmalaria.org/sites/default/files/Enca%20Martin-Rendon.pdf [4] https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003864 [5] https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/techknow/2016/11/genetically-modified-mosquitoes-eradicate-malaria-161129075454200.html [6] https://www.oxitec.com/en/news/oxitecs-friendly-mosquito-technology-receives-us-epa-approval-for-pilot-projects-in-us-c2943 [7] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002170000248 [8] https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/group/mosquitoes/

Get 1 year of both Nebula and CuriosityStream for just 14.79 here: http://curiositystream.com/realscience using the code "realscience" New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Writer/Narrator/Editor: Stephanie Sammann Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) Music Track List 1. Facing the Colossal by CK Martin 2. Teché Wé instrumental version by AM Beef 3. Corals Under the Sun instrumental version by Sivan Talmor 4. Digital Dreams by Jimmy Svensson 5. Seclusion by Michael FK References: [1] https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/04/how-gilead-drug-remdesivir-works-against-coronavirus/ [2] https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01824-5 [3] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7144260/ [4] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359610120300927 [5] https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/05/200513081810.htm [6] https://www.newscientist.com/term/cytokine-storm/#ixzz6QmMcqqEq [7] https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01824-5 [8] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1751559/ [9] https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010406.pub3/full [10] https://www.recoverytrial.net/news/low-cost-dexamethasone-reduces-death-by-up-to-one-third-in-hospitalised-patients-with-severe-respiratory-complications-of-covid-19

Get 1 year of both Nebula and CuriosityStream for just 19.99 here: http://curiositystream.com/realscience using the code "realscience" New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Writer/Narrator/Editor: Stephanie Sammann Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1) Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations) Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering) References: [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdido_(oil_platform) [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit [3] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14461129/ [4] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5938414/ [5] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3191624/ [6] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/fluorocarbon [7] https://johnclarkeonline.com/2011/06/20/liquid-breathing-its-not-as-easy-as-it-looks/ [8] https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/into-the-abyss-the-diving-suit-that-turns-men-into-fish-2139167.html [9] https://www.undercurrent.org/UCnow/dive_magazine/2011/BreathingFromLiquid201106.html [10] https://academic.oup.com/bja/article/91/1/143/276179 [11]https://engineering.cmu.edu/news-events/news/2017/11/20-nelson-perfluorocarbon.html

Get 1 year of both Nebula and CuriosityStream for just 19.99 here: http://curiositystream.com/realscience using the code "realscience" New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Thank you to Steve Minehan for letting us use some of his saturation diving footage! Credits: Writer/Narrator/Editor: Stephanie Sammann Editor: Dylan Hennessy Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel https://kpatart.com/illustrations Sound: Graham Haerther https://haerther.net Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster https://twitter.com/forgottentowel Producer: Brian McManus https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering References: [1] http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/La-Mi/Light-Transmission-in-the-Ocean.html [2] http://www.alertdiver.com/Saturation_Diving [3] https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-nz/home/injuries-and-poisoning/diving-and-compressed-air-injuries/decompression-sickness [4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis [5] https://www.navalhistory.org/2012/07/23/sealab-i [6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliox [7]https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/what-is-a-saturation-diver

Get 1 year of both Nebula and CuriosityStream for just 11.99 here: http://curiositystream.com/realscience using the code "realscience" New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/realscience Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Writer/Narrator/Editor: Stephanie Sammann Editor: Dylan Hennessy Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel https://kpatart.com/illustrations Sound: Graham Haerther https://haerther.net Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster https://twitter.com/forgottentowel Producer: Brian McManus https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering References: [1] https://www.ghsindex.org/ [2] https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus [3] https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2020/3/13/21178289/confirmed-coronavirus-cases-us-countries-italy-iran-singapore-hong-kong [4]https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/17/us/coronavirus-testing-states.html?algo=clicks_decay_6&fellback=false&imp_id=126407409&action=click&module=moreIn&pgtype=Article&region=Footer [5] https://www.businessinsider.com/how-coronavirus-throat-tests-work-rt-pcr-method-explained-2020-4?r=US&IR=T [6] https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/how-is-the-covid-19-virus-detected-using-real-time-rt-pcr [7] https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/03/05/905484/why-the-cdc-botched-its-coronavirus-testing/ [8] https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/advice-on-the-use-of-point-of-care-immunodiagnostic-tests-for-covid-19 [9] https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/19/us/coronavirus-antibody-tests.html [10] https://spectrum.ieee.org/view-from-the-valley/the-institute/ieee-member-news/a-rapid-test-for-covid19-arrives-via-a-20yearold-technology-already-in-many-hospitals [11] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-y3xi1K7JE [12] https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/04/21/838794281/study-raises-questions-about-false-negatives-from-quick-covid-19-test

Be one of the first 200 people to sign up with this link and get 20% off your subscription with Brilliant! https://brilliant.org/realscience/ New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Writer/Narrator/Editor: Stephanie Sammann Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel https://kpatart.com/illustrations Sound: Graham Haerther https://haerther.net Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster https://twitter.com/forgottentowel Producer: Brian McManus https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering References: [1] https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/24/coronavirus-vaccine-when-will-it-be-ready-trials-cure-immunisation [2] https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-health/immunization/ [3] https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/conversations/understanding-vacc-work.html [4] https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/how-fluvaccine-made.htm [5] https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-02756-5 [6] https://www.modernatx.com/modernas-work-potential-vaccine-against-covid-19 [7] https://www.phgfoundation.org/briefing/rna-vaccines [8] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27382155 [9] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5426454_DNA_vaccines_and_their_applications_in_veterinary_practice_Current_perspectives [10] https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00798-8 [11] https://path.azureedge.net/media/documents/VAC_clinical_trials_fs_2015.pdf

Get 1 year of both Nebula and CuriosityStream for just 11.99 here: http://curiositystream.com/realscience using the code "realscience" New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Thank you to the Microscope Project for some of the footage used: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=waCW-WJsaeE&feature=youtu.be&t=382 https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCs1p_TJynh4Y6WvCAWlji_A/videos Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Writer/Narrator/Editor: Stephanie Sammann Animator: Mike Ridolfi https://www.moboxgraphics.com Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel https://kpatart.com/illustrations Sound: Graham Haerther https://haerther.net Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster https://twitter.com/forgottentowel Producer: Brian McManus https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering References: [1] https://www.healthline.com/health/open-wound#types [2] https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/how-wounds-heal [3] http://www.shieldhealthcare.com/community/popular/2015/12/18/how-wounds-heal-the-4-main-phases-of-wound-healing/ [4] http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2013/issue133a/ [5] https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320739#causes [6] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23635385 [7] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC183173/ [8] https://www.quantamagazine.org/bacteria-use-brainlike-bursts-of-electricity-to-communicate-20170905/ [9] https://www.nature.com/articles/nature15709 [10] https://journals.lww.com/annalsofsurgery/Abstract/2019/04000/Electric_Field_Based_Dressing_Disrupts.24.aspx [11] https://www.woundsresearch.com/article/human-acellular-dermal-matrix-paired-silver-zinc-coupled-electroceutical-dressing-results [12]https://newatlas.com/electrical-stimulation-accelerates-wound-healing/37521/ [13] https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0124502 [14] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/exd.12005

Be one of the first 200 people to sign up with this link and get 20% off your subscription with Brilliant.org! https://brilliant.org/realscience/ New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann/ Credits: Writer/Narrator/Editor: Stephanie Sammann Animator: Mike Ridolfi https://www.moboxgraphics.com Sound: Graham Haerther https://haerther.net Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel https://kpatart.com/illustrations Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster https://twitter.com/forgottentowel Producer: Brian McManus https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering References: [1] https://www.vice.com/da/article/rnvpgx/youneedtohearthis-a-half-deaf-guy-had-a-head-injury-and-now-hes-amazing-at-piano-derek-amato [2] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hxggorYIeWo [3] https://www.wisconsinmedicalsociety.org/professional/savant-syndrome/resources/articles/the-acquired-savant/ [4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonzo_Clemons [5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Cicoria [6] https://sci-hub.tw/https://www.nature.com/articles/nature07994 [7] https://carljungdepthpsychologysite.blog/2019/11/13/carl-jung-music-certainly-has-to-do-with-the-collective-unconscious/#.Xful8pNKh24 [8] https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-the-collective-unconscious-2671571 [9] https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-the-cerebrum-definition-functions-location.html#/:~:targetText=The%20cerebrum%20is%20divided%20into,they%20all%20must%20work%20together. [10] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQGI5yIMsfw [11] https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/131/1/39/346188 [12] https://www.scientificamerican.com/index.cfm/_api/render/file/?method=inline&fileID=E134AE08-A227-434F-9239B780B31F02FA

Get 1 year of both Nebula and CuriosityStream for just 19.99 here: http://curiositystream.com/realscience using the code "realscience" New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Writer/Narrator/Editor: Stephanie Sammann Sound: Graham Haerther https://haerther.net Illustrator: Kirtan Patel https://kpatart.com/illustrations Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster https://twitter.com/forgottentowel Producer: Brian McManus https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering References: [1] https://www.cnn.com/asia/live-news/coronavirus-outbreak-01-31-20-intl-hnk/index.html [2] https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-immune-system/a/intro-to-viruses [3] https://www.onhealth.com/content/1/viral_infections [4] https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2020/01/416511/mysterious-coronavirus-spreads-infectious-disease-expert-explains-what-you [5] https://www.businessinsider.com/wuhan-coronavirus-sars-bats-animals-to-humans-2020-1 [6] https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1918-pandemic-h1n1.html [7] https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/journal-plague-year-180965222/ [8] https://www.phe.gov/ASPRBlog/Pages/BlogArticlePage.aspx?PostID=206 [9] https://www.cdc.gov/sars/about/fs-sars.html [10] https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51221394

Get 1 year of both Nebula and CuriosityStream for just 19.99 here: http://curiositystream.com/realscience using the code "realscience" New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Thank you to Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution https://www.youtube.com/user/WoodsHoleOceanInst https://www.whoi.edu/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann/ Credits: Writer/Narrator/Editor: Stephanie Sammann Animator: Mike Ridolfi https://www.moboxgraphics.com Sound: Graham Haerther https://haerther.net Illustrator: Kirtan Patel https://kpatart.com/illustrations Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster https://twitter.com/forgottentowel Producer: Brian McManus https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering References: [1] https://www.whoi.edu/feature/history-hydrothermal-vents/discovery/1977.html [2] https://sos.noaa.gov/datasets/deep-sea-vent-locations/ [3] https://www.nationalgeographic.org/media/deep-sea-hydrothermal-vents/ [4] https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/vents.html [5] https://sciencing.com/source-energy-chemosynthesis-6681808.html [6] https://earthsky.org/earth/yeti-crabs-thrive-in-hot-ocean-vents-near-antarctica [7] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiogenesis [8] https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/02/100202101245.htm [9] https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2002.1183 [10] https://www.nature.com/articles/nrmicro1991 [11] https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/13023/hydrothermal-activity/

Get 1 year of both Nebula and Curiosity Stream for just 11.99 here: http://curiositystream.com/realscience using the code "realscience" New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann/ Credits: Writer/Narrator/Editor: Stephanie Sammann Animator: Mike Ridolfi https://www.moboxgraphics.com Sound: Graham Haerther https://haerther.net Illustrator: Kirtan Patel https://kpatart.com/illustrations Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster https://twitter.com/forgottentowel Producer: Brian McManus https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering References: [1]https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria#targetText=In%202017%2C%20there%20were%20an,and%2093%25%20of%20malaria%20deaths. [2] https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html [3]https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/index.html#targetText=The%20malaria%20parasite%20life%20cycle,which%20rupture%20and%20release%20merozoites%20.&targetText=Merozoites%20infect%20red%20blood%20cells%20. [4] https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/6338 [5] https://books.google.ie/books?hl=en&lr=&id=elLu3gSa-vUC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=10+++Humphreys+M++++++++++++.+Malaria:+poverty,+race,+and+public+health+in+the+United+States.+Baltimore+(MD):+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press%3B+++++++++++2001+++++++++++.+++++++++&ots=MNsHiEqgC1&sig=nlFonOwho3YiUobqwkwHMQIuL8c&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false [6] https://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/Malaria/chapterIII.htm [7] https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdfplus/10.2105/AJPH.38.7.931 [8] https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/history/elimination_us.html [9] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4007881/#bib4 [10]https://books.google.ie/books?hl=en&lr=&id=elLu3gSa-vUC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=10+++Humphreys+M++++++++++++.+Malaria:+poverty,+race,+and+public+health+in+the+United+States.+Baltimore+(MD):+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press%3B+++++++++++2001+++++++++++.+++++++++&ots=MNsHiEqgC1&sig=nlFonOwho3YiUobqwkwHMQIuL8c&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false [11] https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdfplus/10.2105/AJPH.38.7.931 [12]https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/when-america-invested-infrastructure-these-beautiful-landmarks-were-result-180953570/ [13] https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ddt-use-to-combat-malaria/ [14] https://www.healthline.com/health-news/why-some-countries-can-get-rid-of-malaria#1 [15] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3026700/

Get free access to Nebula by signing up at http://curiositystream.com/realscience using the code "realscience" New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Narrator/Editor: Stephanie Sammann Animator: Mike Ridolfi https://www.moboxgraphics.com Sound: Graham Haerther https://haerther.net Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster https://twitter.com/forgottentowel Producer: Brian McManus https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering References: [1] https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/blood-transfusion [2] https://courses.kcumb.edu/physio/btypes/transfusionrxns.htm [3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type [4] https://www.britannica.com/science/Rh-blood-group-system [5]https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/your-blood-type-lot-more-complicated-you-think-180951669/ [6]https://www.realclearscience.com/blog/2013/04/the-mystery-of-the-vel-negative-blood-type.html [7] https://curiosity.com/topics/rhnull-the-rarest-blood-type-on-earth-has-been-called-the-golden-blood-curiosity/ [8] https://www.blood.gov.au/inv-mgt-guideline-module-1-implementation [9] https://mosaicscience.com/story/man-golden-blood/ [10] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2269/ Thank you to AP Archive for access to their archival footage. Music by Epidemic Sound: http://epidemicsound.com/creator

Watch thousands of documentaries for free for 31 days AND get access to Nebula by signing up at http://curiositystream.com/realscience using the code "realscience" New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann Credits: Narrator/Editor: Stephanie Sammann Animator: Mike Ridolfi https://www.moboxgraphics.com Sound: Graham Haerther https://haerther.net Illustrator: Kirtan Patel https://kpatart.com/illustrations Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster https://twitter.com/forgottentowel Producer: Brian McManus https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering References: [1] https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-49415973 [2] https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/deforestation/ [3] https://wwf.panda.org/our_work/forests/deforestation… [4] https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/12/palm-oil… [5] https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/20/magazine/palm-oil… [6] https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/12/palm-oil…/ [7] https://www.worldwildlife.org/pages/which-everyday-products-contain-palm-oil [8] https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/feb/19/palm-oil-ingredient… [9] https://www.safeproject.net/info/concept [10] https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rstb.2011.0049 [11] https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1365-2664.13233 [12] https://www.safeproject.net/outputs/view_output/115 [13] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aqc.2920 [14] https://www.forest.sabah.gov.my/hob2017/Protected/5.Eleanor.Slade.pdf Thank you to AP Archive for access to their archival footage. Music by Epidemic Sound: http://epidemicsound.com/creator

Watch thousands of documentaries for free for 31 days AND get access to Nebula by signing up at http://www.CuriosityStream.com/realscience, using the code "realscience" New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephaniesamma Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/stephaniesammann/ Credits: Narrator/Writer/Editor: Stephanie Sammann Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/) Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net/) Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel) Producer/Moral support: Brian McManus (http://youtube.com/c/realengineering) References: [1] https://www.irishcentral.com/news/genetically-engineered-potato-resist-great-hunger-blight [2] http://www.innatepotatoes.com/newsroom/view/how-does-innate-technology-work [3] https://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/ban-on-gm-crops-is-a-blight-on-irish-agriculture-1.3767996 [4] http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2015/how-to-make-a-gmo/ [5] https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/use-and-impact-of-bt-maize-46975413 [6] http://www.biotech.iastate.edu/publications/bt_curriculum/bt_curic_mod1.pdf [7] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/dna-extraction [8] https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/8/e1600850 [9] http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2015/good-as-gold-can-golden-rice-and-other-biofortified-crops-prevent-malnutrition/ [10] https://sci-hub.se/https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.3133 [11] https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2013/08/activists-destroy-golden-rice-field-trial [12] https://www.thejournal.ie/readme/gmo-defence-plant-biotechnology-4186927-Aug2018/ [13] https://enveurope.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12302-016-0070-0 [14] https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/how-toxic-is-the-worlds-most-popular-herbicide-roundup-30308 [15] https://www.npr.org/2019/05/13/723056453/california-jury-awards-2-billion-to-couple-in-roundup-weed-killer-cancer-trial [16] https://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2018/11/anti-gmo-activism-sows-doubt-science/ [17] http://www.caneurope.org/docman/climate-energy-targets/3357-off-target-ranking-of-eu-countries-ambition-and-progress-in-fighting-climate-change/file [18] https://www.ted.com/talks/pamela_ronald_the_case_for_engineering_our_food?language=en Music by Epidemic Sound: http://epidemicsound.com/creator